RESUMO
This review aims to gather and disseminate updated information regarding hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Latin America (LA) in the last 11 years, including seroprevalence, post-vaccination studies, virus detection in aqueous matrices and food samples, and outbreak reports. Only 24 seroprevalence studies were published between 2012 and 2023 with 55%-100% reported prevalences of anti-HAV IgG. Among the 25 LA countries, only eight of them have introduced HAV vaccines into their immunisation programs. Outbreaks of hepatitis A occurred between 2017-2019, mainly affecting men who have sex with men in Argentina, Brazil and Chile, probably as a consequence of the abrupt decline of young adults' immunity. This could be due to that young adult have never been infected in childhood (due to socio-health improvements) and are above the cut-off ages to be included when the vaccination programs were introduced. Although scarce, studies focused on environmental and food HAV surveillance have shown viral presence in these samples. Surface waters presented HAV detections between 1.2% and 86.7%, and untreated wastewaters between 2.8% and 70.9%. Genotypes found in all cases were IA and IC. The only wastewater-based epidemiology study showed to be a useful tool as a complement of traditional epidemiological surveillance. Only four LA countries have looked for HAV in food samples, with genome detection rates between 9% and 33%. Latin American HAV circulation scenario is changing. In countries where socioeconomic and sanitary conditions have not improved, the virus persists with high endemicity and the access to the vaccine should be re-evaluated by local governments. In countries where access to clean water, better sanitary conditions and HAV immunisation programs have been implemented, the number of cases among young adults seems to be increasing, alerting health authorities.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Vírus da Hepatite A , Hepatite A , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/virologia , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Vírus da Hepatite A/imunologia , Vírus da Hepatite A/genética , Vírus da Hepatite A/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/imunologia , Surtos de Doenças , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A/sangue , GenótipoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: HIV-infected children have a higher risk of presenting infections, including the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The inactivated HAV vaccine is immunogenic in immunocompetent hosts; however, there are insufficient studies on the duration of seroprotection in HIV-infected children. METHODS: An analytical cohort study was conducted. HIV-1-infected children who received the inactivated HAV vaccine (2 doses) were included. Blood samples were taken for antibody measurement, the first one 28 days after the second dose and another 7 years after the vaccination schedule. Information on viral load, immunological category, weight, height, and response to antiretroviral treatment from diagnosis to the last assessment was obtained. RESULTS: 19 patients were included, with a mean age of 12.6 years (SD ± 2.29). 58% were male. 80% of the patients presented protective immunoglobulin G antibodies against HAV 7-year post-vaccination. The antibody concentration was found to be between 13 and 80 mIU/mL (median of 80 mIU/mL). 52% showed some degree of immunosuppression. There was no statistically significant relationship between the presence of seroprotection and viral load, treatment failure, immunological category, and malnutrition. Twelve patients presented with antiretroviral treatment failure, and in 33% of them, the antibodies did not offer satisfactory seroprotection. CONCLUSION: 7-year post-vaccination, 80% of HIV-infected children maintain seroprotection titers against HAV.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Los niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) tienen mayor riesgo de presentar infecciones, incluyendo hepatitis por virus A (VHA). La vacuna inactivada contra el VHA es inmunógena en el huésped inmunocompetente. No hay estudios suficientes sobre el tiempo de seroprotección en niños infectados por el VIH. MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte, analítico. Se incluyeron niños con infección por VIH-1 que recibieron la vacuna inactivada contra el VHA (dos dosis). Se les tomaron muestras sanguíneas para medición de anticuerpos, una 28 días después de la segunda dosis y otra 7 años después del esquema de vacunación. Se obtuvo información de carga viral, categoría inmunológica, peso y talla, y respuesta al tratamiento antirretroviral desde el diagnóstico hasta la última valoración. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 19 pacientes con una edad media de 12.6 años (± 2.29). El 58% fueron del sexo masculino. El 80% de los pacientes presentaron anticuerpos immunoglobulin G (IgG) contra el VHA protectores a los 7 años de la vacunación. La concentración de anticuerpos se encontró entre 13 y 80 mUI/ml (mediana: 80 mUI/ml). El 52% mostraron algún grado de inmunosupresión. No existe relación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de seroprotección y la carga viral, la falla al tratamiento, la categoría inmunológica ni la desnutrición. Doce pacientes presentaron falla al tratamiento antirretroviral; en el 33% de ellos los anticuerpos no ofrecían seroprotección satisfactoria. CONCLUSIONES: A 7 años posvacunación, el 80% de los niños con VIH mantienen títulos de seroprotección frente al VHA.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A , Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Hepatite A , Carga Viral , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Criança , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/imunologia , Feminino , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A/sangue , Adolescente , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Hepatite A/imunologia , Estudos de Coortes , Fatores de Tempo , Seguimentos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Calendario de inmunización para población infantil.
Assuntos
Vírus Sinciciais Respiratórios , Recém-Nascido , Vacina BCG , Vacinas contra Influenza , Vacina Antivariólica , Chile , Vacinas contra Hepatite B , Vacinas Combinadas , Programas de Imunização , Vacina contra Varicela , Vacinas Meningocócicas , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola , Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Vacina contra Febre Amarela , Vacina Pneumocócica Conjugada Heptavalente , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , LactenteRESUMO
In 2014, the Brazilian National Immunization Program implemented the universal vaccination against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) for children aged 12 months and older, applying a single dose of the inactivated virus vaccine. It is essential to carry out follow-up studies in this population, aiming to verify the longevity of HAV immunological memory. This study evaluated the humoral and cellular immune response of a cohort of children vaccinated between 2014 and 2015, and further investigated between 2015 and 2016, and who had their initial antibody response assessed after the single dose. A second evaluation took place in January 2022. We examined 109 children out of the 252 that took part in the initial cohort. Seventy (64.2%) of them had anti-HAV IgG antibodies. Cellular immune response assays were performed in 37 anti-HAV-negative and 30 anti-HAV-positive children. Production of interferon-gamma (IFN-y) stimulated with the VP1 antigen was demonstrated in 34.3% of these 67 samples. Of the 37 negative anti-HAV samples, 12 (32.4%) produced IFN-y. Among the 30 anti-HAV-positive, 11 (36.7%) produced IFN-y. In total, 82 (76.6%) children presented some type of immune response against HAV. These findings demonstrate the persistence of immunological memory against HAV in the majority of children vaccinated between 6 and 7 years with a single dose of the inactivated virus vaccine.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite A , Hepatite A , Humanos , Criança , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A , Brasil/epidemiologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , VacinaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a leading cause of viral hepatitis in children, yet the HAV vaccine is not included in the national immunization program (NIP) in Mexico. This study addresses an identified evidence gap of the burden of hepatitis A disease, complications, and associated costs in Mexico by analyzing surveillance and healthcare data. Data review included disease morbidity (incidence and hospitalization), mortality, and healthcare resource utilization costs. METHODS: In this observational, retrospective database study, we conducted a systematic screening, extraction, and analysis of outcome data from the national surveillance system in Mexico from January 2000 to December 2019. RESULTS: During the analysis period (2000-2019), the average incidence rate/year of HAV cases was 14.7 (5.4-21.5) per 100,000 inhabitants. Children 1-9 years of age (YoA) had the highest average incidence rate/year with 47.8 (14.7-74.5). The average hospitalization rate/year due to HAV infection was 5.8% (2.9-9.6%). Although the highest burden of HAV continued to be in children (1-9 YoA), an increase in incidence and hospitalizations (with complications) in older age groups (≥ 10-64 YoA) was observed. The annual average fatality rate was estimated to be 0.44% (0.26-0.83%) of which 28.8% of deaths were concentrated in adults ≥ 65 YoA. The total direct costs of medical attention due to HAV and related complications were estimated at $382 million Mexican pesos. CONCLUSION: The overall results suggest an uptrend in HAV infections in adolescents/adults compared to children in Mexico. Therefore, as the overall incidence risk of HAV infection decreases, the mean age of infection increases. This consequently increases the risk of severity and complications in older age groups, thus increasing the demand for healthcare resources. Our findings provide evidence for including the inactivated HAV vaccine in the Mexican NIP.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite A , Hepatite A , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Hepatite A/complicações , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Infants' universal hepatitis A virus (HAV) single-dose vaccination has been highly effective for controlling HAV infection in Argentina, and in other Latin-American countries that adopted that strategy. Although antibodies wane over time, this has not been associated with HAV outbreaks or breakthrough infections, suggesting a relevant role for memory immunity. This study assessed long term humoral and cellular immune memory response after an average of 12 years follow-up of HAV single-dose vaccination. We selected 81 HAV-single dose vaccinated individuals from a 2015 study, including 54 with unprotective (UAL) and 27 with protective antibody levels (PAL) against HAV. Humoral memory response was assessed by measuring anti-HAV antibody titers at admission in both groups, and 30 days after a booster dose in the UAL group. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples stimulated with HAV antigen was performed in 47/81 individuals (21 with PAL, 26 with UAL) to identify activated CD4 + memory T cells or CD8 + memory T cells. The results showed that 48/52 (92%) individuals from UAL group who completed follow up reached protective levels after booster dose. In the PAL group, anti-HAV Abs waned in 2/27 (7%) individuals lacking seroprotection, while in 25/27 (93%) Abs remained >10 mUI/mL. HAV-specific memory CD4 + T cells were detected in 25/47 (53.2%) subjects while HAV-specific memory CD8 + T cells were observed in 16/47 (34.04%) individuals. HAV-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were detected in 11/21 (52.4%) and in 9/21 (42.9%) subjects with PAL and in 14/26 (53.8%) and in 7/26 (26.9%) individuals with UAL, showing that the presence of memory T-cells was independent of the level or presence of anti-HAV antibodies. Long-term immunity demonstrated in the present work, including or not antibody persistence, suggests that individuals with waned Ab titers may still be protected and supports the single-dose HAV strategy.
Assuntos
Hepatite A , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A , Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Humanos , Memória Imunológica , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Células T de Memória , VacinaçãoRESUMO
ANTECEDENTES: La inmunización de niños infectados o expuestos al VIH representa una estrategia fundamental para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades infecciosas prevenibles por vacunación, cuyo riesgo es marcadamente elevado en esta población debido al compromiso del sistema inmune. Sin embargo, una menor cantidad de niños con VIH logran inmunidad protectora y aquellos que lo hacen pueden experimentar una disminución mayor y más rápida de la inmunidad. La importancia de prevenir la infección por el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) en el contexto de la coinfección con VIH radica en que la inmunosupresión asociada al VIH puede incrementar la duración, virulencia y patogenicidad del VHA, a su vez que la infección por VHA puede afectar el curso de la enfermedad por VIH. OBJETIVO: Describir la evidencia científica disponible en relación a la eficacia, seguridad y recomendaciones de uso de vacunas contra hepatitis A en niños expuestos e infectados por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). OBJETIVO: Describir la evidencia científica disponible en relación a la eficacia, seguridad y recomendaciones de uso de vacunas contra hepatitis A en niños expuestos e infectados por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). MÉTODO: Búsqueda electrónica de estudios publicados en español o inglés en PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science y LILACS hasta el 27 de noviembre de 2021. Adicionalmente, se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed y repositorios de organismos elaboradores de Guías de Práctica Clínica. La selección de estudios fue desarrollada por un solo revisor. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron diez estudios para la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad y cuatro documentos para la evaluación de las recomendaciones de uso de vacunas contra hepatitis A en niños expuestos e infectados por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Seroprevalencia contra VHA al inicio del estudio: El porcentaje de participantes con presencia de anticuerpos contra VHA al inicio de estudio fue generalmente bajo (mediana: 12.2%; rango: 2.9% a 48.3%). Inmunogenicidad de las vacunas contra VHA: Tras una primera dosis de inmunización contra el VHA, la seroconversión se produjo en un 68.6% a 87.1% de participantes (mediana: 76.7%). Tras una segunda dosis, el porcentaje de seroconversión se ubicó en el rango de 84.5% a 100% (mediana: 98%). El porcentaje o recuento inicial de CD4 fue un importante predictor de la concentración de anticuerpos. Un único estudio evaluó el efecto de una tercera dosis de vacuna contra el VHA aplicada 18 meses después de la segunda dosis, obteniendo seropositividad de 97%, con un 76% con altos títulos de anticuerpos (≥ 250 mIU/mL). El título medio de anticuerpos fue mayor con tres dosis, comparado con dos dosis de vacuna (602 vs. 287 mUI / ml; p< 0,0001). Eventos adversos asociados a la vacunación: La vacunación contra el VHA en niños infectados o expuestos al VIH produjo eventos adversos leves y en su mayoría autolimitados. La carga viral media de VIH no varió en los niños con VIH vacunados. Duración de la protección después de la inmunización: Se evaluó la presencia de anticuerpos contra el VHA habiendo transcurrido 18 meses después de la aplicación de la segunda dosis de la vacuna. De 120 participantes, 108 (90%) tenían títulos de anticuerpos protectores persistentes, mientras que 12 (10%) no los tenían. Entre quienes no los tenían, dos participantes nunca presentaron respuesta protectora, nueve tuvieron títulos de anticuerpos de ≥ 20 a ≤ 250 mUI/mL tras la segunda dosis, y uno tuvo títulos de anticuerpos de 329 mUI/mL tras la segunda dosis. Los sujetos con bajas respuestas de anticuerpos después de dos dosis de la vacuna contra el VHA tuvieron menor probabilidad de mantener seropositividad 18 meses después que aquellos con altas respuestas de anticuerpos (p= 0.0003). Recomendaciones sobre la vacunación contra VHA en niños con VIH: El NIH de Estados Unidos, y el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia recomiendan dos dosis de vacunas contra VHA en niños con VIH a los 12 y 18 meses. El Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador recomienda solo una dosis a los 12 meses. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda la inmunización contra VHA con un esquema de dos dosis en grupos de riesgo de contraer hepatitis A e inmunodeprimidos. CONCLUSIONES: En los diferentes estudios, la seroprevalencia inicial de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) fue muy baja, con una mediana de 12.2%, lo cual indica una gran proporción de niños infectados o expuestos a VIH susceptibles a infección por VHA. La aplicación de una primera dosis de vacuna contra VHA produjo una mediana de seroconversión de 76.7%, mientras que una segunda dosis alcanzó una mediana de seroconversión del 98%. El estado inicial de linfocitos T CD4+ fue un importante predictor de la concentración de anticuerpos contra el VHA tras la inmunización. Un mayor recuento o porcentaje inicial de CD4 se asoció con mayor seroconversión, títulos de anticuerpos más altos y mayor probabilidad de mantener seropositividad 18 meses después de la segunda dosis. Resultados de un único estudio muestran que 18 meses después de la aplicación de la segunda dosis de la vacuna contra VHA, un 8.3% de niños dejaron de tener anticuerpos protectores contra el VHA. Resultados de un único estudio muestran que la aplicación de una tercera dosis de vacuna contra VHA 18 meses después de la segunda dosis no alteró el porcentaje personas con seroconversión, pero produjo mayores concentraciones de anticuerpos que quienes solo recibieron dos dosis. La vacunación contra el VHA en niños infectados o expuestos al VIH produjo eventos adversos leves y en su mayoría autolimitados. La carga viral media de VIH no varió en los niños con VIH vacunados. El NIH de Estados Unidos y el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia recomiendan dos dosis de vacunas contra VHA en niños con VIH a los 12 y 18 meses. El Ministerio de Salud Pública de Ecuador recomienda solo una dosis a los 12 meses. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda la inmunización contra VHA con un esquema de dos dosis en grupos de riesgo de contraer hepatitis A e inmunodeprimidos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/fisiopatologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/provisão & distribuição , Vírus da Hepatite A/imunologia , Eficácia , Análise Custo-BenefícioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) remains a global public health concern, which is potentially growing in Latin America, due to an expected shift from high to intermediate endemicity levels. The use of HAV vaccines in pediatric national immunization programs (NIPs), either as a 2-dose or a 1-dose schedule, has been explored in Latin American countries; however, evidence demonstrating long-term protection in this population is limited in the region. We evaluated long-term antibody persistence following a 1-dose partial series and the recommended 2-dose schedule used in Panama's pediatric NIP. METHODS: Two independent cross-sectional serological surveys were conducted at year 8 (Y8) and Y10 following vaccination under the NIP with 1 or 2 doses of an inactivated HAV vaccine (Havrix, GSK). Seropositivity (anti-HAV antibody concentration ≥ 15 mIU/mL) rates and antibody geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were assessed at each serosurvey. Non-inferiority of 1 dose versus 2 doses was also explored. RESULTS: This study (NCT02712359) included 600 and 599 children at Y8 and Y10 post-vaccination, respectively. Seropositivity rates were 74.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 69.0; 79.2) and 97.7% (95% CI: 95.3; 99.1) at Y8 and 71.9% (95% CI: 66.4; 76.9) and 96.3% (95% CI: 93.5; 98.2) at Y10, in the 1-dose and 2-dose groups, respectively. Antibody GMCs were lower in the 1-dose versus the 2-dose group in both surveys. Non-inferiority was not demonstrated since the lower limit of the 2-sided 95% CI for the between-group difference in seropositivity rates (1-dose minus 2-dose) was < -10%. CONCLUSION: Anti-HAV antibody persistence was observed in lower percentages of children receiving 1 dose versus 2 doses of Havrix, at 8 and 10 years post-vaccination in Panama. Further investigations are needed to confirm antibody persistence and conclude on the protection afforded beyond 10 years in the pediatric population in Latin America.
Assuntos
Hepatite A , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A , Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Humanos , Panamá , VacinaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: After hepatitis A (HAV) mandatory immunization in 2005 in Argentina, the incidence of HAV declined drastically. However, several new autochthonous cases of HAV have been reported since 2017. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and possible transmission routes of affected patients. PATIENTS OR MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of patients residing in Argentina with acute hepatitis A between 30.06.2017 and 31.12.2018. RESULTS: 66 cases of HAV were registered. Fifty-six patients (86%) were males, with a mean age of 34⯱â¯12 years old. The most likely routes of transmission were sexual intercourse of men with men, reported by 31 patients. Additionally, 23% and 26% of patients tested positive for HIV and syphilis, respectively. In total, 35% of patients required hospitalization. When assessing outcomes, 79% had a mild presentation and 21% had a severe/fulminant presentation: one patient underwent liver transplantation, and one patient died. CONCLUSIONS: Our study describes that during the study period, HAV infection affected predominantly young adults, particularly men who have sex with men. An elevated proportion of them was diagnosed with a concomitant sexually transmitted disease, and several patients had a severe presentation of the disease.
Assuntos
Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In 2014, Brazil introduced a universal immunization program against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) for children in the second year of life, using a single dose of inactivated virus vaccine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vaccination coverage (VC) against HAV in Brazil, against the incidence of cases reported five years after the implementation of the program. METHODOLOGY: Secondary data were obtained by searching free access electronic sites of the Ministry of Health, Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde - DATASUS), for incidence analysis and VC from 2014 to 2018. RESULTS: VC ranged from 60.13 to 97.07%. The homogeneity of VC against hepatitis A did not reach the established goal throughout all states but for a few exceptions. After 2015, CV decreased in all regions of the country. Despite insufficient coverage, a concomitant reduction in the incidence of Hepatitis A took place throughout the country. The incidence rate fell from 3.29 to 0.80/100,000 between 2014 and 2018. However, there was an interruption in the pace of incidence fall between 2017 and 2018, which may be a consequence of insufficient VC. This phenomenon seems to be part of a widespread downward trend in vaccination effort across the country, also verified for other vaccines, such as poliomyelitis and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. CONCLUSION: These figures suggest the need for implementing efforts to improve hepatitis A VC rates in the country.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Hepatite A/administração & dosagem , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Programas de Imunização/organização & administração , Cobertura Vacinal/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Incidência , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de SaúdeRESUMO
Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all individuals with hemophilia, although patients with bleeding disorders should avoid intramuscular (IM) injections. To date, only few studies showed subcutaneous (SC) route immunogenicity is comparable with the IM route. Therefore, this randomized study compared immunogenicity, long term protection and safety of hepatitis A vaccine administered by SC route with the IM route in 78 children and adults with hemophilia and other bleeding disorders. Thirty-eight patients had serology performed after first vaccine dose, determining seroconversion rates of 83.3% and 90.0% for the SC and the IM group, respectively (p = 0.5). Median IgG CO/OD value for the SC group was almost the double compared with the IM group (4.4 vs 2.6, p = 0.2). After second vaccine dose, seroconversion rates for the SC group was 97.5% and for the IM group was 97.4% (p = 1.0). Of the two patients who did not have seroconversion, interval between vaccine dose and serology was only one and two days for the SC and the IM group, respectively and in the following routine antibody dosage they presented seroconversion (100% for both groups). Median IgG CO/OD value for the SC group was greater than the IM group (72.5 vs. 58.0, p = 0.2). In a median of nine years after second vaccine dose, median IgG S/CO value for the SC group was slightly greater than the IM group (7.6 vs. 7.4, p = 0.8). There were no serious adverse events in both groups. Five (12.5%) patients of the SC group and seven (18.4%) of the IM group presented adverse events (p = 0.5). Twice as many patients of the IM group had clotting factor concentrates need for adverse events (15.8% vs. 7.5%, p = 0.3). Therefore, hepatitis A vaccine administered subcutaneously is as immunogenic, long term protective and even safer than the intramuscular route.
Assuntos
Hemofilia A , Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Adulto , Criança , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Injeções Intramusculares , Injeções Subcutâneas , Vacinas de Produtos InativadosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is highly prevalent in developing countries. In countries experiencing a shift from intermediate/high endemicity to low endemicity, the World Health Organization recommends the incorporation of HAV vaccine into the national vaccination calendar for children aged ≥1 year. Since HAV antibodies wane over time, most HSCT revaccination guidelines advise vaccination as optional, following the country recommendation. However, no study has evaluated the serological response to HAV vaccine in allogeneic HSCT recipients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in 46 HSCT recipients who received two doses of inactivated HAV vaccine. Blood samples were taken before vaccination to determine HAV prevalence rates, and before and 4-6 weeks after the second dose. Specific anti-HAV antibodies were detected by a competitive commercial enzyme immune assay. RESULTS: Patients received the first dose of vaccine at a median of 332.5 (120-4134) days after HSCT. Median absolute lymphocyte count at vaccination was 1947 (696-12 500)/mm3 . The seroprevalence rate was 93.5% at inclusion. Although safe and well tolerated, the serological response to HAV vaccine in susceptible patients was poor (33%), and no boost effect was observed in seropositive patients. CONCLUSIONS: In areas with intermediate/high seroprevalence of HAV, serology should be recommended prior to referral to vaccination. The mechanisms of antibody interference and how to overcome T-cell function deficiency need to be better understood in transplant populations receiving HAV vaccine. Alternative schedules of HAV vaccination should be evaluated in prospective trials.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/imunologia , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Vacinação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Follow-up for anti-hepatitis A (HA) antibody persistence up to 10 years was conducted after implementation of universal vaccination against HA virus (HAV) in Mendoza, Argentina. Based on these data, statistical modeling was used to predict the antibody persistence to 30 years. METHODS: A non-interventional study evaluated long-term immunogenicity (geometric mean concentrations [GMCs] and seroprotection rate) following routine vaccination with 1 dose (Group 1: N = 436) or 2 doses (Group 2: N = 108) of HA vaccine. Associated statistical modeling based on a Bayesian approach of mixed effects models on log transformed titers evaluated three models (linear, piecewise linear, and exponential decay, with and without a natural boosting effect). RESULTS: From the initial cohort, 9 participants (Group 1) and 1 participant (Group 2) showed antibody titers below the seroprotective threshold and received a booster. At Year 10, 190 (Group 1) and 51 (Group 2) participants remained in the study without a booster dose and all were seroprotected. Regarding statistical modeling, the piecewise linear model showed the best fit and demonstrated high and similar seroprotection for each schedule up to 30 years (89% [1-dose schedule], 85% [2-dose schedule]). The 2-dose schedule showed higher GMC (95% CI) than the 1-dose schedule (Year 10: 352 [271-456] versus 78 [69.8-87.6] mIU/mL) and Year 30 (predicted) (37 [13-97] versus 19 [11-34] mIU/mL). Natural boosting had little impact on predicted seroprotection rates at 30 years for the 1-dose schedule (89% [0.8-0.96] and 84% [0.73-0.94] with and without a natural booster, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term persistence of anti-HAV antibodies was observed up to 10 years with 1-dose and 2-dose vaccine schedules, supporting booster flexibility. Statistical modeling predicted good persistence of seroprotection for each schedule up to 30 years. Natural boosting had a limited impact on seroprotection rate predictions, enabling extrapolation of these results to non-endemic settings for traveler vaccination.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Hepatite A/imunologia , Hepatite A , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Modelos Estatísticos , Argentina , Teorema de Bayes , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A/sangue , Humanos , Imunização SecundáriaRESUMO
RESUMO: Introdução: Em 2014, o Brasil introduziu programa de imunização universal contra o vírus da hepatite A (HAV) para crianças no segundo ano de vida, por meio de dose única da vacina de vírus inativado. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a cobertura vacinal (CV) contra o HAV no Brasil, diante da incidência de casos notificados cinco anos após a implantação do programa. Metodologia: Dados secundários foram obtidos pesquisando-se sítios eletrônicos de acesso livre do Ministério da Saúde, Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), para análise de incidência e CV. Resultados: A CV variou entre 60,13 e 97,07%. A homogeneidade da CV contra hepatite A nos estados ficou aquém da meta estabelecida. Após 2015, houve queda da CV em todas as regiões do país. Apesar da cobertura insuficiente, houve redução concomitante da incidência da hepatite A em todo o Brasil. A taxa de incidência caiu de 3,29 para 0,80/100 mil entre 2014 e 2018. No entanto, ocorreu diminuição da velocidade de queda da incidência entre 2017 e 2018, o que pode ser consequência dos percentuais insuficientes de CV. Esse fenômeno parece acompanhar tendência geral de enfraquecimento do esforço vacinal no país, verificado também para outras vacinas, como poliomielite e tríplice viral. Conclusão: Esses números sugerem a necessidade de esforços para melhorar as taxas de CV da hepatite A no país.
ABSTRACT: Introduction: In 2014, Brazil introduced a universal immunization program against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) for children in the second year of life, using a single dose of inactivated virus vaccine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vaccination coverage (VC) against HAV in Brazil, against the incidence of cases reported five years after the implementation of the program. Methodology: Secondary data were obtained by searching free access electronic sites of the Ministry of Health, Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde - DATASUS), for incidence analysis and VC from 2014 to 2018. Results: VC ranged from 60.13 to 97.07%. The homogeneity of VC against hepatitis A did not reach the established goal throughout all states but for a few exceptions. After 2015, CV decreased in all regions of the country. Despite insufficient coverage, a concomitant reduction in the incidence of Hepatitis A took place throughout the country. The incidence rate fell from 3.29 to 0.80/100,000 between 2014 and 2018. However, there was an interruption in the pace of incidence fall between 2017 and 2018, which may be a consequence of insufficient VC. This phenomenon seems to be part of a widespread downward trend in vaccination effort across the country, also verified for other vaccines, such as poliomyelitis and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. Conclusion: These figures suggest the need for implementing efforts to improve hepatitis A VC rates in the country.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Programas de Imunização/organização & administração , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/administração & dosagem , Cobertura Vacinal/estatística & dados numéricos , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , IncidênciaRESUMO
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. The virus is mainly transmitted via the fecaloral route and, the incidence of infection is closely related to low socioeconomic conditions and poor sanitation. Mexico, previously categorized an area of high endemicity for HAV infection, is undergoing epidemiological transition. However, a limited number of HAV-related scientific reports regarding to virus burden is available. According to the local government health agency (Secretarla de Salud, SSA in Spanish), from 1994 to 2017 a reduction in the incidence of hepatitis related to HAV has been reported. However, HAV is still the most common cause of viral hepatitis in the country, and the pediatric population is the most prone to be infected with this virus. The analysis of the SSA data reveals that most of the reported cases from 1994 to 2017 were found in highly industrialized states. This information contradicts the documented relationship between the highest prevalence of infection and the lowest socio-economic status, and supports the necessity of viral detection and notification of HAV cases. Moreover, in spite that four HAV vaccines are available in Mexico and universal vaccination has been shown to be beneficial in developing countries in terms of declining endemicity, HAV vaccination is not mandatory in Mexico. In this review, preventive strategies including appropriate diagnosis, vaccination and public health policies on the basis of the epidemiologic status of HAV in Mexico are discussed.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A/imunologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/uso terapêutico , Vírus da Hepatite A/imunologia , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Vacinação/métodos , Hepatite A/terapia , Humanos , Incidência , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
AIM: We evaluated the accuracy of a commercial rapid immunochromatographic test (rapid test [RT]) for hepatitis A (HA) diagnosis and epidemiological studies. MATERIALS & METHODS: The accuracy of a RT was evaluated in laboratory and in field conditions. Predictive modeling estimated the test performance in a hypothetical population. RESULTS: The RT showed sensitivities of 66-86%, and specificities of 21-100%, depending on the antibody isotype (IgM or IgG) analyzed and prevalence of infection. CONCLUSION: The RT is a good alternative for diagnostic in HA outbreaks. The predictive model indicates that it should not be used alone for HA diagnosis in low prevalence populations. These data can be used in the future to strengthen decision-making during the implementation of rapid diagnostic methods in health services.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Cromatografia de Afinidade/métodos , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/métodos , Hepatite A/diagnóstico , Hepatite A/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Reações Cruzadas , Surtos de Doenças , Reações Falso-Negativas , Reações Falso-Positivas , Feminino , Serviços de Saúde , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite A , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Universal vaccination of children against hepatitis A was introduced in 2014 in Brazil as a single-dose schedule. We analyzed the numbers of reported cases of hepatitis A virus infection (HAV) from 2010 to 2017 to evaluate the initial impact of that intervention. Data were assessed and has been freely available on the Brazilian Ministry of Health website. The HAV incidence was steady around 6000 cases per year until 2014. Between 2014 and 2016, there was a 85.5% cumulative drop, independent of gender and geographical macroregions. The fall was especially significant among toddlers (96.8%). In 2017, cases increased due to an outbreak among male adults in São Paulo. Decrease in incidence continued to occur for females and for those under 15â¯years of age. Data show that there was a significant decrease in HAV cases number in Brazil from 2015 after the introduction of single-dose HAV vaccine program.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A/sangue , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/administração & dosagem , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Programas de Imunização , Vacinação em Massa/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde Pública , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT Vaccination against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) administered in two doses has been used effectively in universal child immunization programs in several countries. A single-dose vaccination was adopted in some low-income countries in an attempt to reduce costs without losing effectiveness. In 2014, single-dose universal vaccination was introduced in Brazil for children aged two years. Since such strategy is still not universally accepted, its efficacy should be compared to the two-dose strategy. To assess the humoral response after the single-dose HAV vaccination schedule, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Primavera do Leste, in Mato Grosso state, Central Brazil, including 265 children vaccinated through the National Immunization Program. Blood was collected by using a digital puncture and further applied to filter paper cards. Anti-HAV was detected in 218 out of 265 dried blood spots (DBS). Blood venous samples were collected from 34 out of 47 children who were not anti-HAV positive in DBS samples. Eighteen of them tested positive for anti-HAV, giving a final score of 93.6% (236/252) of seropositivity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a high rate of anti-HAV positivity in the short term after single-dose hepatitis A vaccination in the population investigated. Moreover, the DBS was shown to be a reliable tool for detecting anti-HAV antibodies.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Vacinação em Massa/métodos , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A/sangue , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Brasil/epidemiologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Esquemas de Imunização , Vírus da Hepatite A Humana/imunologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/imunologia , Teste em Amostras de Sangue Seco , Hepatite A/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Vaccination against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) administered in two doses has been used effectively in universal child immunization programs in several countries. A single-dose vaccination was adopted in some low-income countries in an attempt to reduce costs without losing effectiveness. In 2014, single-dose universal vaccination was introduced in Brazil for children aged two years. Since such strategy is still not universally accepted, its efficacy should be compared to the two-dose strategy. To assess the humoral response after the single-dose HAV vaccination schedule, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Primavera do Leste, in Mato Grosso state, Central Brazil, including 265 children vaccinated through the National Immunization Program. Blood was collected by using a digital puncture and further applied to filter paper cards. Anti-HAV was detected in 218 out of 265 dried blood spots (DBS). Blood venous samples were collected from 34 out of 47 children who were not anti-HAV positive in DBS samples. Eighteen of them tested positive for anti-HAV, giving a final score of 93.6% (236/252) of seropositivity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a high rate of anti-HAV positivity in the short term after single-dose hepatitis A vaccination in the population investigated. Moreover, the DBS was shown to be a reliable tool for detecting anti-HAV antibodies.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite A/sangue , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/administração & dosagem , Hepatite A/prevenção & controle , Vacinação em Massa/métodos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Teste em Amostras de Sangue Seco , Feminino , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite A/imunologia , Vírus da Hepatite A Humana/imunologia , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar a situação vacinal contra os vírus da hepatite A e B em crianças da educação infantil. Metodologia: Estudo epidemiológico, quantitativo, baseado em cópias dos cartões de vacinas de 1.434 crianças da educação infantil. Os dados foram em dados coletados por meio de checklist, e sua análise deu-se mediante a estatística descritiva e os dados foram apresentados em tabela e figura. Resultados: Para a vacina contra o vírus da hepatite B, 73,7% dos cartões das crianças foram classificados com esquema vacinal completo e 25,1% com esquema incompleto. Já para a vacina contra o vírus da hepatite A, 72,2% dos cartões foram classificados com esquema vacinal completo em das crianças com faixa etária entre um ano e um ano 11 meses e 29 dias. Conclusão: O quantitativo de doses administradas ainda não corresponde ao que é preconizado e foram observados doses administradas fora do período recomendado e erros nos registros das vacinas.
Objective: To analyze the vaccination situation against hepatitis A and B viruses in pre-school children. Methodology: Epidemiological, quantitative study, based on copies of vaccination cards of 1,434 children in early childhood education. The data were collected through a checklist, and their analysis was based on descriptive statistics and the data were presented in table and figure. Results: For the vaccine against hepatitis B virus, 73.7% of the childrens cards were classified as complete vaccine scheme and 25.1% were incomplete. In the case of the hepatitis A virus vaccine, 72.2% of the cards were classified with complete vaccination schedule in children aged between one year and one year 11 months and 29 days. Conclusion: Doses administered do not yet correspond to what is recommended and doses administered outside the recommended period and errors in vaccine records have been observed.
Objetivo: Analizar la situación vacunal contra los virus de la hepatitis A y B en niños de la educación infantil. Metodología: Estudio epidemiológico, cuantitativo, basado en copias de las tarjetas de vacunas de 1.434 niños de la educación infantil. Los datos fueron en datos recolectados por medio de checklist, y su análisis se dio mediante la estadística descriptiva y los datos fueron presentados en tabla y figura. Resultados: Para la vacuna contra el virus de la hepatitis B, el 73,7% de las tarjetas de los niños fueron clasificados con esquema vacunal completo y el 25,1% con esquema incompleto. Para la vacuna contra el virus de la hepatitis A, el 72,2% de las tarjetas fueron clasificadas con esquema vacunal completo en los niños con edades entre un año y un año 11 meses y 29 días. Conclusión: El cuantitativo de dosis administradas aún no corresponde a lo que se preconiza y se observaron dosis administradas fuera del período recomendado y errores en los registros de las vacunas.