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BACKGROUND: Endometrial Tuberculosis is one of the most common gynecological problems known to have serious implications for the quality of life like infertility. The commonly practiced histopathology solely relies on the suggestive feature of Tuberculosis (TB) with low specificity. Regarding the alternative bacteriological and molecular detection tools, little evidence was generated on their utility in the diagnosis of endometrial tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Therefore, we aim to investigate the detection rate of molecular and bacteriological detection methods on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy samples for the diagnosis of endometrial and lymph node TB. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 formalin fixed paraffin embedded biopsy samples from patients with gynecologic and lymph problems collected between 2018 and 2022 at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. SPSS version 26 was used for statistical analysis. The diagnostic performance was calculated using the histopathology method as the reference standard. Cohen's Kappa value was used to measure the level of agreement. A test with a P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 90 samples were analyzed in the current study. Auramine O, GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay, and Real-Time PCR tests have shown a detection rate of 32/90 (36%), 43/90 (47.8%), and 54/90 (60%) respectively (P ≤ 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of AO were 38.1% and 95% respectively. RT PCR showed superior sensitivity followed by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay, 70% and 58.6%. AO and molecular methods have shown a similarly low level of agreement with histopathology (Kappa value = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: In a resource-limited setting, the selection of diagnostic tools needs careful attention. Putting the patients on anti-TB treatments based solely on histopathological findings may lead to undesired and adverse complications. Therefore, applying molecular and bacteriological detection methods along with histopathology, could help minimize inappropriate antimicrobial use.
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Endométrio , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Inclusão em Parafina , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Humanos , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto , Endométrio/microbiologia , Endométrio/patologia , Biópsia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologia , Adulto Jovem , Etiópia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Formaldeído , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Tuberculose dos Genitais Femininos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Genitais Femininos/patologia , Tuberculose dos Genitais Femininos/microbiologia , AdolescenteRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The role of Xpert Ultra in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) samples for pulmonary and mediastinal lymph node tuberculosis (TB) remains unclear. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational service evaluation at a tertiary TB centre in a low-incidence setting. The diagnostic indices of Xpert Ultra, smear and culture (with cytology for EBUS-TBNA samples) were compared with culture positivity or a composite reference standard of clinical TB diagnosis. Trace readouts, a new category of results for Xpert Ultra indicating low bacillary load, were analysed in two ways as a true positive or true negative result. 282 BAL and 139 EBUS-TBNA samples were included in the analysis. RESULTS: BAL: sensitivity with 95% CI against culture-confirmed pulmonary TB from BAL samples for Xpert Ultra (trace as positive) was 0.91 (0.82 to 0.98), Xpert Ultra (trace as negative) was 0.76 (0.69 to 0.83), smear was 0.38 (p=0.0009) and culture was 1.00 (0.91 to 1.00). Specificities for all the tests were ≥0.99 (0.98 to 1.00). The addition of smear to Xpert Ultra did not improve the diagnostic accuracy.EBUS-TBNA: sensitivity against culture-confirmed TB from EBUS-TBNA samples for Xpert Ultra (trace as positive) was 0.71 (0.63 to 0.78), Xpert Ultra (trace as negative) was 0.59 (0.54 to 0.63), smear was 0.12 (p=0.002), culture was 1.00 (0.89 to 1.00), cytology was 0.87 (0.76 to 0.98) and rapid on-site evaluation of cytology (ROSE) was 0.92 (0.78 to 1.00). Specificities were 0.99 (0.97 to 1.00), 0.99 (0.97 to 1.00), 1.00 (0.98 to 1.00), 1.00 (0.98 to 1.00), 0.67 (0.67 to 0.68) and 0.42, respectively. CONCLUSION: Xpert Ultra had a significantly higher sensitivity compared with smear in both BAL and EBUS-TBNA samples. Xpert Ultra had a lower sensitivity compared with culture but comparable specificity with results being available within <24 hours. Trace readings in our low-incidence setting were associated with culture positivity in all BAL samples.
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Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Aspiração por Agulha Fina Guiada por Ultrassom Endoscópico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologia , Masculino , Feminino , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/microbiologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Adulto , Mediastino/microbiologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , IdosoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) is an infection of the lymph node caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Histological diagnoses of presumptive patients are often accompanied by cytomorphological features. However, the sensitivities of these features are often precluded by the variable degrees of narrative similarities compared to other diagnostic modalities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the cytomorphological and clinical features of presumptive TBLN patients with bacteriological detection methods. METHODS: A similar cohort of TBLN patients from our previous study who were enrolled prospectively from the ALERT Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, was considered for this analysis. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Descriptive analysis was conducted to characterize the study population using the independent variable and presented with frequency tables. The chi-square test was used to measure the association. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Using FNAC, 60/126 (47.6%) of the participants were reported to have features consistent with TB. Of the total FNAC-positive cases, many (30/60 and 27/60) showed pattern B (caseous necrosis only) and pattern C (epithelioid granuloma with caseous necrosis), respectively. Strong concordance was observed in Pattern A (abundant caseous necrosis with few epithelioid macrophages) followed by patterns B and C with GeneXpert and MGIT culture (P value < 0.001). Night sweats and alcohol intake were shown to correlate with positive cases as reported by FNAC (P value = 0.008 respectively), GeneXpert (P value = 0.02 & 0.001), and culture methods (P-value = < 0.001 & 0.002). CONCLUSION: Cytomorphological features, particularly patterns A, B, and C, could be considered in the diagnosis of TBLN given their comparable outcomes with bacteriological detection methods. On another note, we recommend that due care and attention be given when treating TBLN patients based solely on clinical presentation, as these diagnostics may be prone to false results, leading to inappropriate administration of anti-TB drugs and other consequences.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Humanos , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Adulto Jovem , Etiópia , Adolescente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Criança , Estudos Prospectivos , Idoso , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) affecting the head-and-neck area can often resemble cancer, leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. A better understanding of this condition is necessary for early diagnosis and prompt treatment initiation. This study examines the clinical and pathological characteristics of different types of TB in the head-and-neck region. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed patients diagnosed with TB in the head-and-neck region at a health center between January 1, 2018, and January 1, 2024. The study population consisted of patients who were diagnosed with TB of the head and neck. RESULTS: The study analyzed data from 30 patients, comprising 14 (47%) males and 16 (53%) females, all of whom tested negative for HIV. Most cases (15, 50%) were observed in the age group of 15-24 years, with 5 (15.6%) subjects falling in the age bracket of 0-14 years. Among the types of lesions detected, cervical tubercular adenitis was the most frequently observed lesion, found in 22 (73%) subjects. Females are more susceptible to cervical tubercular adenitis, while males are more likely to experience laryngeal TB. CONCLUSION: The clinical manifestation of TB affecting the head-and-neck region can exhibit a diverse range of symptoms, which may lead to misinterpretation and diagnostic errors. Therefore, health-care practitioners must understand and include the condition in differential diagnoses.
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Pescoço , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pescoço/patologia , Pescoço/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/patologia , Cabeça/microbiologia , Cabeça/diagnóstico por imagem , Tuberculose Laríngea/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Laríngea/patologia , Idoso , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) makes for 25% of all instances of tuberculosis (TB) patients. The enigmatic clinical presentation of EPTB makes identification difficult since it simulates other chronic conditions such as neoplastic and inflammatory disorders and could culminate in treatment that is either insufficient or not required. For an affirmative and confirmed diagnosis, a substantial level of suspicion is imperative. The paucibacillary feature of EPTB makes diagnosis extremely difficult and necessitates the use of many diagnostic methods to arrive at a precise diagnosis. In December 2010, the World Health Organization recommended using GeneXpert/cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) for the initial assessment of suspected cases of EPTB. Furthermore, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain, and the CBNAAT have to be utilized to exclude other possible origins of granulomatous inflammation. The goal of the current investigation is to comprehend how FNAC and ZN stains relate to CBNAAT and their diagnostic value. METHODS: The evaluation included all suspected instances of tubercular lymphadenopathy, and adequate aspirates were obtained from the site of the enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Smears were made following FNAC and stained with ZN stain as well as hematoxylin and eosin stain. Simultaneously, CBNAAT and culture evaluations were conducted on the same aspirates. This cross-sectional study took place at a tertiary care center and encompassed 200 individuals with clinical manifestations of EPTB. RESULTS: There were 200 cases of suspected tubercular lymphadenitis (TBLN). According to the FNAC results, TBLN was detected in 71 (47.6%) of these 200 cases, followed by necrotizing lymphadenitis in 56 (37.5%), chronic caseating granulomatous lymphadenitis in 47 (31.5%), and reactive lymphadenitis in 26 (17.4%). They were correlated with CBNAAT results, which showed that all instances of tuberculous lymphadenitis, 85.71% of cases of necrotizing lymphadenitis, 55.32% of cases of chronic caseating granulomatous lymphadenitis, and 2 (7.69%) cases of reactive lymphadenitis were CBNAAT positive. CONCLUSION: CBNAAT should be utilized with FNAC and ZN staining to diagnose EPTB. The CBNAAT assay demonstrated a significant advantage in the identification of previously unidentified FNAC patients. Despite being a simple diagnostic tool, FNAC has a lower specificity and significantly lower precision than CBNAAT in correctly identifying cases of EPTB because it exhibits similar cytomorphological characteristics with lesions that are not associated with TB.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Idoso , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Linfadenopatia/microbiologia , Linfadenopatia/patologia , Criança , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
AIMS: To retrospectively analyze the diagnostic efficacy of Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) in lymph node tuberculosis (LNTB). METHODS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and area under the curve (AUC) of Xpert, pathological examination and culture for LNTB were calculated. RESULTS: 421 suspected LNTB cases were categorized into the LNTB group (377 cases) and non-LNTB group (44 cases). The sensitivities of Xpert, pathological examination, and culture were 72.15%, 20.69%, 30.24%, respectively, with NPVs of 29.53%, 12.83%, 14.33%. The AUC values were 0.861, 0.603, 0.651, respectively. The sensitivity of Xpert varied across sample types: tissue (64.73%), puncture fluid (74.42%), and pus (96.05%). For specific lymph node locations, the sensitivity was head-and-neck (72.51%), mediastinal (84.21%), and axillary (45.83%). CONCLUSIONS: Xpert demonstrates high diagnostic value for LNTB, particularly in pus samples. It also performs better in mediastinal and head-and-neck lymph node samples compared to axillary lymph node samples.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/normas , Idoso , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Proper diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) lymphadenitis is critical for its treatment and prevention. Fine needle aspirate cytology (FNAC) is the mainstay method for the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis in Ethiopia; however, the performance of FNAC has not been evaluated in the Eastern Region of Ethiopia. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of FNAC and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining compared with that of GeneXpert for the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis. METHODS: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens collected from 291 patients suspected of having TB lymphadenitis were examined using FNAC, ZN, and GeneXpert to diagnose TB lymphadenitis. Gene-Xpert was considered the reference standard method for comparison. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and kappa coefficient were determined using SPSS version 25. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of ZN for diagnosing TB lymphadenitis were 73.2%, 97.4%, 96.2%, and 80.1% respectively. There was poor agreement between ZN and GeneXpert (Kappa=-0.253). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of FNAC were 83.3%, 94.8%, 93.5%, and 86.3% respectively. There was moderate agreement between the FNAC and GeneXpert (Kappa = 0.785). CONCLUSION: The fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a more sensitive test for the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis than ZN. The FNAC showed a moderate agreement with the GeneXpert assay. This study recommends the FNA GeneXpert MTB/RIF test in preference to FNAC for the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis to avoid a missed diagnosis of smear-negative TB lymphadenitis.
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Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Coloração e Rotulagem , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Humanos , Biópsia por Agulha Fina/métodos , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Adolescente , Etiópia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Criança , Idoso , CitologiaRESUMO
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of ill health and one of the leading causes of death worldwide, caused by species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), with Mycobacterium tuberculosis being the dominant pathogen in humans and Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Zoonotic transmission of TB (zTB) to humans is frequent particularly where TB prevalence is high in cattle. In this study, we explored the prevalence of zTB in central Ethiopia, an area highly affected by bovine TB (bTB) in cattle. Method: A convenient sample of 385 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB, N = 287) and tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN, N = 98) were included in this cross-sectional study in central Ethiopia. Sputum and fine needle aspirate (FNA) samples were obtained from patients with PTB and TBLN, respectively, and cultures were performed using BACTEC™ MGIT™ 960. All culture positive samples were subjected to quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays, targeting IS1081, RD9 and RD4 genomic regions for detection of MTBC, M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, respectively. Results: Two hundred and fifty-five out of 385 sampled patients were culture positive and all were isolates identified as MTBC by being positive for the IS1081 assay. Among them, 249 (97.6%) samples had also a positive RD9 result (intact RD9 locus) and were consequently classified as M. tuberculosis. The remaining six (2.4%) isolates were RD4 deficient and thereby classified as M. bovis. Five out of these six M. bovis strains originated from PTB patients whereas one was isolated from a TBLN patient. Occupational risk and the widespread consumption of raw animal products were identified as potential sources of M. bovis infection in humans, and the isolation of M. bovis from PTB patients suggests the possibility of human-to-human transmission, particularly in patients with no known contact history with animals. Conclusion: The detected proportion of culture positive cases of 2.4% being M. bovis from this region was higher zTB rate than previously reported for the general population of Ethiopia. Patients with M. bovis infection are more likely to get less efficient TB treatment because M. bovis is inherently resistant to pyrazinamide. MTBC species identification should be performed where M. bovis is common in cattle, especially in patients who have a history of recurrence or treatment failure.
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Mycobacterium bovis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Bovina , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Animais , Bovinos , Humanos , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Bovina/microbiologia , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/veterinária , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lymphadenitis is the most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) manifestation. The microbiome is important to human health but uninvestigated in EPTB. We profiled the site-of-disease lymph node microbiome in tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBL). METHODS: Fine-needle aspiration biopsies were collected from 158 pretreatment presumptive TBL patients in Cape Town, South Africa. 16S Illumina MiSeq rRNA gene sequencing was done. RESULTS: We analysed 89 definite TBLs (dTBLs) and 61 non-TBLs (nTBLs), which had similar α- but different ß-diversities (p=0.001). Clustering identified five lymphotypes prior to TB status stratification: Mycobacterium-dominant, Prevotella-dominant and Streptococcus-dominant lymphotypes were more frequent in dTBLs whereas a Corynebacterium-dominant lymphotype and a fifth lymphotype (no dominant taxon) were more frequent in nTBLs. When restricted to dTBLs, clustering identified a Mycobacterium-dominant lymphotype with low α-diversity and non-Mycobacterium-dominated lymphotypes (termed Prevotella-Corynebacterium, Prevotella-Streptococcus). The Mycobacterium dTBL lymphotype was associated with HIV-positivity and features characteristic of severe lymphadenitis (eg, larger nodes). dTBL microbial communities were enriched with potentially proinflammatory microbial short-chain fatty acid metabolic pathways (propanoate, butanoate) vs nTBLs. 11% (7/61) of nTBLs had Mycobacterium reads BLAST-confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. CONCLUSIONS: TBL at the site-of-disease is not microbially homogeneous. Distinct microbial community clusters exist that, in our setting, are associated with different clinical characteristics, and immunomodulatory potentials. Non-Mycobacterium-dominated dTBL lymphotypes, which contain taxa potentially targeted by TB treatment, were associated with milder, potentially earlier stage disease. These investigations lay foundations for studying the microbiome's role in lymphatic TB. The long-term clinical significance of these lymphotypes requires prospective validation.
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Linfadenite , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , África do Sul/epidemiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/complicações , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologia , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Linfadenite/complicaçõesRESUMO
Tuberculosis is a communicable disease with high morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The study's primary objective is to compare conventional methods such as acid-fast bacillus (AFB) culture and microscopy with rapid diagnostic methods. The secondary objective is to compare histopathological and microbiological findings in suspected patients with tubercular lymphadenitis. A total of 111 samples (August 2018 to September 2019) of lymph nodes were processed for AFB microscopy, AFB cultures, drug-susceptibility testing (DST), histopathology, and Xpert Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB)/resistance to Rifampin (RIF) assays. Out of 111 lymph node samples, 6 (5.4%) were positive for AFB smear microscopy, 84 (75.6%) were positive for AFB culture, 80 (70.7%) were positive on Gene Xpert, and 102 (91.8%) were indicative of tuberculosis for histopathology studies. Mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT) culture positivity was 84 (75.6%) higher than solid Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture 74 (66.6%). Positive cultures underwent phenotypic DST. Two cases were Multidrug-resistant (MDR) on DST, while three cases were Rifampicin resistant on Gene Xpert. The sensitivity of Genexpert was (62%) against the conventional AFB culture method. The poor performance of conventional lymphadenitis diagnostic methods requires early and accurate diagnostic methodology. Xpert MTB/RIF test can help in the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB cases. Nonetheless, rapid and conventional methods should be used for complete isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
A tuberculose é uma doença transmissível com altas taxas de morbimortalidade nos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo principal do estudo é comparar métodos convencionais, como cultura de bacilo álcool-ácido resistente (BAAR) e microscopia, com métodos de diagnóstico rápido. O objetivo secundário é comparar os achados histopatológicos e microbiológicos em pacientes com suspeita de linfadenite tubercular. Um total de 111 amostras (agosto de 2018 a setembro de 2019) de gânglios linfáticos foi processado para microscopia de AFB, culturas de AFB, teste de susceptibilidade a drogas (DST), histopatologia e Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/ensaios de resistência à rifampicina (RIF). Das 111 amostras de linfonodos, 6 (5,4%) foram positivas para baciloscopia de AFB, 84 (75,6%) foram positivas para cultura de AFB, 80 (70,7%) foram positivas para o GeneXpert e 102 (91,8%) foram indicativas de tuberculose para estudos histopatológicos. A positividade da cultura do tubo indicador de crescimento de micobactérias (MGIT) foi 84 (75,6%), maior que a cultura sólida de Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 74 (66,6%). As culturas positivas foram submetidas a DST fenotípico. Dois casos eram multirresistentes (MDR) ao DST, enquanto três casos eram resistentes à rifampicina no GeneXpert. A sensibilidade do GeneXpert foi 62% contra o método convencional de cultura AFB. O fraco desempenho dos métodos convencionais de diagnóstico de linfadenite requer metodologia de diagnóstico precoce e precisa. O teste Xpert MTB/RIF pode ajudar no tratamento de casos de tuberculose multirresistente. No entanto, métodos rápidos e convencionais devem ser usados para o isolamento completo do Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Humanos , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Técnicas e Procedimentos DiagnósticosRESUMO
Current knowledge on resistance-conferring determinants in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is biased toward globally dominant lineages 2 and 4. In contrast, lineages 1 and 3 are predominant in India. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 498 MDR M. tuberculosis isolates from India to determine the prevalence of drug resistance mutations and to understand the genomic diversity. A retrospective collection of 498 M. tuberculosis isolates submitted to the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis for phenotypic susceptibility testing between 2014 to 2016 were sequenced. Genotypic resistance prediction was performed using known resistance-conferring determinants. Genotypic and phenotypic results for 12 antituberculosis drugs were compared, and sequence data were explored to characterize lineages and their association with drug resistance. Four lineages were identified although lineage 1 predominated (43%). The sensitivity of prediction for isoniazid and rifampicin was 92% and 98%, respectively. We observed lineage-specific variations in the proportion of isolates with resistance-conferring mutations, with drug resistance more common in lineages 2 and 3. Disputed mutations (codons 430, 435, 445, and 452) in the rpoB gene were more common in isolates other than lineage 2. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise SNP difference revealed high genetic relatedness of lineage 2 isolates. WGS based resistance prediction has huge potential, but knowledge of regional and national diversity is essential to achieve high accuracy for resistance prediction. IMPORTANCE Current knowledge on resistance-conferring determinants in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is biased toward globally dominant lineages 2 and 4. In contrast, lineages 1 and 3 are predominant in India. We performed whole-genome sequencing of 498 MDR M. tuberculosis isolates from India to determine the prevalence of drug resistance mutations and to understand genomic diversity. Four lineages were identified although lineage 1 predominated (43%). The sensitivity of prediction for isoniazid and rifampicin was 92% and 98%, respectively. We observed lineage-specific variations in the proportion of isolates with resistance-conferring mutations, with drug resistance more common in lineages 2 and 3. Disputed mutations (codons 430, 435, 445, and 452) in the rpoB gene were more common in isolates other than lineage 2. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise SNP difference revealed high genetic relatedness of lineage 2 isolates. WGS based resistance prediction has huge potential, but knowledge of regional and national diversity is essential to achieve high accuracy for resistance prediction.
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Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Humanos , Índia , Isoniazida/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mutação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Filogenia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rifampina/farmacologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBLN) diagnosis is often challenging in most resource poor settings. Often cytopathologic diagnosis of TBLN suspected patients is inconclusive impeding timely clinical management of TBLN suspected patients, further exposing suspected patients either for unnecessary use of antibiotics or empirical treatment. This may lead to inappropriate treatment outcome or more suffering of suspected patients from the disease. In this study, an integrated diagnostic approach has been evaluated to elucidate its utility in the identification of TBLN suspected patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 clinically diagnosed TBLN suspected patients, where fine needle aspirate (FNA) samples were collected at the time of diagnosis. FNA cytology, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), Auramine O (AO) staining, GeneXpert MTB/RIF and Real time PCR (RT-PCR) were performed on concentrated FNA samples. Considering culture as a gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated. Cohen's Kappa value was used to measure interrater variability and level of agreement and a P-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULT: Out of the 96 FNA sample, 12 (12.5%) were identified to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) using ZN staining, 27 (28.1%) using AO staining, 51 (53.2%) using FNAC, 43 (44.7%) using GeneXpert MTB/RIF, 51 (53.1%) using Real time PCR (RT-PCR) and 36 (37.5%) using Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture. Compared to LJ culture, the sensitivities of GeneXpert MTB/RIF, RT-PCR, and FNAC were 91.7%, 97.2%, and 97.2%, respectively and the specificities were 83.3%, 73.3%, and 68.3%, respectively. GeneXpert MTB/RIF and RT-PCR when combined with FNAC detected 61 (63.5%) cases as having Mtb, and the sensitivity and specificity was 100% and 58.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: FNA cytology and RT-PCR detected more TBLN cases compared to other Mtb detection tools and the detection sensitivity even improved when FNA cytology was combined with GeneXpert MTB/RIF, performed on concentrated FNA sample, suggesting the combined tests as an alternative approach for improved diagnosis of TBLN.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous work has shown differential predominance of certain Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) lineages and sub-lineages among different human populations in diverse geographic regions of Ethiopia. Nevertheless, how strain diversity is evolving under the ongoing rapid socio-economic and environmental changes is poorly understood. The present study investigated factors associated with M. tb lineage predominance and rate of strain clustering within urban and peri-urban settings in Ethiopia. METHODS: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) and Cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) patients who visited selected health facilities were recruited in the years of 2016 and 2017. A total of 258 M. tb isolates identified from 163 sputa and 95 fine-needle aspirates (FNA) were characterized by spoligotyping and compared with international M.tb spoligotyping patterns registered at the SITVIT2 databases. The molecular data were linked with clinical and demographic data of the patients for further statistical analysis. RESULTS: From a total of 258 M. tb isolates, 84 distinct spoligotype patterns that included 58 known Shared International Type (SIT) patterns and 26 new or orphan patterns were identified. The majority of strains belonged to two major M. tb lineages, L3 (35.7%) and L4 (61.6%). The observed high percentage of isolates with shared patterns (n = 200/258) suggested a substantial rate of overall clustering (77.5%). After adjusting for the effect of geographical variations, clustering rate was significantly lower among individuals co-infected with HIV and other concomitant chronic disease. Compared to L4, the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (AOR; 95% CI) indicated that infections with L3 M. tb strains were more likely to be associated with TBLN [3.47 (1.45, 8.29)] and TB-HIV co-infection [2.84 (1.61, 5.55)]. CONCLUSION: Despite the observed difference in strain diversity and geographical distribution of M. tb lineages, compared to earlier studies in Ethiopia, the overall rate of strain clustering suggests higher transmission and warrant more detailed investigations into the molecular epidemiology of TB and related factors.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Variação Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricosAssuntos
Abscesso/complicações , Tamponamento Cardíaco/microbiologia , Pneumopericárdio/complicações , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/complicações , Abscesso/tratamento farmacológico , Abscesso/microbiologia , Antibacterianos , Tamponamento Cardíaco/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Pericardiocentese , Pericárdio , Piperacilina/uso terapêutico , Pneumopericárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumopericárdio/microbiologia , Tazobactam/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Vancomicina/uso terapêutico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changing trends in patient collectives, age-related patterns of manifestation, and diagnostic pathways of patients with extrapulmonary head and neck tuberculosis (TB), and to provide strategies to fasten diagnosis in these patients. STUDY DESIGN: Case control study. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective analysis of 35 patients diagnosed with extrapulmonary TB in the head and neck at a tertiary university institution from 2009 to 2019, with special focus on the influence of the patient's age on consideration of TB and clinical patterns. RESULTS: The vast majority of patients younger than 40 years had their origin in countries with high TB burden (P = .0003), and TB was considered very early as a differential diagnosis (P = .0068), while most patients older than 40 years were domestic citizens initially suspected for a malignancy, who more often had an underlying immunosuppressive condition (0.0472). Most frequent manifestations in both groups were the lymph nodes, larynx, and oropharynx. Surprisingly, no differences in the rates of open TB or history of TB infection in the family anamnesis were found. CONCLUSION: The two groups of patients found most often are younger patients migrating from regions with high TB burden and elderly domestic patients suffering from immunosuppressive conditions, with the latter often being misdiagnosed as malignancies. TB remains an important but difficult differential diagnosis, due to the initially unspecific symptoms and the great variety in the presentation of manifestations in the head and neck. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:2701-2705, 2021.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Orofaringe/microbiologia , Tuberculose Laríngea/epidemiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/epidemiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Biópsia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Orofaringe/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Tuberculose Laríngea/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Laríngea/microbiologia , Tuberculose Laríngea/patologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologiaRESUMO
Granuloma formation is the pathologic hallmark of tuberculosis (TB). Few studies have detailed the exact production of cytokines in human granulomatous inflammation and little is known about accessory molecule expressions in tuberculous granulomas. We aimed to identify some of the components of the immune response in granulomas in HIV-positive and -negative lymph nodes. We investigated the immunohistochemical profiles of CD4+, CD8+, CD68+, Th-17, Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) cells, accessory molecule expression (human leukocyte antigen [HLA] classes I and II), and selected cytokines (interleukins 2, 4, and 6 and interferon-γ) of various cells, in granulomas within lymph nodes from 10 HIV-negative (-) and 10 HIV-positive (+) cases. CD4+ lymphocyte numbers were retained in HIV- granulomas, whereas CD4+:CD8 + cell were reversed in HIV+ TB granulomas. CD68 stained all histiocytes. Granulomas from the HIV+ group demonstrated a significant increase in FOXP3 cells. Interleukin-2 cytoplasmic expression was similar in both groups. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expression was moderately increased, IL-6 was statistically increased and IL-4 expression was marginally lower in cells from HIV- than HIV+ TB granulomas. Greater numbers of cells expressed IFN-γ and IL-6 than IL-2 and IL-4 in HIV- TB granulomas. This study highlights the varied cytokine production in HIV-positive and -negative TB granulomas and indicates the need to identify localized tissue factors that play a role in mounting an adequate immune response required to halt infection. Although TB mono-infection causes variation in cell marker expression and cytokines in granulomas, alterations in TB and HIV coinfection are greater, pointing toward evolution of microorganism synergism.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Granuloma/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Histiócitos/imunologia , Tuberculose Latente/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/imunologia , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/imunologia , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/genética , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/microbiologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/microbiologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/virologia , Coinfecção , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/imunologia , Expressão Gênica , Granuloma/microbiologia , Granuloma/patologia , Granuloma/virologia , HIV/imunologia , HIV/patogenicidade , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Histiócitos/microbiologia , Histiócitos/virologia , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Interferon gama/genética , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-2/genética , Interleucina-2/imunologia , Interleucina-4/genética , Interleucina-4/imunologia , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Tuberculose Latente/microbiologia , Tuberculose Latente/patologia , Tuberculose Latente/virologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Linfonodos/virologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Células Th17/microbiologia , Células Th17/virologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/virologiaRESUMO
The identification of individuals with null alleles enables studying how the loss of gene function affects infection. We previously described a non-functional variant in SIGLEC1, which encodes the myeloid-cell receptor Siglec-1/CD169 implicated in HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission. Here we report a significant association between the SIGLEC1 null variant and extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in two clinical cohorts comprising 6,256 individuals. Local spread of bacteria within the lung is apparent in Mtb-infected Siglec-1 knockout mice which, despite having similar bacterial load, developed more extensive lesions compared to wild type mice. We find that Siglec-1 is necessary to induce antigen presentation through extracellular vesicle uptake. We postulate that lack of Siglec-1 delays the onset of protective immunity against Mtb by limiting antigen exchange via extracellular vesicles, allowing for an early local spread of mycobacteria that increases the risk for extrapulmonary dissemination.
Assuntos
Vesículas Extracelulares/imunologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Lectina 1 Semelhante a Ig de Ligação ao Ácido Siálico/genética , Animais , Apresentação de Antígeno/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade/genética , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Camundongos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Lectina 1 Semelhante a Ig de Ligação ao Ácido Siálico/imunologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/patologiaRESUMO
Diagnostic yield of an automated molecular test, Gene Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (MTB/RIF), was evaluated in this study to simultaneously detect the MTB gene and resistance to rifampicin (RIF) on cytology samples acquired via endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNAC) in suspected tubercular lymphadenitis. Microscopy, cytology, Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay data on Acid-fast bacillus (AFB), and traditional culture of lymph nodes were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty-one patients (median age 33.5 years, inter-quartile range [IQR] 21-66, 18, 58% female) presented with fever (28, 90%), dysphagia (2, 7%), and recurrent subacute intestinal obstruction (1, 3%). Gene Xpert showed higher sensitivity (30, 97%) compared to the other tests: cytology (23, 77%; odds ratio [OR] 8.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-76.9; p = 0.05), AFB smears (12, 39%; OR 50, 95% CI 5.9-420.4; p = 0.00001), and conventional culture (4, 13%; OR 188.5, 95% CI 19.7-1796.3; p = 0.0000). We conclude that Gene Xpert MTB/RIF test on EUS-guided FNAC samples is very useful to diagnose tubercular lymphadenitis.
Assuntos
Linfadenite , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Adulto , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Aspiração por Agulha Fina Guiada por Ultrassom Endoscópico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rifampina , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/patologiaRESUMO
Acute parotitis progressing to parotid abscess is rare in children. Staphylococcus aureus is the usual pathogen in parotid abscess. Granulomatous parotid abscess due to tubercular aetiology is extremely rare. Authors report a case of chronic parotid abscess in a child who received multiple courses of antibiotics without any cure. The ultrasonography and CT scan of the parotid gland confirmed the extent of parotid abscess and the changes in the parotid lymph nodes. The surgical drainage and the biopsy of the lymph nodes lead to the diagnosis of granulomatous abscess. The antitubercular therapy finally cured the disease without further recurrence.
Assuntos
Abscesso/microbiologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Parotidite/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Bucal/diagnóstico , Abscesso/diagnóstico , Abscesso/terapia , Biópsia , Criança , Drenagem , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfonodos/cirurgia , Masculino , Glândula Parótida/diagnóstico por imagem , Glândula Parótida/microbiologia , Glândula Parótida/patologia , Glândula Parótida/cirurgia , Parotidite/diagnóstico , Parotidite/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Teste Tuberculínico , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/microbiologia , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos/terapia , Tuberculose Bucal/complicações , Tuberculose Bucal/microbiologia , Tuberculose Bucal/terapia , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study described the population structure of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBc) strains among patients with pulmonary or lymph node tuberculosis (TB) in Northwest Ethiopia and tested the performance of culture isolation and MPT64-based speciation for Lineage 7 (L7). METHODS: Patients were recruited between April 2017 and June 2019 in North Gondar, Ethiopia. The MPT64 assay was used to confirm MTBc, and spoligotyping was used to characterize mycobacterial lineages. Line probe assay (LPA) was used to detect resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. RESULTS: Among 274 MTBc genotyped isolates, there were five MTBc lineages: L1-L4 and L7 were identified, with predominant East-African-Indian (L3) (53.6%) and Euro-American (L4) (40.1%) strains, and low prevalence (2.6%) of Ethiopia L7. The genotypes were similarly distributed between pulmonary and lymph node TB, and all lineages were equally isolated by culture and recognized as MTBc by the MPT64 assay. Additionally, LPA showed that 259 (94.5%) MTBc were susceptible to both rifampicin and isoniazid, and one (0.4%) was multi-drug resistant (resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid). CONCLUSION: These findings show that TB in North Gondar, Ethiopia, is mainly caused by L3 and L4 strains, with low rates of L7, confirmed as MTBc by MPT64 assay and with limited resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid.