RESUMO
The aim of this survey was to estimate the apparent herd-level and animal-level prevalences, as well as to identify risk factors and spatial clustering of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) positive herds in the state of Paraíba, semiarid of Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling strata: Sertão, Borborema and Zona da Mata/Agreste. For each sampling stratum, herd-level and animal-level prevalences were estimated by a two-stage sampling survey. First, a pre-established number of herds (primary sampling units) were randomly selected; second, within each herd, a pre-established number of cows aged ≥ 24 months were systematically selected (secondary sampling units). In total, 2279 animals were sampled from 468 herds. Serum samples were submitted to virus neutralization (VN) test for detection of antibodies to VSV using three viral strains: VSIV-3 2013SaoBento/Paraiba E, strain Indiana (VSIV-1) and VSNJV. A herd was considered positive for VSV if it included at least one positive animal in herds of up to 10 females, two positive animals in herds of 11-99 females, and three positive in herds with more than 99 females. The spatial clustering was assessed using the Cuzick-Edwards' k-nearest neighbor method and spatial scan statistics. The apparent herd-level prevalence in the state of Paraíba was 38.5% (95% CI = 35.5-41.6%), 80.6% (95% CI = 73.6-86.2%) in the region of Sertão, 7.0% (95% CI = 3.9-12.2%) in Borborema, and 2.6% (95% CI = 1.0-6.7%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The apparent animal-level prevalence was 26.2% (95% CI = 20.6-32.8%) in the state of Paraíba, 48.2% (95% CI = 41.5-54.9%) in Sertão, 6.3% (95% CI = 2.7-14%) in Borborema, and 3.2% 1.9% (95% CI = 0.4-8.4%) in Agreste/Zona da Mata. The risk factors identified were as follows: mixed production (milk/beef) (OR = 4.54), herd size > 23 animals (OR = 3.57), presence of cervids (OR = 15.24), rental of pastures (OR = 3.02), sharing of water sources (OR = 2.57) and presence of horses (OR = 1.69). Two significant clusters of positive herds were detected: the primary cluster covered the Sertão region and the secondary cluster covered part of the Sertão and Borborema regions. Our results suggest high VSV circulation in the bovine population of the state of Paraíba, semiarid region of Brazil, mainly in the Sertão mesoregion, and based on risk factor analysis it was possible to identify important associations that deserve more investigation on causal factors.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Estomatite Vesicular/epidemiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Feminino , Testes de Neutralização/veterinária , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Análise Espacial , Estomatite Vesicular/virologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/imunologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/imunologiaRESUMO
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is endemic in Central America and northern regions of South America, where sporadic outbreaks in cattle and pigs can cause clinical signs that are similar to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). There is therefore a pressing need for rapid, sensitive and specific differential diagnostic assays that are suitable for decision making in the field. RT-LAMP assays have been developed for vesicular diseases such as FMD and swine vesicular disease (SVD) but there is currently no RT-LAMP assay that can detect VS virus (VSV), nor are there any multiplex RT-LAMP assays which permit rapid discrimination between these 'look-a-like' diseases in situ. This study describes the development of a novel RT-LAMP assay for the detection of VSV focusing on the New Jersey (VSNJ) serotype, which has caused most of the recent VS cases in the Americas. This RT-LAMP assay was combined in a multiplex format combining molecular lateral-flow devices for the discrimination between FMD and VS. This assay was able to detect representative VSNJV's and the limit of detection of the singleplex and multiplex VSNJV RT-LAMP assays were equivalent to laboratory based real-time RT-PCR assays. A similar multiplex RT-LAMP assay was developed to discriminate between FMDV and SVDV, showing that FMDV, SVDV and VSNJV could be reliably detected within epithelial suspensions without the need for prior RNA extraction, providing an approach that could be used as the basis for a rapid and low cost assay for differentiation of FMD from other vesicular diseases in the field.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Estomatite Vesicular/diagnóstico , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bovinos/virologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , América Central , Febre Aftosa/virologia , RNA Viral/genética , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , América do Sul , Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Doença Vesicular Suína/virologia , Temperatura , Estomatite Vesicular/virologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/classificação , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/genéticaRESUMO
A Estomatite Vesicular (EV) é uma doença infecciosa que acomete equinos, bovinos, suínos, mamíferos silvestres e humanos. Por apresentar sinais clínicos semelhantes a outras doenças vesiculares, principalmente, febre aftosa, sua presença em determinadas regiões pode interferir no intercâmbio comercial internacional dos animais, seus produtos e subprodutos. Apesar de sua importância, a epidemiologia e a manutenção do vírus no ambiente não estão totalmente esclarecidas dificultando a aplicação de medidas de controle efetivas. A doença já foi diagnosticada em todas as regiões brasileiras. Bovinos com sialorréia, perda do epitélio lingual, lesões abertas com bordas amareladas nas gengivas, lábios, língua e mucosa oral e equinos com sialorréia e lesões abertas na mucosa oral e lábios foram observados e notificados ao Serviço Veterinário Oficial do Estado do Maranhão, Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária do Maranhão (AGRD/MA). Amostras de soro de equinos e bovinos com sintomas de EV foram coletadas para investigação por ELISA e por neutralização viral, além do diagnóstico diferencial para Febre Aftosa (FA). Fragmentos epiteliais de bovinos com lesões na língua foram coletados para identificação molecular do agente. Todos os animais foram negativos para FA. Todos os bovinos e equinos foram reativos para EV nos testes sorológicos. A partir dos fragmentos epiteliais de bovinos enviados ao Instituto Biológico de São Paulo para PCR, foi possível caracterizar o agente como VesiculovirusIndiana III (Alagoas/VSAV).
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an infectious viral disease that affects bovines, equines, swine, wild animals and humans. As it is indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases, mainly Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), it causes restrictions in commercial livestock trade at national and international levels and also significant economic losses. As the epidemiology and maintenance of VS virus in nature are not clearly understood it is difficult to take effective control measures. VS was diagnosed in some regions of Brazil, such as Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, São Paulo and Alagoas. Cattle and horses with clinical symptoms of drooling, shedding of the lingual epithelium, presence of vesicles on the oral mucosa were observed and reported to the National Animal Health Office health of Maranhão State, Brazil. Samples of serum of these animals were collected and sent to Laboratório Nacional de Agropecuaria for ELISA and virus neutralization and differential diagnosis for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). The results of ELISA confirmed the VS. In the differential diagnosis, the results were negative for FMD. Samples of bovine epithelial tissue for VS by PCR confirmation of diagnosis were collected and sent to Biological Institute of São Paulo. Molecular results confirmed the VesiculovirusIndiana III (Alagoas/VSAV) infection.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Estomatite Vesicular/diagnóstico , Estomatite Vesicular/epidemiologia , Estomatite Vesicular/prevenção & controle , Estomatite Vesicular/virologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico/veterinária , Notificação de Doenças , Desinfecção , Quarentena/veterinária , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Controle de Vetores de Doenças , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New JerseyRESUMO
A Estomatite Vesicular (EV) é uma doença infecciosa que acomete equinos, bovinos, suínos, mamíferos silvestres e humanos. Por apresentar sinais clínicos semelhantes a outras doenças vesiculares, principalmente, febre aftosa, sua presença em determinadas regiões pode interferir no intercâmbio comercial internacional dos animais, seus produtos e subprodutos. Apesar de sua importância, a epidemiologia e a manutenção do vírus no ambiente não estão totalmente esclarecidas dificultando a aplicação de medidas de controle efetivas. A doença já foi diagnosticada em todas as regiões brasileiras. Bovinos com sialorréia, perda do epitélio lingual, lesões abertas com bordas amareladas nas gengivas, lábios, língua e mucosa oral e equinos com sialorréia e lesões abertas na mucosa oral e lábios foram observados e notificados ao Serviço Veterinário Oficial do Estado do Maranhão, Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária do Maranhão (AGRD/MA). Amostras de soro de equinos e bovinos com sintomas de EV foram coletadas para investigação por ELISA e por neutralização viral, além do diagnóstico diferencial para Febre Aftosa (FA). Fragmentos epiteliais de bovinos com lesões na língua foram coletados para identificação molecular do agente. Todos os animais foram negativos para FA. Todos os bovinos e equinos foram reativos para EV nos testes sorológicos. A partir dos fragmentos epiteliais de bovinos enviados ao Instituto Biológico de São Paulo para PCR, foi possível caracterizar o agente como VesiculovirusIndiana III (Alagoas/VSAV).(AU)
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an infectious viral disease that affects bovines, equines, swine, wild animals and humans. As it is indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases, mainly Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), it causes restrictions in commercial livestock trade at national and international levels and also significant economic losses. As the epidemiology and maintenance of VS virus in nature are not clearly understood it is difficult to take effective control measures. VS was diagnosed in some regions of Brazil, such as Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, São Paulo and Alagoas. Cattle and horses with clinical symptoms of drooling, shedding of the lingual epithelium, presence of vesicles on the oral mucosa were observed and reported to the National Animal Health Office health of Maranhão State, Brazil. Samples of serum of these animals were collected and sent to Laboratório Nacional de Agropecuaria for ELISA and virus neutralization and differential diagnosis for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). The results of ELISA confirmed the VS. In the differential diagnosis, the results were negative for FMD. Samples of bovine epithelial tissue for VS by PCR confirmation of diagnosis were collected and sent to Biological Institute of São Paulo. Molecular results confirmed the VesiculovirusIndiana III (Alagoas/VSAV) infection.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Estomatite Vesicular/diagnóstico , Estomatite Vesicular/epidemiologia , Estomatite Vesicular/prevenção & controle , Estomatite Vesicular/virologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico/veterinária , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Controle de Vetores de Doenças , Desinfecção , Notificação de Doenças , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Quarentena/veterináriaRESUMO
We analyzed the phylogenetic and time-space relationships (phylodynamics) of 181 isolates of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) causing disease in Mexico and the United States (US) from 2005 through 2012. We detail the emergence of a genetic lineage in southern Mexico causing outbreaks in central Mexico spreading into northern Mexico and eventually into the US. That emerging lineage showed higher nucleotide sequence identity (99.5%) than that observed for multiple lineages circulating concurrently in southern Mexico (96.8%). Additionally, we identified 58 isolates from Mexico that, unlike previous isolates from Mexico, grouped with northern Central America clade II viruses. This study provides the first direct evidence for the emergence and northward migration of a specific VSNJV genetic lineage from endemic areas in Mexico causing VS outbreaks in the US. In addition we document the emergence of a Central American VSNJV genetic lineage moving northward and causing outbreaks in central Mexico.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Filogeografia , Estomatite Vesicular/virologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/genética , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Epidemias , México/epidemiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/classificaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the time of seroconversion to the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSNJV) in sentinel cattle of dairy herds located at high and low elevations in southern Mexico and to determine the factors associated with an increase in VSNJV transmission. ANIMALS: 471 dairy cattle in 4 free-ranging dairy herds located at high and low elevations in southern Mexico. PROCEDURES: Serum samples from all cattle were screened by use of serum neutralization (SN) tests for antibodies against VSNJV. Cattle with SN titers<1:20 were designated as sentinel cattle and tested every 10 weeks for seroconversion to VSNJV (SN titer≥1:80). A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to compare the hazard for seroconversion between sentinel cattle located at high and low elevations and kept under similar management and nutritional conditions. RESULTS: Hazard of VSNJV seroconversion was significantly higher for sentinel cattle located at high elevations, compared with the hazard for sentinel cattle located at low elevations. Dairy cattle located at high elevations seroconverted to VSNJV more frequently during the rainy season and the beginning of the dry season. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Seroconversion to VSNJV was more likely in dairy cattle in southern Mexico located at high elevations than in dairy cattle located at low elevations. These findings should contribute to understanding the dynamics of VSNJV infection in endemic areas and should be useful in the design of effective preventive and control strategies to decrease the impact of future VSV incursions.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Estomatite Vesicular/imunologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/imunologia , Altitude , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Testes de Neutralização , New Jersey , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estomatite Vesicular/epidemiologiaRESUMO
An improvement to a previously reported real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) assay for the detection of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is described. Results indicate that the new assay is capable of detecting a panel of genetically representative strains of VSV present in North, Central, and South America. The assay is specific for VSV and allows for simultaneous differentiation between Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus and Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus. This real-time RT-PCR is able to detect current circulating strains of VSV and can be used for rapid diagnosis of VSV and differentiation of VSV from other vesicular diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease.
Assuntos
Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Estomatite Vesicular/epidemiologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/genética , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/genética , Vesiculovirus/genética , Animais , Pareamento Incorreto de Bases , Sequência de Bases , América Central/epidemiologia , Primers do DNA , Sondas de DNA , Amplificação de Genes , México/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/normas , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/classificação , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/classificação , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/isolamento & purificação , Vesiculovirus/classificação , Vesiculovirus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Sporadic outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in the United States result in significant economic losses for the U.S. livestock industries because VS is a reportable disease that clinically mimics foot-and-mouth disease. Rapid and accurate differentiation of these 2 diseases is critical because their consequences and control strategies differ radically. The objective of the current study was to field validate a 1-tube multiplexed real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) assay for the rapid detection of Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus and Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus strains occurring in Mexico and North and Central America. A comprehensive collection of 622 vesicular lesion samples obtained from cattle, horses, and swine from throughout Mexico and Central America was tested by the real-time RT-PCR assay and virus isolation. Overall, clinical sensitivity and specificity of the real-time RT-PCR were 83% and 99%, respectively. Interestingly, VS virus isolates originating from a specific region of Costa Rica were not detected by real-time RT-PCR. Sequence comparisons of these viruses with the real-time RT-PCR probe and primers showed mismatches in the probe and forward and reverse primer regions. Additional lineage-specific primers and a probe corrected the lack of detection of the missing genetic lineage. Thus, this assay reliably identified existing Mexican and Central American VS viruses and proved readily adaptable as new VS viruses were encountered. An important secondary result of this research was the collection of hundreds of new VS virus isolates that provide a foundation from which many additional studies can arise.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Estomatite Vesicular/virologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/isolamento & purificação , Animais , América Central , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , México , RNA Viral/química , RNA Viral/genética , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Estomatite Vesicular/diagnóstico , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/genética , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New Jersey/genéticaRESUMO
Se realizaron dos clases de ensayos en ratones para evaluar la estabilidad e inmunogenicidad de una vacuna inactivada oleosa contra la estomatitis vesicular (EV) tipo New Jersey, almacenada a 4ºC, 25ºC y 37ºC por 30 días. Los grados de inmunidad pasiva y activa se estimaron, respectivamente, por inoculación intraperitoneal en ratones lactantes provenientes de madres vacunadas y por vía intranasal en ratones adultos. la vacuna demostró estabilidad física y antigénica, observándose resistencia a la infección en los grupos de animales inmunizados. Estos ensayos piloto pueden ser útiles en el diseño de protocolos para la evaluación de eficacia o potencia de vacunas contra EV si se comprueba una adecuada correlación con los ensayos en bovinos.
Assuntos
Estomatite Vesicular , Imunidade , Vacinas , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Administração Intranasal , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular New JerseyRESUMO
En Uruguay, en 1982, se recolectaron 104 muestras de sueros de equinos sacrificados en matadero, que fueron analizados en el Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa (CPFA) por la prueba de immunodifusión y dieron resultados negativos. Con el objetivo de detectar la presencia de EV se realizó un estudio parcial sobre muestras de sueros de equinos, recolectados en Uruguay entre los meses de agosto y noviembre de 1983.
In 1982, 104 samples of sera were collected in Uruguay from horses of a slaugterhouse. The sera were analyzed at the Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAFMDC)by means of the immunodiffusion test and yielded negative results. In order to detect the possible presence of VSV a preliminary study was undertaken of horse blood samples taken from August through November, 1983, in Uruguay.