RESUMO
Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) causes disease outbreaks and high mortality at all stages of largemouth bass farming. Therefore, live vaccine development is critical for largemouth bass prevention against LMBV by immersion immunization. Herein, an attenuated LMBV strain with good immunogenicity, designated as LMBV-2007136, was screened from the natural LMBV strains bank through challenge assay and immersion immunization experiment. After determing the safe concentration range of LMBV-2007136, the minimum immunizing dose of immersion immunization was verified. When largemouth bass were vaccinated by immersion at the lowest concentration of 102.0 TCID50/mL, all of fish were survival post virulent LMBV challenge, and the relative percent survival (RPS) was 100 %. And the immune gene expression levels of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IgM in the spleen and kidney post-vaccination were significantly up-regulated compared to the control group, but TNF-α expression showed no significant changes. The safety and efficacy of LMBV-2007136 at passages P8, P13, and P18 were futher assessed, and no death of largemouth bass was observed within 21 days post-immunization and RPS of three vaccination groups was 100 %, suggesting that the safety and efficacy of the attenuated strain at different passages was stable. Furthermore, in the virulence reversion test, the attenuated strain was propagated through 5 times in largemouth bass by intraperitoneal injection and no abnormality and mortality were observed, further proving the attenuated vaccine candidate LMBV-2007136 was safe. These results proved that LMBV-2007136 could be a promising candidate for a live vaccine to protect largemouth bass from LMBV disease.
Assuntos
Bass , Infecções por Vírus de DNA , Doenças dos Peixes , Ranavirus , Vacinas Atenuadas , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Bass/imunologia , Ranavirus/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/veterinária , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Imunização/veterinária , Imersão , Vacinação/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: Infectious diseases such as peste des petits ruminants (PPRs), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), sheep and goat pox (SGPX), and pasteurellosis have considerable impacts on the optimal utilization of sheep and goat resources in Ethiopia. Immunization using multiple vaccines administered simultaneously has been suggested as a cost-effective and safe approach to controlling and preventing these diseases. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity and safety of multiple vaccines administered simultaneously in goats. Methods: Sero-negative PPR, CCPP, SGPX, and Pasteurellosis goats were immunized with multiple vaccines. Goats vaccinated with a single vaccine against each disease served as a positive control. The immune response of the goats was assessed using serological tests, and any adverse effects were monitored. Results: The results of the present study showed that goats vaccinated with multiple vaccines exhibited a remarkable immune response against PPR, CCPP, and pasteurellosis. In contrast, they did not produce a protective immune response against sheep or goat pox. No adverse effects were observed with any of the vaccines. Conclusion: This study suggested that combined vaccines can be effective at inducing a protective immune response in goats. However, further research is needed to fully understand the immune response to combined vaccines.
Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Doenças das Cabras/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Doenças das Cabras/imunologia , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/prevenção & controle , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/imunologia , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/prevenção & controle , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vírus da Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/imunologia , Infecções por Poxviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Poxviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Poxviridae/imunologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Etiópia , Capripoxvirus/imunologia , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex illness that impacts the respiratory system of domestic cattle, resulting in significant financial losses for the agriculture industry. Inactivated or modified live (MLV) pathogen vaccines are often used as a management tool to prevent and control BRD effectively. Aim: The purpose of this study is to assess the cell-mediated immune response (CMI) induced by two commercially available polyvalent vaccines, namely the MLV (cattle master gold FP) and the inactivated (CATTLEWIN-5K) vaccine. Methods: A total of 20 seronegative heifers against 4 BRD viruses, bovine alphaherpisvirus-1 (BoAHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV BVDV-1: Pesti virus A; BVDV-2: Pesti virus B), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV3) were chosen for this study. The heifers were divided into three groups. The first group (n = 6) received no vaccination and was kept as a control. The second and third groups (seven heifers each) were vaccinated twice with either an MLV or inactivated vaccine. The gene expression level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) was measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 60th days post-vaccination. The results were compared with the control group to study the effectiveness of the vaccines. Results: There was an upregulation in the expression level of IL-6 and INF-γ in both MLV and inactivated vaccinated groups. The level of IL-6 mRNA expression was statistically increased from the 14th and 28th days post-vaccination in MLV and inactivated vaccine groups, respectively. The expression level of INF-γ increased significantly from the 2nd and 4th weeks post-vaccination in the MLV and inactivated vaccine groups, respectively. The mean expression level of IL-6 and INF-γ mRNAs was significantly higher in the MLV vaccine group than in the inactivated vaccine group at each examination time. Conclusion: Both investigated vaccines are efficient in stimulating CMI, particularly with the MLV vaccine showing a higher preponderance in IL-6 and INF-γ.
Assuntos
Imunidade Celular , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Bovinos , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Complexo Respiratório Bovino/prevenção & controle , Complexo Respiratório Bovino/imunologia , Complexo Respiratório Bovino/virologiaRESUMO
Introduction: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human herpesvirus associated with ~350,000 cases of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies every year, and is etiologically linked to infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis. Despite four decades of research, no EBV vaccine candidate has yet reached licensure. Most previous vaccine attempts focused on a single viral entry glycoprotein, gp350, but recent data from clinical and pre-clinical studies, and the elucidation of viral entry mechanisms, support the inclusion of multiple entry glycoproteins in EBV vaccine design. Methods: Here we generated a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-vectored EBV vaccine, MVA-EBV5-2, that targets five EBV entry glycoproteins, gp350, gB, and the gp42gHgL complex. We characterized the genetic and translational stability of the vaccine, followed by immunogenicity assessment in BALB/c mice and rhesus lymphocryptovirus-negative rhesus macaques as compared to a gp350-based MVA vaccine. Finally, we assessed the efficacy of MVA-EBV5-2-immune rhesus serum at preventing EBV infection in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-reconstituted NSG mice, under two EBV challenge doses. Results: The MVA-EBV5-2 vaccine was genetically and translationally stable over 10 viral passages as shown by genetic and protein expression analysis, and when administered to female and male BALB/c mice, elicited serum EBV-specific IgG of both IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes with neutralizing activity in vitro. In Raji B cells, this neutralizing activity outperformed that of serum from mice immunized with a monovalent MVA-vectored gp350 vaccine. Similarly, MVA-EBV5-2 elicited EBV-specific IgG in rhesus macaques that were detected in both serum and saliva of immunized animals, with serum antibodies demonstrating neutralizing activity in vitro that outperformed serum from MVA-gp350-immunized macaques. Finally, pre-treatment with serum from MVA-EBV5-2-immunized macaques resulted in fewer EBV-infected mice in the two challenge experiments than pretreatment with serum from pre-immune macaques or macaques immunized with the monovalent gp350-based vaccine. Discussion: These results support the inclusion of multiple entry glycoproteins in EBV vaccine design and position our vaccine as a strong candidate for clinical translation.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Macaca mulatta , Animais , Humanos , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/prevenção & controle , Camundongos , Herpesvirus Humano 4/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Feminino , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Vaccinia virus/imunologia , Vaccinia virus/genéticaRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the effects of spray dried plasma (SDP) on growth performance, carcass traits, tibia quality, and hemagglutination inhibition titers in broilers fed two nutritional strategies with high or low nutrient density. In the study, 816 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were divided into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangements consisting of four treatment groups with 12 replicates (17 birds/replicate) based on diets with high nutrient density (HND) or low nutrient density (LND) from d 0 to 42 and receiving either control or 1% SDP diets during d 0 to 10. The results showed that feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were increased (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly reduced (P = 0.003) for broilers fed HND diets from d 0 to 42. The inclusion of SDP increased the BWG (P < 0.001), FI (P < 0.001), and FCR (P < 0.05) during d 0 to 10 of broiler life but not effect of SDP was observed for the whole 0-42 d period. Carcass yield increased with HND (P < 0.001) and dietary SDP (P = 0.002). However, HND feeding significantly decreased liver (P < 0.001), bursa of Fabricius (P = 0.002), abdominal fat (P < 0.001), proventriculus (P < 0.001) and gizzard weight (P < 0.001), but increased heart weight (P = 0.013), although spleen weight remained unaffected (P > 0.05) on d 42. Tibial bone morphometric and mechanical properties improved (P < 0.05) with SDP supplementation, and bone ash, Ca, and P remained unaffected (P > 0.05) on d 14. With the exception at d 28 (P = 0.037), the antibody titer to ND virus was similar among all treatment groups (P > 0.05) at d 0, 14, and 42. In conclusion, HND diets improve performance of broilers during the whole period and SDP supplementation during starter phase improve performance at this period, but also increased carcass yield, and tibial quality. Therefore, inclusion of SDP in the starter diet could be a beneficial nutritional strategy to improve the health and production of broilers provided feeding strategies using various nutrient densities.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Tíbia , Zea mays , Animais , Galinhas/imunologia , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal/análise , Tíbia/metabolismo , Masculino , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Dieta/veterinária , Doença de Newcastle/prevenção & controle , Doença de Newcastle/imunologia , Glycine max , Plasma/metabolismo , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/imunologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Suplementos Nutricionais , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) seriously affects the development of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) industry and causes huge economic losses. Oral vaccine can be a promising method for viral disease precaution. In this study, MCP2α was identified as a valuable epitope region superior to MCP and MCP2 of LMBV by neutralizing antibody experiments. Then, recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing the fusion protein MCP2αC (MCP2α as antigen, C represents flagellin C from Aeromonas hydrophila as adjuvant) on surface was constructed and verified. Further, PLA microsphere vaccine loading recombinant MCP2αC L. casei was prepared. The PLA microspheres vaccine were observed by scanning electron microscopy and showed a smooth, regular spherical surface with a particle size distribution between 100 and 200 µm. Furthermore, we evaluated the tolerance of PLA-MCP2αC vaccine in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid, and the results showed that PLA-MCP2αC can effectively resist the gastrointestinal environment. Moreover, the protective effect of PLA-MCP2αC against LMBV was evaluated after oral immunization and LMBV challenge. The results showed that PLA-MCP2αC effectively up-regulated the activity of serum biochemical enzymes (T-SOD, T-AOC, LZM, complement C3) and induced the mRNA expression of representative immune genes (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MHC-IIα, Mx, IgM) in spleen and head kidney tissues. The survival rate of largemouth bass vaccinated with PLA-MCP2αC increased from 24 % to 68 %. Meanwhile, PLA-MCP2αC inhibited the LMBV burden in spleen, head kidney and liver tissues and attenuated tissue damage in spleen. These results suggested that PLA-MCP2αC can be used as a candidate oral vaccine against LMBV infection in aquaculture.
Assuntos
Bass , Infecções por Vírus de DNA , Doenças dos Peixes , Lacticaseibacillus casei , Microesferas , Animais , Bass/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Lacticaseibacillus casei/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/veterinária , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Poliésteres/administração & dosagem , IridoviridaeRESUMO
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) infections has resulted in high mortality and economic losses to the global largemouth bass industry and has seriously restricted the healthy development of the bass aquaculture industry. There are currently no antiviral therapies available for the control of this disease. In this study, we developed three types of vaccine against LMBV; whole virus inactivated vaccine (I), a subunit vaccine composed of the major viral capsid protein MCP (S) as well as an MCP DNA vaccine(D), These were employed using differing immunization and booster strategies spaced 2 weeks apart as follows: II, SS, DD and DS. We found that all vaccine groups induced humoral and cellular immune responses and protected largemouth bass from a lethal LMBV challenge to varying degrees and DD produced the best overall effect. Specifically, the levels of specific IgM in serum in all immunized groups were elevated and significantly higher than those in the control group. Moreover, the expression of humoral immunity (CD4 and IgM) and cellular immunity (MHCI-α) as well as cytokines (IL-1ß) was increased, and the activity of immunity-related enzymes ACP, AKP, LZM, and T-SOD in the serum was significantly enhanced. In addition, the relative percent survival of fish following an LMBV lethal challenge 4 weeks after the initial immunizations were high for each group: DD(89.5 %),DS(63.2 %),SS(50 %) and II (44.7 %). These results indicated that the MCP DNA vaccine is the most suitable and promising vaccine candidate for the effective control of LMBV disease.
Assuntos
Bass , Infecções por Vírus de DNA , Doenças dos Peixes , Vacinas de DNA , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/administração & dosagem , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Bass/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/veterinária , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Imunidade Humoral , Ranavirus/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/administração & dosagem , Imunidade CelularRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Vaccinations should only be given to healthy cats, and deworming before vaccination is generally recommended; however, so far, no study has investigated the influence of intestinal parasitic infection on the immune response in kittens. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the antibody response to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) vaccination in kittens with and without intestinal parasites. METHODS: Overall, 74 healthy kittens were included. Of these, 17 had intestinal parasites (12/17 Toxocara cati, 6/17 Cystoisospora felis, 1/17 Capillaria species). Both kittens with and without (n = 57) parasites received two primary kitten vaccinations with modified live FPV vaccines in a 4-week interval starting at the age of 8-12 weeks. Anti-FPV antibodies were determined at the beginning of the study (week 0) and at week 8 (4 weeks after the second vaccination) by haemagglutination inhibition. A ⩾four-fold titre increase (week 8 vs week 0) was defined as a response to vaccination. Comparison of the immune response in the kittens with and without intestinal parasites was performed using Pearson's χ2 test. RESULTS: Pre-vaccination antibodies were present in 4/17 (23.5%) kittens with intestinal parasites and in 24/57 (42.1%) without parasites. A ⩾four-fold titre increase was seen in 13/17 (76.5%) kittens with parasites compared with 32/57 (56.1%) kittens without parasites. There was neither a significant difference in pre-vaccination antibodies (P = 0.17), nor in vaccination response (P = 0.13) between kittens with and without parasites. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results indicate that asymptomatic intestinal infections with endoparasites do not interfere with the immune response to kitten vaccination series. Parasitic infection (at least with T cati, C felis and Capillaria species) is therefore not a reason to postpone important vaccinations.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina , Panleucopenia Felina , Enteropatias Parasitárias , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Gatos , Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina/imunologia , Panleucopenia Felina/prevenção & controle , Panleucopenia Felina/imunologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Enteropatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Enteropatias Parasitárias/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Vacinação/veterinária , Feminino , Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Gato/imunologia , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Doenças do Gato/virologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções por Caliciviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Caliciviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Caliciviridae/imunologiaRESUMO
Since 2019, Lumpy skin disease (LSD) has suddenly spread in many Asian countries, including India. LSD primarily occurs in cattle. However, recent LSD outbreaks in India have also revealed significant morbidity and production losses in buffaloes. This has raised concerns about the role of buffaloes in the epidemiology and transmission of LSD and necessitates the inclusion of buffaloes in the mass vaccination program for the prevention and control of the disease in the country. However, there is no significant data on the immune response in buffaloes following vaccination with the LSD vaccine. In this study, we evaluated antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses following vaccination with a newly developed live-attenuated LSD vaccine (Lumpi-ProVacInd). The detectable amount of anti-LSDV antibodies was observed at 1-2 months following vaccination, with a peak antibody titer at 3 months. Upon stimulation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the UV-inactivated LSDV antigen, there was a significant increase in CD8 + T cell counts in vaccinated animals as compared to the unvaccinated animals. Besides, vaccinated animals also showed a significant increase in IFN-γ levels upon antigenic stimulation of their PBMCs with LSDV antigen. In conclusion, the buffaloes also mount a potent antibody- and cell-mediated immune response following vaccination with Lumpi-ProVacInd.
Assuntos
Búfalos , Doença Nodular Cutânea , Vírus da Doença Nodular Cutânea , Vacinas Atenuadas , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Búfalos/imunologia , Doença Nodular Cutânea/prevenção & controle , Doença Nodular Cutânea/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vírus da Doença Nodular Cutânea/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Índia , Imunidade Celular , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vacinação/veterinária , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , FemininoRESUMO
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important pathogens for humans and other vertebrates, causing severe respiratory and intestinal infections that have become a threat to public health because of the potential for interspecies transmission between animals and humans. Therefore, the development of safe, effective vaccines remains a top priority for the control of CoV infection. The unique immunological characteristics of vaccines featuring messenger RNA (mRNA) present an advantageous tool for coronavirus vaccine development. Here, we designed two lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA-LNP) vaccines: one encoding full-length spike (S) protein and the other encoding the spike ectodomain (Se) from porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). Fourteen days after primary immunization, both mRNA vaccines induced high levels of immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies in mice, with the S vaccine showing better performance than the Se vaccine. Passive immune protection of the S mRNA vaccine in suckling piglets was confirmed by the induction of robust PDCoV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. The S mRNA vaccine also showed better protective effects than the inactivated vaccine. Our results suggest that the novel PDCoV-S mRNA-LNP vaccine may have the potential to combat PDCoV infection. IMPORTANCE: As an emerging porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has the potential for cross-species transmission, attracting extensive attention. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are a promising option for combating emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, as evidenced by the demonstrated efficacy of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Here, we first demonstrated that PDCoV-S mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines could induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. An evaluation of passive immune protection of S mRNA vaccines in suckling piglets confirmed that the protective effect of mRNA vaccine was better than that of inactivated vaccine. This study suggests that the PDCoV-S mRNA-LNP vaccine may serve as a potential and novel vaccine candidate for combating PDCoV infection.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Infecções por Coronavirus , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Doenças dos Suínos , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Suínos , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Camundongos , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de mRNA , Deltacoronavirus/imunologia , Deltacoronavirus/genética , Nanopartículas , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Feminino , Imunidade Humoral , LipossomosRESUMO
Aim: To develop a trivalent DNA vaccine candidate encapsulated in Chitosan-TPP nanoparticles against hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and assess its immunogenicity in mice.Materials & methods: Trivalent plasmid carrying the VP1 and VP2 genes of EV-A71, VP1 gene of CV-A16 was encapsulated in Chitosan-TPP nanoparticles through ionic gelation. In vitro characterization and in vivo immunization studies of the CS-TPP-NPs (pIRES-VP121) were performed.Results: Mice administered with CS-TPP NPs (pIRES-VP121) intramuscularly were observed to have the highest IFN-γ response. Sera from mice immunized with the naked pDNA and CS-TPP-NPs (pIRES-VP121) demonstrated good viral clearance against wild-type EV-A71 and CV-A16 in RD cells.Conclusion: CS-TPP-NPs (pIRES-VP121) could serve as a prototype for future development of multivalent HFMD DNA vaccine candidates.
[Box: see text].
Assuntos
Quitosana , Enterovirus Humano A , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca , Nanopartículas , Vacinas de DNA , Animais , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/administração & dosagem , Quitosana/química , Nanopartículas/química , Camundongos , Enterovirus Humano A/imunologia , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/prevenção & controle , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Feminino , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Plasmídeos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , PolifosfatosRESUMO
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2; Caliciviridae, Lagovirus europaeus), the cause of a highly transmissible and fatal lagomorph disease, has spread rapidly through the western United States and Mexico, resulting in substantial mortality in domestic and wild rabbits. The disease was first detected in California in May 2020, prompting an interagency/zoo/academia/nonprofit team to implement emergency conservation actions to protect endangered riparian brush rabbits (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius) from RHDV2. Prior to vaccinating wild rabbits, we conducted a vaccine safety trial by giving a single SC dose of Filavac VHD K C+V (Filavie) vaccine to 19 adult wild riparian brush rabbits captured and temporarily held in captivity. Rabbits were monitored for adverse effects, and serum was collected before vaccination, and at 7-10, 14-20, and 60 d post-vaccination. Sera were tested using an ELISA to determine antibody response and timing of seroconversion. Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed on rectal swabs to evaluate infection status. No adverse effects from the vaccine were observed. Before vaccination, 18 of 19 rabbits were seronegative, and RHDV2 was not detected by RT-qPCR on any rectal swabs. After vaccination, all rabbits developed an antibody response, with titers of 1:10-1:160. Seroconversion generally occurred at 7-10 d. The duration of antibody response was ≥60 d in 12 of 13 rabbits. Sixteen animals were released and 4 were recaptured several months later, offering a glimpse into longer duration immune response. Our study has informed vaccination strategies for this species and serves as a model for protecting other vulnerable lagomorphs against RHDV2.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Infecções por Caliciviridae , Vírus da Doença Hemorrágica de Coelhos , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Vírus da Doença Hemorrágica de Coelhos/imunologia , Coelhos , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Caliciviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Caliciviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vacinação/veterinária , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an important zoonotic viral disease affecting several species of domestic and wild ruminants, causing major economic losses and dozens of human deaths in various geographical areas of Africa, where it is endemic. Although it is not present in Europe, there is a risk of its introduction and spread linked to globalisation and climate change. At present, the only measure that could help to prevent the disease is vaccination of flocks in areas at risk of RVF. Available live attenuated vaccines are an effective means of controlling the disease, but their use is often questioned due to residual virulence, particularly in susceptible hosts such as pregnant sheep. On the other hand, no vaccine is currently licensed for use in humans. The development of safe and effective vaccines is therefore a major area of research. In previous studies, we selected under selective mutagenic pressure a highly attenuated RVFV 56/74 virus variant called 40Fp8. This virus showed an extremely attenuated phenotype in both wild-type and immunodeficient A129 (IFNARKO) mice, yet was still able to induce protective immunity after a single inoculation, thus supporting its use as a safe, live attenuated vaccine. To further investigate its safety, in this work we have analysed the attenuation level of 40Fp8 in immunosuppressed mice (A129) when administered by the intranasal route, and compared it with other attenuated RVF viruses that are the basis of vaccines in use or in development. Our results show that 40Fp8 has a much higher attenuated level than these other viruses and confirm its potential as a candidate for safe RVF vaccine development.
Assuntos
Administração Intranasal , Febre do Vale de Rift , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift , Vacinas Atenuadas , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Febre do Vale de Rift/prevenção & controle , Febre do Vale de Rift/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Febre do Vale do Rift/imunologia , Camundongos , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Vacinação/métodos , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangueRESUMO
This study assesses different IBV vaccination regimens in broiler chickens using commercially available live attenuated GI-23 (Egyptian-VAR2) and GI-1 (H120) vaccines. Vaccines were administered at 1, 14 days of age, or both. The ciliostasis test, following wild-type VAR2 challenge at 28 days of age, indicated that classic H120+VAR2 at one day old followed by the VAR2 vaccine at 14 days of age provided the highest level of protection (89.58%). Similarly, administering VAR2 at 1 day of age and classic H120 at 14 days of age demonstrated substantial protection (85.42%). Conversely, administering only classic H120 and VAR2 at one day old resulted in the lowest protection level (54.17%). Tracheal virus shedding quantification and assessment of trachea and kidney degenerative changes were significantly lower in vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated-challenged group. In conclusion, a carefully planned vaccination regimen based on homologous vaccination offers the most effective clinical protection in broiler chickens.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Infecções por Coronavirus , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Vacinas Atenuadas , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/imunologia , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/genética , Galinhas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinação/veterinária , Eliminação de Partículas Virais , Traqueia/virologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Eficácia de VacinasRESUMO
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection remains a global public health problem. After the "Public Health Emergencies of International Concern" declared in February 2016, the incidence of new infections by this pathogen has been decreasing in many areas. However, there is still a likely risk that ZIKV will spread to more countries. To date, there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available to prevent or treat Zika virus infection. In the Zika vaccine development, those based on protein subunits are attractive as a non-replicable platform due to their potentially enhanced safety profile to be used in all populations. However, these vaccines frequently require multiple doses and adjuvants to achieve protective immunity. In this study we show the immunological evaluation of new formulations of the recombinant protein ZEC, which combines regions of domain III of the envelope and the capsid from ZIKV. Two nucleotide-based adjuvants were used to enhance the immunity elicited by the vaccine candidate ZEC. ODN 39M or c-di-AMP was incorporated as immunomodulator into the formulations combined with aluminum hydroxide. Following immunizations in immunocompetent BALB/c mice, the formulations stimulated high IgG antibodies. Although the IgG subtypes suggested a predominantly Th1-biased immune response by the formulation including the ODN 39M, cellular immune responses measured by IFNγ secretion from spleen cells after in vitro stimulations were induced by both immunomodulators. These results demonstrate the capacity of both immunomodulators to enhance the immunogenicity of the recombinant subunit ZEC as a vaccine candidate against ZIKV.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Anticorpos Antivirais , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas , Vacinas Sintéticas , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Animais , Zika virus/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/administração & dosagem , Infecção por Zika virus/prevenção & controle , Infecção por Zika virus/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Camundongos , Feminino , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Adjuvantes de Vacinas , Imunidade Celular , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/administração & dosagem , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an important disease of poultry, and vaccination is the best method of preventing IB in the poultry industry worldwide. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate cytokine and acute-phase protein (APP) responses and their correlations with antibody titres following vaccination regimes against IB in the broiler. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Broilers were vaccinated with H120 and 1/96 vaccine strains, and MIX (H120 + 1/96) vaccine strains on Days 0 and 14. Heterophils/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, APPs including chicken serum amyloid A (SAA), chicken pentraxin 3 (chPTX3), chicken interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), chicken interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and antibody titres were measured. RESULTS: An increase in the H/L ratio, SAA, chPTX3, IL-1ß and IL-6 levels in vaccinated groups was observed 1 day after the first (highest rates) and second (lower levels) vaccination up to 3 days in three different patterns and then started to decrease. The results showed an immediate, short-lived response and moderate increases in all criteria. Changing patterns of APPs were different but in similar pattern after the first and second immunization in vaccinated groups. A positive correlation between all criteria values on Days 1 and 15 with antibody titres on Day 28 may indicate agonistic cross-regulation. CONCLUSION: Different types of IB vaccines could induce different patterns of APPs responses, which can be used to evaluate immune response outcomes in vaccine design, development and administration. The IL-6 with the highest increase can be a sensitive parameter and chPTX3 with the high increase could be an important criterion.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Fase Aguda , Galinhas , Citocinas , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Galinhas/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Proteínas de Fase Aguda/análise , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/imunologia , Vacinação/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In goat kids, choosing the appropriate age to administer the first dose of goat pox disease (GTP) vaccine requires knowing when maternal antibody decline concentrations. OBJECTIVE: Determine the persistence of maternal antibodies against goat pox virus (GTPV) in goat kids. ANIMALS: Twenty Saanen goat kids from birth to 120 days old. METHODS: In 2 groups, including: control (receiving colostrum from nonvaccinated does) and treatment (receiving colostrum from vaccinated does). On zero, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 100 and 120 days after the birth, virus neutralization test was used to measure the serum concentration of antibodies against GTPV. RESULTS: At the age of 56 days, the first seronegative goat kids (n = 2) were recorded in the treatment group. At the age of 120 days, all the goat kids in the treatment group were seronegative. The average virus neutralization index (VNI) of the goat kids became negative at the age of 100 to 120 days. All goat kids in the control group were negative at all times. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: One hundred to 120 days of the age seems to be the time to administer the first GTP vaccine in the goat kids with passive immunity against goat pox.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Imunidade Materno-Adquirida , Infecções por Poxviridae , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Doenças das Cabras/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Feminino , Infecções por Poxviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Poxviridae/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Capripoxvirus/imunologia , Animais Recém-Nascidos/imunologia , Testes de Neutralização/veterinária , Colostro/imunologia , MasculinoRESUMO
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) always causes high transmission efficiency and mortality in the larval and juvenile stages of grouper in aquaculture industry. Although inactivated virus and recombinant DNA vaccines administered via intraperitoneal injection have shown efficacy in protection against SGIV, their potential applications in field testing were limited due to the vaccine delivery methods. Here, we developed an immersion vaccine containing inactivated virus and Montanide IMS 1312 adjuvant (IMS 1312) and evaluated its protective efficacy against SGIV infection. Compared to the PBS group, fish vaccinated with immersion inactivated vaccine with or without IMS 1312 were significantly protected against SGIV, with a relative percent survival (RPS) of 57.69 % and 38.47 %, respectively. Furthermore, the transcripts of viral core genes were reduced, and the histopathological severity caused by SGIV were relatively mild in multiple tissues of the IMS + V group. The immersion vaccine activated the AKP and ACP activities and increased the mRNA levels of IFN and inflammation-associated genes. The transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 731 and 492 genes were significantly regulated in the spleen and kidney from the IMS + V group compared to the PBS group, respectively. Among them, 129 DEGs were co-regulated, and enriched in the KEGG pathways related to immune and cell proliferation, including MAPK signaling, JAK-STAT signaling and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Similarly, the DEGs specially regulated in the kidney and spleen upon vaccine immunization were significantly enriched in the KEGG pathways related to interferon and inflammation response. Together, our results elucidated that the immersion vaccine of inactivated SGIV with IMS 1312 induced a protective immune response of grouper against SGIV.
Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus de DNA , Doenças dos Peixes , Ranavirus , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/veterinária , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/prevenção & controle , Ranavirus/fisiologia , Ranavirus/imunologia , Bass/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Imunidade Inata , ImersãoAssuntos
Enterovirus Humano A , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca , Vacinas Virais , Humanos , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/prevenção & controle , Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca/epidemiologia , Enterovirus Humano A/imunologia , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Feminino , Eficácia de VacinasRESUMO
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) capsid protein plays an important role in producing viral particles without any genetic elements. Thus, NNV is a promising candidate for vaccine development and is widely used for constructing vaccines, including DNA, recombinant proteins, and virus-like particles (VLPs). Our study aimed to investigate the potential of NNV capsid protein (NNV) and NNV capsid protein fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (NNV-EGFP) through VLP formation and whether their application can induce specific antibody responses against certain antigens. We focused on producing DNA and recombinant protein vaccines consisting of the genes for NNV, EGFP, and NNV-EGFP. The approach using NNV-EGFP allowed NNV to act as a carrier or inducer while EGFP was incorporated as part of the capsid protein, thereby enhancing the immune response. In vitro studies demonstrated that all DNA vaccines expressed in HINAE cells resulted in varying protein expression levels, with particularly low levels observed for pNNV and pNNV-EGFP. Consequently, structural proteins derived from HINAE cells could not be observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In contrast, recombinant proteins of NNV and NNV-EGFP were expressed through the Escherichia coli expression system. TEM revealed that rNNV was assembled into VLPs with an approximate size of 30 nm, whereas rNNV-EGFP presented particles ranging from 10 nm to 50 nm in size. For the vaccination test, DNA vaccination marginally induced specific antibody responses in Japanese flounder compared to unvaccinated fish. Meanwhile, NNV and NNV-EGFP recombinant vaccines enhanced a greater anti-NNV antibody response than the others, whereas antibody responses against EGFP were also marginal. These results indicate that NNV capsid protein-based antigens, presenting as particles, play an important role in eliciting a specific anti-NNV antibody response and have the potential to improve fish immune responses.