RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Countries around the world organised mass vaccinations using various types of vaccines against COVID-19, like inactivated viruses and mRNA. The study aimed to look at adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) of Coronavac® (SIN) and ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 ® (AZ) COVID-19 vaccines in Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects who received SIN or AZ vaccines were sent questionnaires twice: after they received the first and the second doses of vaccine, respectively. AEFI data on the first- and second-day post-vaccination were collected and analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: A total of 1547 people vaccinated with SIN vaccine, 529 (33.3%) responded to the first-dose and 239 (47%) to the second-dose questionnaires, whereas 936 people vaccinated with AZ vaccine, 483 (51.6%) answered the firstdose and 123 (25%) to the second-dose questionnaires. Some important AEFIs on the first- and second-day post receiving SIN vs. AZ vaccination were as follows: fever 4% vs 59%; pain at the injection site 27% vs 87%; redness and swelling at the injection site 4% vs 18%; nausea 5% vs 30%; diarrhea 1.8% vs 5.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: SIN seemed to have fewer AEFIs than AZ. Apart from different vaccine materials and excipients, the gap in AEFIs between SIN and AZ could be caused by the distinct population where AZ recipients were more exposed to COVID-19.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 , Humanos , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Indonésia , Adulto Jovem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/efeitos adversos , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Idoso , Inquéritos e Questionários , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is a critical time for women, making them more susceptible to infectious diseases like COVID-19. This study aims to determine the immunogenicity of COVID-19 in pregnant women who have been infected compared to those who have received the inactive COVID-19 vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, pregnant women who received the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (Sinopharm) and those with a history of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy were studied. Participants who had experienced stillbirth, received different COVID-19 vaccines, or had intrauterine fetal death were excluded from the study. Overall, the study included 140 participants. The participants were divided into two groups of 70 participants - pregnant women who received the Sinopharm vaccine and pregnant women who had COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Before delivery, blood samples were collected from all mothers to evaluate the maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) level. Blood samples were also taken from the baby's umbilical cord during delivery to measure the newborn's IgG level. Additionally, blood samples were collected from babies whose mothers showed signs of acute infection to measure their IgM levels and evaluate vertical transmission. FINDINGS: The study found a significant relationship between the mean level of maternal IgG and umbilical cord IgG within the groups (P < 0.001). The highest levels of maternal IgG (2.50 ± 2.17) and umbilical cord IgG (2.43 ± 2.09) were observed in pregnant women with a previous COVID-19 infection and no history of vaccination (P < 0.001). Only one baby was born with a positive IgM, and this baby was born to a mother who showed signs of COVID-19 infection in the last five days of pregnancy. The mother was 28 years old, with a BMI of 33; it was her first pregnancy, and she gave birth to a male newborn at term. CONCLUSION: Administering an inactivated vaccine during pregnancy can generate immunity in both the mother and the child. However, the vaccine's immunity level may not be as potent as that conferred by COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Nonetheless, the risk of vertical transmission of COVID-19 is considered minimal and can be classified as negligible.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Imunoglobulina G , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Gravidez , Feminino , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Adulto , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vacinação , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Recém-Nascido , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Gestantes , Imunogenicidade da VacinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: BBV152 (Covaxin™) is a whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine mixed with an immune adjuvant. We aimed to compare immune responses after booster vaccination with heterologous BBV152 versus homologous mRNA vaccine. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, participant-blinded, controlled trial. Fifty mRNA-vaccinated participants were enrolled and randomized to receive an mRNA booster (n = 26) or BBV152 (n = 24). Blood samples were collected pre-vaccination, and at Day 7, 28, 180 and 360 post-booster for analysis of humoral and cellular immune responses. Primary end point was the SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody titer at day 28. RESULTS: Recruitment began in January 2022 and was terminated early due to the BBV152 group meeting pre-specified criteria for futility. At Day 28 post-boost, mean SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titers were lower with BBV152 (2004 IU/mL; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1132-3548) vs mRNA (26,669 IU/mL; 95 % CI, 21,330-33,266; p < 0.0001), but comparable levels of spike-specific CD4 and cytotoxic T-cells were observed. Anti-spike antibody titers remained significantly different at Day 180: BBV152 4467 IU/mL (95 % CI, 1959-10,186) vs mRNA 20,749 IU/mL (95 % CI, 12,303-35,075; p = 0.0017). Levels of surrogate virus neutralizing antibodies against ancestral and Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 were significantly higher among mRNA recipients at Day 180, including after adjusting for intercurrent infection. By Day 360, anti-spike antibody titers and neutralizing antibody levels against Omicron subvariants became similar between vaccine groups. By the end of the study, 16 in each arm (mRNA 64 % and BBV152 69.6 %) had breakthrough infections and time to COVID-19 infection between vaccine groups were similar (p = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Wild-type SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody titer and surrogate virus neutralizing test levels against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron subvariants BA.1/BA.2/BA.5 were significantly higher at Day 28 and 180 in individuals who received booster vaccination with an mRNA vaccine compared with BBV152. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05142319.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Imunização Secundária , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Humanos , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Masculino , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/imunologia , Adulto , Imunização Secundária/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de mRNA/imunologia , Adulto Jovem , Imunidade Humoral , Imunidade Celular , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex illness that impacts the respiratory system of domestic cattle, resulting in significant financial losses for the agriculture industry. Inactivated or modified live (MLV) pathogen vaccines are often used as a management tool to prevent and control BRD effectively. Aim: The purpose of this study is to assess the cell-mediated immune response (CMI) induced by two commercially available polyvalent vaccines, namely the MLV (cattle master gold FP) and the inactivated (CATTLEWIN-5K) vaccine. Methods: A total of 20 seronegative heifers against 4 BRD viruses, bovine alphaherpisvirus-1 (BoAHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV BVDV-1: Pesti virus A; BVDV-2: Pesti virus B), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV3) were chosen for this study. The heifers were divided into three groups. The first group (n = 6) received no vaccination and was kept as a control. The second and third groups (seven heifers each) were vaccinated twice with either an MLV or inactivated vaccine. The gene expression level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) was measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 60th days post-vaccination. The results were compared with the control group to study the effectiveness of the vaccines. Results: There was an upregulation in the expression level of IL-6 and INF-γ in both MLV and inactivated vaccinated groups. The level of IL-6 mRNA expression was statistically increased from the 14th and 28th days post-vaccination in MLV and inactivated vaccine groups, respectively. The expression level of INF-γ increased significantly from the 2nd and 4th weeks post-vaccination in the MLV and inactivated vaccine groups, respectively. The mean expression level of IL-6 and INF-γ mRNAs was significantly higher in the MLV vaccine group than in the inactivated vaccine group at each examination time. Conclusion: Both investigated vaccines are efficient in stimulating CMI, particularly with the MLV vaccine showing a higher preponderance in IL-6 and INF-γ.
Assuntos
Imunidade Celular , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Bovinos , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Complexo Respiratório Bovino/prevenção & controle , Complexo Respiratório Bovino/imunologia , Complexo Respiratório Bovino/virologiaRESUMO
The inactivated COVID-19 vaccine has demonstrated high efficacy in the general population through extensive clinical and real-world studies. However, its effectiveness in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those living with HIV (PLWH), remains limited. In this study, 20 PLWH and 15 HIV-seronegative individuals were recruited to evaluate the immunogenicity of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in PLWH through a prospective cohort study. The median age of the 20 PLWH and 15 HIV-seronegative individuals was 42 years and 31 years, respectively. Of the PLWH, nine had been on ART for over five years. The median anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG antibody level on d224 was higher than that on d42 (8188.7 ng/mL vs. 3200.9 ng/mL, P < 0.05). Following COVID-19 infection, the antibody level increased to 29,872.5 ng/mL on dre+90, 12.19 times higher than that on d300. Compared with HIV-seronegative individuals, the antibody level in PLWH was lower on d210 (183.3 ng/mL vs. 509.3 ng/mL, P < 0.01), while there was no difference after d224. The symptoms of COVID-19 infection in PLWH were comparable to those in HIV-seronegative individuals. In this study, the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine demonstrated good immunogenicity in PLWH. The protective benefit of booster vaccinations for PLWH cannot be ignored. Implementing a booster vaccination policy for PLWH is an effective approach to providing better protection against the COVID-19 pandemic.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Infecções por HIV , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Humanos , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , China/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients are at an elevated risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this study was to assess antibody responses and safety profiles six months after the third dose of the inactivated acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine in MASLD patients. METHODS: This study included MASLD patients and healthy volunteers without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood samples were collected six months after receiving the third dose of the inactivated vaccine to measure the levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and anti-spike IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: A total of 335 participants (214 MASLD patients and 121 healthy volunteers) were enrolled. The seroprevalence of NAb was 61.7% (132 of 214) in MASLD patients and 74.4% (90 of 121) in healthy volunteers, which was a significant difference (p = 0.018). Statistically significant differences in IgG seroprevalence were also observed between MASLD patients and healthy volunteers (p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the severity of MASLD (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.32-6.68; p = 0.009) and age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; p = 0.004) were independent risk factors for NAb negativity in MASLD patients. Moderate/severe MASLD patients had a lower NAb seroprevalence than mild MASLD patients (45.0% vs. 65.5%, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Lower antibody responses were observed in MASLD patients six months after their third dose of the inactivated vaccine than in healthy volunteers, providing further assistance in monitoring patients who are more vulnerable to hypo-responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Imunoglobulina G , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Adulto , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Formação de Anticorpos/imunologia , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human adenovirus type 55 (hAd55) infection can lead to acute respiratory diseases that often present with severe symptoms. Despite its persistent prevalence in military camps and communities, there are no commercially available vaccines or vaccine candidates undergoing clinical evaluation; therefore, there is an urgent need to address this. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of inactivated hAd55 isolates and investigated the effects of adjuvants and various immunization intervals. METHODS AND RESULTS: To select a vaccine candidate, four hAd55 strains (6-9, 6-15 (AFMRI 41014), 28-48 (AFMRI 41013), and 12-164 (AFMRI 41012)) were isolated from infected patients in military camps. Sequence analysis revealed no variation in the coding regions of structural proteins, including pentons, hexons, and fibers. Immunization with inactivated hAd55 isolates elicited robust hAd55-specific binding and neutralizing antibody responses in mice, with adjuvants, particularly alum hydroxide (AH), enhancing antibody titers. Co-immunization with AH also induced hAd14-specific neutralizing antibody responses but did not induce hAd11-specific neutralizing antibody responses. Notably, booster immunization administered at a four-week interval resulted in superior immune responses compared with shorter immunization intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Prime-boost immunization with the inactivated hAd55 isolate and an AH adjuvant shows promise as a potential approach for preventing hAd55-induced respiratory disease. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these vaccine candidates in preventing hAd55-associated respiratory illnesses.
Assuntos
Adenovírus Humanos , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Imunização Secundária , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Camundongos , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Humanos , Adenovírus Humanos/imunologia , Adenovírus Humanos/genética , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Vacinas contra Adenovirus/imunologia , Vacinas contra Adenovirus/administração & dosagem , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Adjuvantes de Vacinas/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Adenovirus Humanos/imunologia , Infecções por Adenovirus Humanos/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Adenovirus Humanos/virologiaRESUMO
Bacterial septicemia represents a significant disease affecting cultured grass carp culture, with the primary etiological agent identified as the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas veronii. In response to an outbreak of septicemia in Guangzhou, we developed a formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine against an A. veronii strain designated AV-GZ21-2. This strain exhibited high pathogenicity in experimental infections across at all developmental stages of grass carp. Mortality rates for grass carp weighing 15 ± 5 g ranged from 16 % to 92 % at exposure temperatures of 19 °C-34 °C, respectively. The median lethal dose (LD50) for grass carp groups weighing 15 ± 5 g, 60 ± 10 g, 150 ± 30 g and 500 ± 50 g were determined to be 1.43, 2.52, 4.65 and 7.12 × 107(CFU/mL), respectively. We investigated the inactivated vaccine in conbination with aluminum hydroxide gel (AV-AHG), Montanide ISA201VG (AV-201VG), and white oil (AV-WO) adjuvants. This study aimed to optimize inactivation conditions and identify the adjuvant that elicits the most robust immune response. The AV-GZ21-2 inactivated bacterial solution (AV),when combined with various adjuvants, was capable of inducing a strong specific immune response in grass carp. The relative percent survival (RPS) following a lethal challenge with AV-GZ21-2 were 94 % for AV-AHG, 88 % for AV-201VG, 84 % for AV-WO and 78 % for AV alone. The minimum immunization dose of the AV-AHG vaccine was determined to be 6.0 × 107 CFU per fish, providing immunity for a duration of six months with an immune protection level exceeding 75 %. Furthermore, the AV-AHG vaccine demonstrated significant protective efficacy against various epidemic isolates of A. veronii. Consequently, we developed an inactivated vaccine targeting a highly pathogenic strain of A. veronii, incorporating an aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant, which resulted in high immune protection and a duration of immunity exceeding six months. These findings suggest that the AV-AHG vaccine holds substantial potential for industrial application.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Aeromonas veronii , Vacinas Bacterianas , Carpas , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Animais , Carpas/microbiologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Aeromonas veronii/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/imunologia , Virulência , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Dose Letal Mediana , Temperatura , China/epidemiologia , Hidróxido de Alumínio/administração & dosagemAssuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Humanos , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Metanálise como Assunto , Eficácia de Vacinas , Imunização Secundária/métodosRESUMO
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04993365 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Humanos , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/efeitos adversos , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Masculino , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Adulto , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Enterovirus Humano A/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Adulto Jovem , Vacinas Combinadas/imunologia , Vacinas Combinadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Combinadas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Background: Heterologous booster vaccines are more effective than homologous booster vaccines in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. However, our understanding of homologous and heterologous booster vaccines for COVID-19 remains limited. Methods: We recruited 34 healthy participants from two cohorts who were primed with two-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccine before, vaccinated with COVID-19 inactivated vaccine and adenovirus-vectored vaccine (intramuscular and aerosol inhalation of Ad5-nCoV) as a third booster dose. We assessed the immune responses of participants before and 14 days after vaccination, including levels of neutralizing antibodies, IgG, and cytokines, and quantified the transcriptional profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results: The Ad5-nCoV group showed a significantly higher neutralizing antibody geometric mean titer (GMT) compared to the ICV group after 14 days of heterologous boosting. The intramuscular Ad5-nCoV group had a GMT of 191.8 (95% CI 129.0, 285.1) compared to 38.1 (95% CI 23.1, 62.8) in the ICV1 group (p<0.0001). The aerosolized Ad5-nCoV group had a GMT of 738.4 (95% CI 250.9-2173.0) compared to 244.0 (95% CI 135.0, 441.2) in the ICV2 group (p=0.0434). Participants in the aerosolized Ad5-nCoV group had median IFN-γ+ spot counts of 36.5 (IQR 15.3-58.8) per 106 PBMCs, whereas, both intramuscular Ad5-nCoV and CoronaVac immunization as the third dose showed lower responses. This suggests that a third dose of booster Ad5-nCoV vaccine (especially aerosolized inhalation) as a heterologous vaccine booster induces stronger humoral and cellular immune responses, which may be more potent against VOCs than the use of inactivated vaccine homologs. In transcriptomic analyses, both aerosolized inhalation/intramuscular injection of the Ad5-nCoV vaccine and inactivated vaccine induced a large number of differentially expressed genes that were significantly associated with several important innate immune pathways including inflammatory responses, regulation of the defense response, and regulation of cytokine production. In addition, we identified crucial molecular modules of protective immunity that are significantly correlated with vaccine type and neutralizing antibodies level. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that inhalation/intramuscular injection of the Ad5-nCoV vaccine-mediated stronger humoral and cellular immune responses compared with the inactivated vaccine, and correlated significantly with innate immune function modules, supporting a heterologous booster immunization strategy.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Imunização Secundária , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/imunologia , Adulto , Masculino , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Feminino , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Citocinas , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To estimate vaccine effectiveness(VE) against COVID-19-related hospitalization for inactivated vaccines during the Omicron BF.7-predominant epidemic wave in Beijing, China. METHODS: We recruited a cohort in Beijing on 17 and 18 December 2022, collected status of vaccination and COVID-19-related hospitalization since 1 November 2022 and prospectively followed until 9 January 2023. A Poisson regression model was used to estimate the VE. RESULTS: 16(1.15%) COVID-19-related hospitalizations were reported in 1391 unvaccinated participants; 7(0.25%) in 2765 participants with two doses, resulting in a VE of 70.89%(95% confidence interval[CI] 26.25 to 87.73); 32(0.27%) in 11,846 participants with three doses, with a VE of 65.25%(95% CI 32.24 to 81.83). The VE of three doses remained above 64% at 1 year or more since the last dose. Elderly people aged ≥ 60 years had the highest hospitalization incidence(0.66%), VE for two doses was 74.11%(95%CI: - 18.42 to 94.34) and VE for three doses was 80.98%(95%CI:52.83 to 92.33). We estimated that vaccination had averted 65,007(95%CI: 12,817 to 97,757) COVID-19-related hospitalizations among people aged ≥ 60 years during the BF.7-predominant period in Beijing. CONCLUSION: Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines were effective against COVID-19-related hospitalization, especially for the elderly population who have increased risk of severe disease owing to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Hospitalização , SARS-CoV-2 , Eficácia de Vacinas , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Humanos , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Idoso , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Pequim/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem , Estudos de Coortes , Adolescente , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Prospectivos , China/epidemiologia , Criança , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
To achieve global herd immunity, widespread vaccination is the most effective strategy. Vaccines stimulate the immune system, generating cytokines and chemokines, isotype antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies; all these molecules collectively provide a more comprehensive characterization of the immune response post-vaccination. We conducted a longitudinal study in northwestern Mexico, involving 120 individuals before vaccination and after the first dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and 46 individuals after their second dose. Our findings reveal that antibody levels stabilize over time; cytokine levels generally increase following the first dose but decrease after the second dose and higher than normal levels in IgG1 and IgG3 concentrations are present. Most of the innate cytokines determined in this study were higher after the first dose of the vaccine. Regardless of previous infection history, this finding suggests that the first dose of the vaccine is crucial and may stimulate immunity by enhancing the innate immune response. Conversely, increased levels of IL-4, indicative of a Th2 response, were found in individuals without prior exposure to the virus and in those vaccinated with CoronaVac. These results suggest that the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines is multi-faceted, with preexisting immunity potentiating a more robust innate response. Vaccine type plays a critical role, with genetic vaccines favoring a Th1 response and inactivated vaccines like CoronaVac skewing toward a Th2 profile.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacina BNT162 , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 , Citocinas , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Masculino , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Citocinas/imunologia , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Vacina BNT162/imunologia , Vacina BNT162/administração & dosagem , México , Estudos Longitudinais , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/imunologia , ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/administração & dosagem , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Vacinação , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Adulto Jovem , IdosoRESUMO
Background: Concomitant administration of COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcal vaccines could reduce the burden on healthcare systems. However, the immunogenicity and safety of various combinations of a third booster dose of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac), inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4), and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23), particularly in different age groups, is still unknown. Methods: A phase 4, randomized, open-label, controlled trial was conducted in Beijing, China. 636 healthy adults were divided into two age groups (18-59 and ≥60 years) and randomized equally into three groups: CoronaVac and IIV4 followed by PPV23; CoronaVac and PPV23 followed by IIV4; or CoronaVac followed by IIV4 and PPV23, with a 28-day interval between vaccinations. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring antibody titers, and safety was monitored. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05298800. Results: Co-administration of a third dose of CoronaVac, IIV4, and PPV23 in any combination was safe. Among adults aged 18-59, co-administration with PPV23 maintained non-inferiority of antibody levels for CoronaVac and IIV4, despite a slight reduction in antibody responses. This reduction was not observed in participants ≥60 years. Furthermore, co-administration of IIV4 and PPV23 affected seroconversion rates for both vaccines. Conclusions: Co-administration of the third dose of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine with the influenza vaccine, followed by PPV23, may be optimal for adults aged 18-59. In adults ≥60, all vaccine combinations were immunogenic, suggesting a flexible vaccination approach. Since antibody measurements were taken 28 days post-vaccination, ongoing surveillance is essential to assess the longevity of the immune responses.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Imunização Secundária , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Vacinas contra Influenza , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Feminino , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Adulto , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Idoso , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Adulto Jovem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , China , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly throughout the world and caused millions of deaths globally. Several vaccines have been developed to control the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the burden it placed on public health. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of different vaccine platforms in inducing potent antibody responses. Moreover, the seroconversion rate and common side effects of vaccine platforms were evaluated. METHODS: This meta-analysis included clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines that met the eligibility criteria. Electronic databases (including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and Google Scholar search engine were searched for eligible studies. Regarding the methodological heterogeneity between the included studies, we selected a random-effects model. The geometric mean ratio (GMR) was chosen as the effect size for this meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of the 1838 records identified through screening and after removing duplicate records, the full texts of 1076 records were assessed for eligibility. After the full-text assessment, 56 records were eligible and included in the study. Overall, vaccinated participants had a 150.8-fold increased rate of anti-spike IgG titres compared with the placebo group (GMR = 150.8; 95% CI, 95.9-237.1; I2 = 100%). Moreover, vaccinated participants had a 37.3-fold increased rate of neutralising antibody titres compared with the placebo group (GMR = 37.3; 95% CI, 28.5-48.7; I2 = 99%). The mRNA platform showed a higher rate of anti-spike IgG (GMR = 1263.5; 95% CI, 431.1-3702.8; I2 = 99%), while neutralising antibody titres were higher in the subunit platform (GMR = 53.4; 95% CI, 32.8-87.1; I2 = 99%) than in other platforms. Different vaccine platforms showed different rates of both anti-spike IgG and neutralising antibody titres with interesting results. The seroconversion rate of anti-spike IgG and neutralising antibody titres was more than 98% in the vaccinated participants. CONCLUSION: Inactivated and subunit vaccines produced a high percentage of neutralising antibodies and had a low common adverse reaction rate compared to other platforms. In this regard, subunit and inactivated vaccines can still be used as the main vaccine platforms for effectively controlling infections with high transmission rates.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Soroconversão , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) infections has resulted in high mortality and economic losses to the global largemouth bass industry and has seriously restricted the healthy development of the bass aquaculture industry. There are currently no antiviral therapies available for the control of this disease. In this study, we developed three types of vaccine against LMBV; whole virus inactivated vaccine (I), a subunit vaccine composed of the major viral capsid protein MCP (S) as well as an MCP DNA vaccine(D), These were employed using differing immunization and booster strategies spaced 2 weeks apart as follows: II, SS, DD and DS. We found that all vaccine groups induced humoral and cellular immune responses and protected largemouth bass from a lethal LMBV challenge to varying degrees and DD produced the best overall effect. Specifically, the levels of specific IgM in serum in all immunized groups were elevated and significantly higher than those in the control group. Moreover, the expression of humoral immunity (CD4 and IgM) and cellular immunity (MHCI-α) as well as cytokines (IL-1ß) was increased, and the activity of immunity-related enzymes ACP, AKP, LZM, and T-SOD in the serum was significantly enhanced. In addition, the relative percent survival of fish following an LMBV lethal challenge 4 weeks after the initial immunizations were high for each group: DD(89.5 %),DS(63.2 %),SS(50 %) and II (44.7 %). These results indicated that the MCP DNA vaccine is the most suitable and promising vaccine candidate for the effective control of LMBV disease.
Assuntos
Bass , Infecções por Vírus de DNA , Doenças dos Peixes , Vacinas de DNA , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/administração & dosagem , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Bass/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/veterinária , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Imunidade Humoral , Ranavirus/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/administração & dosagem , Imunidade CelularRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The annual administration of the influenza vaccine is the most effective method for preventing influenza. We have evaluated the effectiveness of the inactivated influenza vaccine in children aged 6 months to 15 years across the seasons from 2013/2014 to 2022/2023. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the inactivated influenza vaccine in the 2023/2024 season, the first year following the easing of strict COVID-19 measures, and possibly the last season when only the inactivated vaccine is available on the market. METHODS: Adjusted vaccine effectiveness for the 2023/2024 season was assessed using a test-negative case-control design, with results based on polymerase chain reaction and rapid influenza diagnostic tests. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated by influenza type and patient hospitalization/outpatient status. RESULTS: A total of 1832 children were recruited. The inactivated influenza vaccine was effective in preventing both symptomatic influenza A and B in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Overall vaccine effectiveness for influenza A was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23%-69%, n = 930) in inpatient settings and 54% (95%CI, 27%-71%, n = 559) in outpatient settings. For influenza B, effectiveness was 60% (95%CI, 22%-79%, n = 859) in inpatient settings and 56% (95%CI, 26%-74%, n = 558) in outpatient settings. Analysis suggested that administering two doses enhanced effectiveness specifically against influenza B. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate influenza vaccine effectiveness in children after the relaxation of strict COVID-19 measures in Japan (2023/2024). We recommend the current inactivated vaccine for preventing both influenza A and B in children, with consideration for the potential use of two doses to enhance effectiveness against influenza B.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana , Eficácia de Vacinas , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Humanos , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Criança , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Lactente , Estudos de Casos e Controles , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza B/imunologia , Estações do Ano , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinação/métodosRESUMO
Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae is a primary etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP), a disease that causes significant economic losses to pig farming worldwide. Current commercial M. hyopneumoniae vaccines induce partial protection, decline in preventing transmission of this pathogen or inducing complete immunity, evidencing the need for improving vaccines against PEP. In our study, we aimed to test the effectiveness of the SBA-15 ordered mesoporous silica nanostructured particles as an immune adjuvant of a vaccine composed of M. hyopneumoniae strain 232 proteins encapsulated in SBA-15 and administered by intramuscular route in piglets to evaluate the immune responses and immune-protection against challenge. Forty-eight 24-day-old M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were divided into four experimental groups with different protocols, encompassing a commercial vaccine against M. hyopneumoniae, SBA-15 vaccine, SBA-15 adjuvant without antigens and a non-immunized group. All piglets were challenged with the virulent strain 232 of M. hyopneumoniae. Piglets that received the SBA-15 and commercial vaccine presented marked immune responses characterized by anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgA and IgG antibodies in serum, anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgA antibodies in nasal mucosa and showed an upregulation of IL-17 and IL-4 cytokines and downregulation of IFN-γ in lungs 35 days post-infection. Piglets immunized with SBA-15 vaccine presented a reduction of bacterial shedding compared to piglets immunized with a commercial bacterin. In addition, piglets from SBA-15 adjuvant suspension group presented increased IL-17 gene expression in the lungs without involvement of Th1 and Th2 responses after challenge. These results indicated that SBA-15 vaccine induced both humoral and cell-mediated responses in the upper respiratory tract and lungs, first site of replication and provided protection against M. hyopneumoniae infection with a homologous strain with reduction of lung lesions and bacterial shedding. Finally, these results enhance the potential use of new technologies such as nanostructured particles applied in vaccines for the pig farming industry.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Vacinas Bacterianas , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , Nanoestruturas , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática , Dióxido de Silício , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Animais , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/imunologia , Dióxido de Silício/administração & dosagem , Dióxido de Silício/imunologia , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/imunologia , Suínos , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Derrame de Bactérias , Citocinas/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/microbiologia , Injeções IntramuscularesRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: In order to support policymakers in allocating resources, we aimed to assess vaccine effectiveness (VE) of inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) available for Italian adults in the 2023/2024 season. METHODS: A hospital-based test-negative case-control study was conducted in Genoa between mid-October 2023 and mid-April 2024. Adult (≥18 years) inpatients with prescription of a polymerase chain reaction test for influenza were eligible. RESULTS: Of 1,664 adults analyzed, most (82%) of which were ≥65 years, 114 (6.9%) tested positive for influenza A. Most (92%) cases were caused by subclades 6B.1A.5a.2a and 6B.1A.5a.2a.1 of the A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype. In older adults aged ≥65 years vaccination was effective at 51% (95% CI: 8%, 74%) against any influenza A and 49% (95% CI: 2%, 73%) against A(H1N1)pdm09. Compared with non-vaccinated older adults, VE point estimates for the adjuvanted and, especially, high-dose IIVs were higher than those for the standard-dose non-adjuvanted IIV. CONCLUSION: The 2023/2024 seasonal influenza vaccination proved moderately effective in preventing hospitalization for laboratory-confirmed influenza. Being more appropriate for older adults, local policymakers and vaccinating physicians should maximize adoption of the enhanced IIVs.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana , Estações do Ano , Eficácia de Vacinas , Humanos , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Itália/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Idoso , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , AdolescenteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data on the dynamics and persistence of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after primary vaccination with two-dose inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) are limited. This study evaluated the sequential effects of prior infection, heterologous boosting with mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and the occurrence of Omicron vaccine-breakthrough infection (VBI) thereafter. METHODS: We evaluated anti-spike IgG (Abbott) and neutralising (cPASS/GenScript) antibody (nAb) titers up to one year after mRNA-1273 boost in two-dose-CoronaVac-primed Indonesian healthcare workers (August 2021-August 2022). We used linear mixed modeling to estimate the rate of change in antibody levels, and logistic regression to examine associations between antibody levels and VBI. RESULTS: Of 138 participants, 52 (37.7%) had a prior infection and 78 (56.5%) received an mRNA-1273 booster. After two-dose CoronaVac, antibody titers had significantly declined within 180 days, irrespective of prior infection. After mRNA-1273 booster, anti-spike IgG (1.47% decline/day) and Omicron B.1.1.529/BA.2 nAbs declined between day 28-90, and IgG titers plateaued between day 90-360. During the BA.1/BA.2 wave (February-March 2022), 34.6% (27/78) of individuals experienced a VBI (median 181 days after mRNA-1273), although none developed severe illness. VBI was associated with low pre-VBI anti-spike IgG and B.1.1.529/BA.2 nAbs, which were restored post-VBI. CONCLUSIONS: mRNA-1273 booster after two-dose CoronaVac did not prevent BA.1/BA.2 VBI. Periodic vaccine boosters may be warranted against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.