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OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance of the supervision of the essential patient safety actions (AESP) in the different Medical Units of the different levels of care in Mexico City. METHOD: The concern for quality in health care, understood as the safety of patients, is a fundamental aspect that involves the authorities and operational personnel. Supervisions were carried out in the different medical units of Mexico City. RESULTS: Positive correlations were observed between the implementation of the AESP and the number of damages, incidents, events and errors existing in the medical units. CONCLUSIONS: The supervision of the AESP program should be aimed at the prevention and management of risks in health care, recognizing the occurrence of adverse events as a reality resulting from a gradual work of a whole process of continuous improvement.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la importancia de la supervisión de las acciones esenciales de seguridad del paciente (AESP) en las diferentes unidades médicas de los distintos niveles de atención en la Ciudad de México. MÉTODO: La preocupación por la calidad en la atención de salud, entendida como la seguridad de los pacientes, es un aspecto fundamental que involucra a las autoridades y al personal operativo. Se realizaron supervisiones en las diferentes unidades médicas de la Ciudad de México. RESULTADOS: Se observaron correlaciones positivas entre la supervisión de las AESP y el número de daños, incidentes, eventos y errores existentes en las unidades médicas. CONCLUSIONES: La supervisión del programa de AESP debe estar destinado a la prevención y gestión de los riesgos en la atención de salud, reconociendo la ocurrencia de eventos adversos como una realidad producto de un trabajo paulatino de todo un proceso de mejora continua.

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Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer os procedimentos exigíveis para garantir as condições de segurança no porcionamento do leite humano ordenhado em ambiente hospitalar, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.

Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer los procedimientos necesarios para garantizar las condiciones de seguridad en el porcionamiento de la leche humana extraída en ambiente hospitalario, con el fin de asegurar la calidad en los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.

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The outbreak of COVID-19 disease has recently spread from its original place in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, to the entire world, and has been declared to be a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. All countries in America, in particular Chile, show an important increase in COVID-19 cases and deaths. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are a broad spectrum, from asymptomatic mild disease, to severe respiratory failure, shock, multiorgan dysfunction and death. Thus, high clinical suspicion and appropriate structure risk stratification are needed. Health care teams in endoscopy units, are at an increased risk of infection by COVID-19 from inhalation of droplets, mucosae contact, probably contamination due to contact with stools. Endoscopic aerosolized associated infections have also been reported. Different societies' recommendations, have recently placed digestive endoscopy (especially upper) among the high risk aerosol generating procedures (AGPs). In addition, live virus has been found in patient stools. On top of this, the infected health professionals may transmit the infection to their patients. Health care infection prevention and control (HCIPC), has been shown to be effective in assuring the safety of both health care personnel and patients. This is not limited to the correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE), but is based on a clear, detailed and well communicated HCIPC strategy, risk stratification, use of PPE, and careful interventions in patients with moderate and high risk of COVID-19. A conscientious approach regarding limited resources is important, as the simultaneous outbreak in all countries heavily affects the availability of health supplies. The Chilean Gastroenterology Society (SChGE) and Digestive Endoscopy Association of Chile (ACHED) are joining to provide continued updated guidance in order to assure the highest level of protection against COVID-19, for both patients and health care workers. This guideline will be updated online as needed.

El brote de la enfermedad denominada COVID-19, se ha extendido desde su origen en Wuhan, provincia de Hubei, China, a todo el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud lo declaró pandemia en marzo de 2020. Todos los países de América, en especial Chile, presentan incremento de casos y fallecidos. Las manifestaciones clínicas de COVID-19 van desde una enfermedad leve, hasta insuficiencia respiratoria severa, shock, disfunción orgánica y muerte. Se necesita una alta sospecha clínica y una adecuada estratificación del riesgo. El equipo de salud en las unidades de endoscopia, tiene un mayor riesgo de COVID-19 que otras unidades clínicas y de apoyo diagnóstico, dada la mayor exposición a inhalación de gotas, contacto posible con mucosas y contaminación por contacto con deposiciones. Recomendaciones de diferentes sociedades colocan la endoscopia digestiva (especialmente la esofagogastroscopia o endoscopia digestiva alta, EDA) entre los procedimientos generadores de aerosoles (PGA) de alto riesgo. Además, se han encontrado virus viables en las deposiciones de los pacientes. Potencialmente, los profesionales de la salud infectados podrían contagiar a los pacientes. Se ha demostrado que la prevención y control de infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud (IAAS), son efectivos para garantizar la seguridad tanto del personal de salud, como de los pacientes. Esto no es solamente el correcto uso del equipo de protección personal (EPP), sino que se basa en una clara estrategia de IAAS, bien comunicada, con estratificación de riesgo, uso de EPP e intervenciones correctas en pacientes con riesgo moderado y alto. Es relevante un enfoque sobre los limitados recursos, dado la simultaneidad del brote en todos los países, que afecta la disponibilidad de insumos. La Sociedad Chilena de Gastroenterología (SChGE) y la Asociación Chilena de Endoscopia Digestiva (ACHED) publican esta guía actualizada para apoyar las buenas prácticas contra COVID-19, tanto para pacientes como para el equipo de salud. Esta guía podrá tener actualizaciones según avance la información disponible.

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The study aimed to know, in Foucault's view, how the family caregiver of the child deals with the rules and routines in the hospital. Descriptive qualitative study, conducted in the second half of 2011. It had the Grounded Theory as methodological framework. It was developed in the pediatric unit of a university hospital in southern Brazil, with eighteen family caregivers. The data collection was performed by semi-structured interviews and the analysis through open, axial and selective coding. It was noticed that the family tends to conform to such rules and routines in the hospital, but recognizes the importance of its flexibility, exercising endurance, as dialoguing, or as trespassing such rules and routines, in search of autonomy, when they realize that these do not address their needs. It is important to use rules and routines to enable the family practices and spaces of freedom, autonomy and resistance.

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Objetivou-se conhecer, na visão foucaultiana, como o familiar cuidador da criança convive com as normas e rotinas no hospital. Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado no segundo semestre de 2011. Teve como referencial metodológico a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Foi desenvolvido na Unidade de Pediatria de um Hospital Universitário no sul do Brasil, com dezoito familiares cuidadores. A coleta de dados foi realizada por entrevistas semiestruturadas e a análise, através da codificação aberta, axial e seletiva. Percebeu-se que a família tende a submeter-se às normas e rotinas no hospital, mas reconhece a importância de sua flexibilização, exercendo resistência, seja dialogando, seja transgredindo, em busca de autonomia, quando percebem que essas não contemplam suas necessidades. Torna-se importante o uso de normas e rotinas que possibilitem à família práticas e espaços de liberdade, autonomia e resistência.

The study aimed to know, in Foucault's view, how the family caregiver of the child deals with the rules and routines in the hospital. Descriptive qualitative study, conducted in the second half of 2011. It had the Grounded Theory as methodological framework. It was developed in the pediatric unit of a university hospital in southern Brazil, with eighteen family caregivers. The data collection was performed by semi-structured interviews and the analysis through open, axial and selective coding. It was noticed that the family tends to conform to such rules and routines in the hospital, but recognizes the importance of its flexibility, exercising endurance, as dialoguing, or as trespassing such rules and routines, in search of autonomy, when they realize that these do not address their needs. It is important to use rules and routines to enable the family practices and spaces of freedom, autonomy and resistance.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer, según la visión foucaultiana, como el familiar cuidador del niño convive con las normas y rutinas en el hospital. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo, realizado en el segundo semestre de 2011. Tuvo la Teoría Fundamentada como marco metodológico. Fue desarrollado en la unidad pediátrica de un hospital universitario en el sur de Brasil, con dieciocho cuidadores familiares. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y el análisis a través de la codificación abierta, axial y selectiva. Se observó que la familia tiende a ajustarse a las normas y rutinas en el hospital, pero reconoce la importancia de la flexibilidad, ejercitando resistencia, sea dialogando, o traspasando las reglas y rutinas, en busca de la autonomía, cuando se dan cuenta de que estos no se ocupan de sus necesidades. Es importante la utilización de reglas y rutinas para permitir a las prácticas de la familia y los espacios de libertad, autonomía y resistencia.

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O debate sobre mudança institucional no sistema público de saúde no Brasil tem dispensado pouca atenção à inovação organizacional nas Unidades Hospitalares (UHs). Recorrendo às abordagens da inovação e da informação incompleta na análise econômica, este artigo analisa os dados de uma amostra de conveniência contendo dez relatórios da Acreditação Hospitalar, para confirmar a dinâmica das relações entre a efetividade de normas, rotinas e protocolos, o treinamento de pessoal e a qualidade do serviço nas UHs. Como contribuição teórica, o modelo formulado analisa a relação entre a inovação organizacional, a qualidade do serviço prestado na UH, a expansão da UH e o desenvolvimento do mercado de serviços de saúde. O resultado do modelo é que o efeito da inovação organizacional na qualidade do serviço em UHs de referência é maior do que o efeito dos esforços de treinamento.

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The Camberwell Assessment of Need-Forensic Research Version (CANFOR-R) was used to compare perceptions of total met, and unmet needs of patients and clinical staff. Staff reported more total and met needs. There were no statistical differences in needs of Black-Caribbean, Asian, and White patients. This study underscores the importance of communication between patients and staff to identify and address needs.

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OBJETIVO: O enfoque démarche estratégica problematiza a dissociação entre direção estratégica da instituição e nível operacional, em busca do planejamento contínuo e flexível de projetos. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever a aplicação deste enfoque na avaliação de unidade hospitalar. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Foi realizada aplicação adaptada do enfoque na unidade materno-infantil de hospital público estadual, localizado no município da Serra, ES, como análise da gestão hospitalar, com envolvimento indireto dos atores institucionais que se constituíram nos informantes-chave no período de abril a julho de 2006. Além de reuniões com atores-chave, os dados foram obtidos nas fontes: livros de registros de internações do centro obstétrico, da maternidade e do berçário, faturamento do hospital, relatório estatísitico dos resultados perinatais da unidade materno infantil; livros de atendimento do ambulatório de aleitamento materno, considerando o ano de 2005. RESULTADOS: Os segmentos mais valorizados foram: unidade intensiva neonatal, centro cirúrgico obstétrico e centro obstétrico. Também obteve alta valorização o Programa de Atenção Humanizada à Mãe e ao Recém-nascido. Os principais pontos fracos evidenciados foram: baixa articulação com a rede (parceria com a rede municipal); insuficiência de leitos e de investimento tecnológico necessários para atender a demanda; rotatividade profissional devido aos vínculos temporários; e deficiente implementação da humanização comprometendo os fatores estratégicos de êxito dos segmentos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram o potencial do método para problematizar a missão e para a análise da gestão hospitalar apontando estratégias para melhoria da qualidade e competitividade dos segmentos e para maior inserção e integração na rede de serviços.

OBJECTIVE: The strategic démarche approach questions the dissociation between the strategic direction and the operational level of an institution, in search of a continuous and flexible planning of projects. The objective of the study is to describe the application of this approach in the evaluation of a hospital unit. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: The approach was adapted to and applied at a mother and child unit of a public state hospital in the municipality of Serra, Northeastern Brazil. Hospital management analysis was conducted with the indirect involvement of institutional agents, who acted as key informants from April to July, 2006. Besides the meetings with key informants, data was also collected from the following sources for the year 2005: Inpatient records from the obstetric center, maternity and nursery wards, statistical report of the perinatal outcomes from the mother and child unit; records from the ambulatory care unit for breastfeeding. RESULTS: The most valued segments were: The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Obstetric Surgery Center, and The Obstetric Center. The Program of Humanized Care for the Mother and Newborn was also highly valued. The main weaknesses pointed out were the low level of articulation with the network (partnership with municipal network); the lack of hospital beds and technological investment necessary for responding adequately to the demand; excessive professional rotation due to temporary assignments and the deficient implementation of the humanization policies, compromising the strategic success factors of the segments. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the method's potential for discussing the hospital mission and performing analysis of hospital management, pointing out strategies for improving the quality and competitiveness of the segments and for greater integration and insertion in the service network.

OBJETIVO: El enfoque démarche estratégica enfoca el problema de la disociación entre dirección estratégica de la institución y nivel operacional, en busca de la planificación continua y flexible de proyectos. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir la aplicación de este enfoque en la evaluación de unidad hospitalaria. PROCEDIMIENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Fue realizada aplicación adaptada del enfoque en la unidad materna infantil de hospital público estatal, localizado en el municipio de la Serra (Noreste de Brasil), como análisis de la gestión hospitalaria, con envolvimiento indirecto de los actores institucionales que se constituyeron en los informantes-clave en el período de abril a julio de 2006. Además de reuniones con actores-clave, los datos fueron obtenidos en las fuentes: libros de registros de internaciones del centro obstétrico, de la maternidad y del retén de bebés, facturación del hospital, informe estadístico de los resultados perinatales de la unidad materna infantil; libros de atención del ambulatorio del amamantamiento materno, considerando el año 2005. RESULTADOS: Los segmentos más valorizados fueron: unidad intensiva neonatal, centro quirúrgico obstétrico y centro obstétrico. También obtuvo alta valorización el Programa de Atención Humanizada a la madre y al recién-nacido. Los principales puntos débiles evidenciados fueron: baja articulación con la red (convenio con la red municipal); insuficiencia de camas y de inversión tecnológica necesarios para atender la demanda; rotación profesional debido a los vínculos temporales, y deficiente implementación de la humanización comprometiendo los factores estratégicos del éxito de los segmentos. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados muestran el potencial del método para enfocar el problema de la misión y para el análisis de la gestión hospitalaria apuntando estrategias para mejorar la calidad y competencia de los segmentos y para mayor inserción e integración en la red de servicios.

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OBJECTIVE: The strategic démarche approach questions the dissociation between the strategic direction and the operational level of an institution, in search of a continuous and flexible planning of projects. The objective of the study is to describe the application of this approach in the evaluation of a hospital unit. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: The approach was adapted to and applied at a mother and child unit of a public state hospital in the municipality of Serra, Northeastern Brazil. Hospital management analysis was conducted with the indirect involvement of institutional agents, who acted as key informants from April to July, 2006. Besides the meetings with key informants, data was also collected from the following sources for the year 2005: Inpatient records from the obstetric center, maternity and nursery wards, statistical report of the perinatal outcomes from the mother and child unit; records from the ambulatory care unit for breastfeeding. RESULTS: The most valued segments were: The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Obstetric Surgery Center, and The Obstetric Center. The Program of Humanized Care for the Mother and Newborn was also highly valued. The main weaknesses pointed out were the low level of articulation with the network (partnership with municipal network); the lack of hospital beds and technological investment necessary for responding adequately to the demand; excessive professional rotation due to temporary assignments and the deficient implementation of the humanization policies, compromising the strategic success factors of the segments. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the method's potential for discussing the hospital mission and performing analysis of hospital management, pointing out strategies for improving the quality and competitiveness of the segments and for greater integration and insertion in the service network.

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Desde lo sociopolíticoinstitucional, económico y biomédico, tal como esta planteada hoy la Atención Primaria de la Salud (APS) no hospitalaria, pública con modelo de programa dispensarizado en la Ciudad de Córdoba; implica que esta municipalizada (ley 7850/89, decretos reglamentarios y concordantes), que requiere de incremento permanente y exponencial de recursos materiales y humanos (el 73% de las erogaciones del presupuesto es en sueldos), que dificulta la continuidad de la información y la asistencia, que duplica registros (porque parte de un modelo no integrado), con grandes posibilidades de repetir exploraciones ya efectuadas, es subespecializada (en relación a los adultos mayores), mecánica, despersonalizada y no contempla en forma abarcativa, integral y holística, aspectos médicos preventivos y asistenciales, demográficos y psicosociales del grupo etario de más de 60 años, de capital importancia y trascendencia, como son las inmunizaciones sistemáticas, el diagnóstico precoz, el tratamiento oportuno de una variada gama de patologías prevenibles, la rehabilitación o limitación de incapacidades, las características de la vivienda, la convivencia (con quiénes viven, si están solos, cuáles son las redes de soporte social, etc.), que nivel cultural y económico poseen, e incluso la posibilidad de valorar una atención domiciliaria versus un ingreso a un hogar de ancianos. Además desde lo organizacional es de diseño sencillo, burocrático tradicional y carece de programa específico para la tercera edad. Nuestro aporte es determinar déficit en necesidades y requerimientos, satisfacción general de los usuarios en APS dispensarizada, asociar variables de importancia estratégica y proponer e impulsar a través de recomendaciones específicas un modelo de programa integrado multi-inter-trans-disciplinario donde el adulto mayor este contenido con una visión amplia, que en base a un adecuado conocimiento, busca prever y proveer para el futuro.

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The cerebrovascular disease, especially the ischemic stroke, is the second cause of death in our country. In Chile every year we have 14.000 new cases of ischemic stroke; this number is going up due to the progressive aging of our population. Every action we do during the six first ours of the evolution of the disease are critical for the final outcome. A proper treatments made of a group of unspecific actions that can really change the prognosis of the disease: Multidisciplinary approach, quick stabilization, unspecific neuroprotection, CT in the emergency room and hospitalization in a Stroke Unit, prevent and treat infections, early physical therapy, diagnosis of underlying disease and secondary prevention. The current law in Chile guarantee to every patient with an ischemic stroke the right to be hospitalized under the suspect of a stroke and to be followed up by a Neurologist, Psychologist, Physiatrists, kinesiologist, Speech and swelling therapist and a physical therapist. This law can only be fulfilled if every hospital in our country, or at least one per region, has its own Stroke Unit.

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Imprisonment of offenders with mental disorders in special psychiatric units constitutes a practice expected to satisfy both the legal and medical needs of prisoners. However, the actual conditions in which this practice takes place frequently hinders its purpose. In this work we describe the observations made by members of a Human Right Organization' Mental Health Team, the Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS) (Legal and Social Studies Centre), in the Psychiatric Unit of the J. T. Borda Hospital, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Observations were carried on in three visits performed by a group of psychologists, psychiatrists and lawyers. Visitors interviewed patients and examined the buildings and other material conditions to which patients are submitted. Interviews always took place in front of the guardians. From the interviews and the examination of the installations it can be concluded that: a) patients lack systematic diagnostic and treatment, and b) severe violations to their human rights were documented. So, the imprisonment conditions preclude any therapeutic intervention. The international legislation related to this special clinical and legal situation is revised ant the concepts of "penal state", "control societies" and "total institutions" are discussed.

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El dolor torácico es una de las causas más frecuentes de atención a pacientes en los servicios de guardia externa. La mayoría de estos pacientes son internados debido al desconocimiento de la causa del dolor. Esta conducta se debe a que en el 10-30 por ciento de los casos el dolor torácico está causado por un síndrome coronario agudo. El electrocardiograma, la determinación de troponina y la concentración de la fracción MB de la creatinquinasa sérica (CPK MB) basales ofrecen una sensibilidad de aproximadamente el 50 por ciento en el diagnóstico del infarto agudo de miocardio. Por esta razón, es obligatoria la realización de estas pruebas iniciales en los paciente de riesgo moderado y alto. Pero, a pesar de esta práctica, un 2-3 por ciento de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio son dados de alta erróneamente de los servicios de urgencias, lo que supone un elevadísimo riesgo para la vida de los pacientes con las consiguientes consecuencias de orden médico - legal y costos incrementados ante las denuncias por negligencia médica. Las unidades de dolor torácico fueron introducidas hace 2 décadas en los servicios de urgencias para: mejorar la calidad de la atención médica, reducir el número de altas hospitalarias inapropiadas, reducir el número de ingresos innecesarios, reducir los costos médicos, conseguir una mejor relación costo-efectividad. Este objetivo se alcanza, principalmente, con la utilización de protocolos diagnósticos sistematizados, realizados por personal calificado en los servicios de urgencias, y no en la unidad de cuidados coronarios.(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: In pharmacotherapeutic follow-up a pharmacist is responsible for drug-related patient needs (DRPN) by detecting, preventing and solving medication-related problems aiming at specific results to improve patient quality of life. Drug-related problems are pharmacotherapy failures leading to failed therapeutic goals or undesirable events. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, Daders methodology for pharmacotherapeutic follow-up was used in patients admitted to the Internal Medicine Department of Hospital Infanta Margarita, Cabra-Córdoba, Spain. RESULTS: In all, 85 DRPNs (2.7 DRPNs per patient) were identified, and 36 pharmaceutical procedures were performed, with physicians accepting 92% of said procedures. Forty-nine percent of drug-related problems were related to need, 40% to effectiveness, and 11% to safety. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a pharmacist at the Internal Medicine Department allows the detection of DRPNs that are mostly related to need and effectiveness. Pharmaceutical procedures are widely accepted by medical teams.

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