RESUMO
Whipworms are responsible for up to 500 million cases of trichuriasis worldwide, with higher endemicity in tropical and sub-tropical countries. In non-endemic countries, trichuriasis can be accidentally diagnosed upon colonoscopy, often in the presence of negative microscopy. Here, we describe an incidental diagnosis of trichuriasis in an HIV patient residing in a non-endemic area (i.e., Turin, Italy), six months after his return from Antigua. The species-level diagnosis was made thanks to PCR-based molecular identification of Trichuris sp. following optical microscopy detection. Overall, this case highlights the importance of improving parasitic diseases diagnosis through cutting-edge clinical and laboratory diagnostic tools alongside advanced training of specialists in the area of parasitology.
Assuntos
Tricuríase/diagnóstico , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antígua e Barbuda , Sequência de Bases , Citocromos b/análise , Endoscopia , Infecções por HIV , Proteínas de Helminto/análise , Humanos , Itália , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Alinhamento de Sequência , Turismo , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Trichuris/genéticaRESUMO
Trichuris spp. infections can cause typhlitis or typhlocolitis in many species, but there are no published studies about its pathology in cats. Trichuris sp. infection in cats appears to be rare in most parts of the world but is frequent in some tropical and subtropical regions. The purpose of this study was to describe intestinal lesions associated with natural Trichuris sp. infections in cats of St. Kitts, West Indies. Comprehensive autopsies, histopathological assessment of small and large intestine, and total worm counts were performed in a cross-sectional study of 30 consecutive feline mortalities. Trichuris were found in 17 of 30 (57%; 95% confidence interval, 39%-74%) of the study cats with a median worm count of 11 (range, 1-170), indicating most cats had a low-intensity infection. Trichuris infection was associated with typhlitis but not consistency of feces or body condition score. In most cats examined, the typhlitis was categorized as mild (10/15, 67%) and, less frequently, moderate (2/15, 13%) or marked (3/15, 20%). The inflammatory infiltrate varied from predominantly eosinophilic (5/15, 33%) to neutrophilic (4/15, 27%), a mixture of eosinophilic and neutrophilic (2/15, 13%), a mixture of neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic (1/15, 7%), or a mixture of eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and lymphoplasmacytic (3/15, 20%). In some cats, surface erosions and catarrhal exudate were adjacent to adult worms. These findings are similar to those reported with low-intensity Trichuris infections in other species.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Tricuríase/veterinária , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Tiflite/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Gatos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/patologia , Prevalência , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Tricuríase/patologia , Tiflite/epidemiologia , Tiflite/parasitologia , Tiflite/patologia , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in schoolchildren from Corn Islands (Nicaragua) were examined to detect mono- or poly-STH infected children, measuring different intensity levels, and to elucidate measurably increased odds of being anemic. A total of 341 stool samples provided by 2- to 15-year-old children were examined using a concentration technique and a Kato-Katz slide. Intensity of infection was expressed as eggs per gram (epg) of feces to classify light, moderate, or heavy intensity infection. A finger-prick blood sample was obtained from each student in the field. Soil-transmitted helminth prevalence was 54.3%, with Trichuris trichiura as the most prevalent species (48.9%). The combination T. trichiura/Ascaris lumbricoides (12.6%) was the most common. When T. trichiura or A. lumbricoides appeared as a single infection, light or moderate intensity infections were seen, whereas when multiple species were identified, heavy infections were present. Anemia was detected in those with any kind of STH infection (42.7%), with statistically significant differences (P = 0.004) when compared with uninfected individuals (28.2%). Polyparasite infection with one parasite species at moderate intensity and the other parasite species at light intensity or absent was found to be a significant factor for the odds of being anemic (odds ratio = 2.07). The present study reveals a high level of STH transmission requiring a deworming control program in Corn Islands and pointing to the need of improving the education and sanitary conditions of the population to avoid environmental contamination and reinfection.
Assuntos
Anemia/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolamento & purificação , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Anemia/complicações , Anemia/parasitologia , Animais , Ascaríase/complicações , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Ascaríase/transmissão , Ascaris lumbricoides/classificação , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Coinfecção , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Ilhas/epidemiologia , Masculino , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Prevalência , Instituições Acadêmicas , Solo/parasitologia , Tricuríase/complicações , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Tricuríase/transmissão , Trichuris/classificaçãoRESUMO
The population of African green monkeys (AGM, Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on St. Kitts, West Indies is believed to be as large as or greater than the human population. Interactions with humans are frequent and the pathogens carried by AGM, such as Trichuris spp., may pose a risk to humans. The objectives of this study were to assess the use of molecular methods for diagnosing Trichuris spp. in AGM and compare its DNA sequences to those of Trichuris spp. found in other non-human primates and humans. Fecal samples were collected from trapped and individually housed AGM between January and December 2015 and analysed using fecal flotation with Sheather's sugar flotation solution and PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of 18S rRNA and ITS2 fragments. Phylogenetic analysis was performed. 91% (81/89) and 55.4% (31/56) were Trichuris spp. positive by fecal flotation and PCR, respectively. Both AGM-NADH1 gene and T. trichiura-18S rRNA gene showed no variations in sequence and were 100% identical to corresponding sequences deposited in GenBank. Nevertheless Trichuris ITS2 showed some diversities among 12 sequences, which was <5%. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS2 put Trichuris spp. in Kittitian AGM into the same clades of T. trichiura found in human and other non-human primates in many other geographical regions. These data confirm that AGM are reservoirs for T. trichiura in humans. We suggest a one health approach to curtail enteric parasitic infections in human populations in the insular country.
Assuntos
Chlorocebus aethiops/parasitologia , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Tricuríase/veterinária , Trichuris/classificação , Animais , Reservatórios de Doenças/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Humanos , NADH NADPH Oxirredutases/genética , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Tricuríase/diagnóstico , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
The narrow Andean-Patagonian temperate rainforest strip in the west of southern South America is inhabited by two endemic species of cervids, the southern pudu (Pudu puda) and the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), both cataloged as near threatened and threatened species, respectively. One of the possible causes of their declined number is the susceptibility to livestock diseases. Significant zooarchaeological records of both deer have been found throughout the Holocene from Patagonia. The present contribution reports the first paleoparasitological results obtained from coprolites of endemic deer from the archeological site "Cueva Parque Diana," Neuquén Province, Argentina, and discusses the possible diseases found in ancient times. Thirty-four coprolites were fully processed, rehydrated, homogenized, sieved, subjected to spontaneous sedimentation, and examined by light microscopy. Thirty samples contained parasite remains. The presence of diverse parasitic diseases such as trematodioses, metastrongylosis, trichuriosis, strongylida gastroenteritis, dioctophymosis, and coccidiosis which could cause diseases in deer previous to the arrival of European livestock and the presence of zoonotic diseases in the hunters-gatherers and fishermen are discussed.
Assuntos
Coccídios/isolamento & purificação , Cervos/parasitologia , Dioctophymatoidea/isolamento & purificação , Fósseis/parasitologia , Metastrongyloidea/isolamento & purificação , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Argentina , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Infecções por Enoplida/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Paleopatologia , Floresta Úmida , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia , Tricuríase/parasitologiaRESUMO
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, including Brazil. We performed a nationwide population-based study including all deaths in Brazil from 2000 to 2011, in which STHs (ascariasis, trichuriasis and/or hookworm infection) were mentioned on death certificates, either as underlying or as associated causes of death. Epidemiological characteristics, time trends and spatial analysis of STH-related mortality were analysed. STHs was identified on 853/12 491 280 death certificates: 827 (97·0%) deaths related to ascariasis, 25 (2·9%) to hookworm infections, and 1 (0·1%) to trichuriasis. The average annual age-adjusted mortality rate was 0·34/1 000 000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval: 0·27-0·44). Females, children <10 years of age, indigenous ethnic groups and residents in the Northeast region had highest STH-related mortality rates. Nationwide mortality decreased significantly over time (annual percent change: -5·7%; 95% CI: -6·9 to -4·4), with regional differences. We identified spatial high-risk clusters for STH-related mortality mainly in the North, Northeast and South regions. Diseases of the digestive system and infectious/parasitic diseases were the most commonly associated causes of death mentioned in the STH-related deaths. Despite decreasing mortality in Brazil, a considerable number of deaths is caused by STHs, with ascariasis responsible for the vast majority. There were marked regional differences, affecting mainly children and vulnerable populations.
Assuntos
Helmintíase/mortalidade , Solo/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/mortalidade , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Ascaríase/transmissão , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Geografia , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Helmintíase/transmissão , Infecções por Uncinaria/epidemiologia , Infecções por Uncinaria/mortalidade , Infecções por Uncinaria/parasitologia , Infecções por Uncinaria/transmissão , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Negligenciadas , Análise Espacial , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/mortalidade , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Tricuríase/transmissão , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) prevalence, intensity, polyparasitism and co-infections in 425 children from 3 schools of Laguna de Perlas (Nicaragua) were investigated. Single stool samples were analysed by the formalin-ether method and the Kato-Katz. A total of 402 (94.6%) children were infected. Trichuris trichiura 308 (72.4%), Ascaris lumbricoides 115 (27.1%) and Hookworms 54 (12.7%) were the most prevalent STHs. Polyparasitism (322; 75.8%) with two species was most prevalent (109; 25.6%). T. trichiura with A. lumbricoides (19.3%) and T. trichiura with Hookworm (6.8%) were the most common combinations. Positive associations were observed between T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura and Hookworm (p = 0.0001). Highest Hookworm intensities appeared when three STH co-infections occurred. Moderate- heavy STH intensities appear in up to 42.1% in trichuriasis, 57.5% in ascariasis and 11.1% in Hookworm infections. Integrated control interventions covering children need to be implemented mainly in a rural environment.
Assuntos
Ancylostomatoidea/isolamento & purificação , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Solo/parasitologia , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Animais , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Criança , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Feminino , Helmintíase/diagnóstico , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Infecções por Uncinaria/epidemiologia , Infecções por Uncinaria/parasitologia , Humanos , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Instituições Acadêmicas , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection peaks during childhood and varies by sex. The impact of market integration (MI) (increasing production for and consumption from a market-based economy) on these infection patterns, however, is unclear. In this study, STH infection is examined by sex and age among indigenous Shuar inhabiting two regions of Amazonian Ecuador: (1) the modestly market-integrated Upano Valley (UV) and (2) the more traditional Cross-Cutucú (CC) region. METHODS: Kato-Katz fecal smears were examined for parasite presence and infection intensity. Factorial ANOVAs and post hoc simple effects analyses were performed by sex to compare infection intensity between regions and age categories (infant/child, juvenile/adolescent, adult). RESULTS: Significant age and regional differences in Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection were detected. Overall, infants/children and juveniles/adolescents displayed higher parasite loads than adults. CC females exhibited higher A. lumbricoides loads than UV females, while the opposite pattern was observed for T. trichiura infection in males. CONCLUSIONS: Regional infection patterns varied by sex and parasite species, perhaps due to MI-linked environmental and lifestyle changes. These results have public health implications for the identification of individuals at risk for infection and contribute to ongoing efforts to track changes and alleviate STH infection in indigenous populations undergoing MI.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaris lumbricoides , Grupos Populacionais , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Trichuris , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Demografia , Equador/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Vigilância da População , Fatores Sexuais , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Infection with helminthic parasites, including the soil-transmitted helminth Trichuris trichiura (human whipworm), has been shown to modulate host immune responses and, consequently, to have an impact on the development and manifestation of chronic human inflammatory diseases. De novo derivation of helminth proteomes from sequencing of transcriptomes will provide valuable data to aid identification of parasite proteins that could be evaluated as potential immunotherapeutic molecules in near future. Herein, we characterized the transcriptome of the adult stage of the human whipworm T. trichiura, using next-generation sequencing technology and a de novo assembly strategy. Nearly 17.6 million high-quality clean reads were assembled into 6414 contiguous sequences, with an N50 of 1606bp. In total, 5673 protein-encoding sequences were confidentially identified in the T. trichiura adult worm transcriptome; of these, 1013 sequences represent potential newly discovered proteins for the species, most of which presenting orthologs already annotated in the related species T. suis. A number of transcripts representing probable novel non-coding transcripts for the species T. trichiura were also identified. Among the most abundant transcripts, we found sequences that code for proteins involved in lipid transport, such as vitellogenins, and several chitin-binding proteins. Through a cross-species expression analysis of gene orthologs shared by T. trichiura and the closely related parasites T. suis and T. muris it was possible to find twenty-six protein-encoding genes that are consistently highly expressed in the adult stages of the three helminth species. Additionally, twenty transcripts could be identified that code for proteins previously detected by mass spectrometry analysis of protein fractions of the whipworm somatic extract that present immunomodulatory activities. Five of these transcripts were amongst the most highly expressed protein-encoding sequences in the T. trichiura adult worm. Besides, orthologs of proteins demonstrated to have potent immunomodulatory properties in related parasitic helminths were also predicted from the T. trichiura de novo assembled transcriptome.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Helmintos/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Trichuris/genética , Adolescente , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Trichuris suis and T. trichiura are two different whipworm species that infect pigs and humans, respectively. T. suis is found in pigs worldwide while T. trichiura is responsible for nearly 460 million infections in people, mainly in areas of poor sanitation in tropical and subtropical areas. The evolutionary relationship and the historical factors responsible for this worldwide distribution are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the demographic history of Trichuris in humans and pigs, the evolutionary origin of Trichuris in these hosts and factors responsible for parasite dispersal globally. METHODS: Parts of the mitochondrial nad1 and rrnL genes were sequenced followed by population genetic and phylogenetic analyses. Populations of Trichuris examined were recovered from humans (n = 31), pigs (n = 58) and non-human primates (n = 49) in different countries on different continents, namely Denmark, USA, Uganda, Ecuador, China and St. Kitts (Caribbean). Additional sequences available from GenBank were incorporated into the analyses. RESULTS: We found no differentiation between human-derived Trichuris in Uganda and the majority of the Trichuris samples from non-human primates suggesting a common African origin of the parasite, which then was transmitted to Asia and further to South America. On the other hand, there was no differentiation between pig-derived Trichuris from Europe and the New World suggesting dispersal relates to human activities by transporting pigs and their parasites through colonisation and trade. Evidence for recent pig transport from China to Ecuador and from Europe to Uganda was also observed from their parasites. In contrast, there was high genetic differentiation between the pig Trichuris in Denmark and China in concordance with the host genetics. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence for an African origin of T. trichiura which were then transmitted with human ancestors to Asia and further to South America. A host shift to pigs may have occurred in Asia from where T. suis seems to have been transmitted globally by a combination of natural host dispersal and anthropogenic factors.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Trichuris/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Evolução Biológica , China , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/química , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Demografia , Dinamarca , Equador , Genética Populacional , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Primatas , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Suínos , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Uganda , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since the nematodes Trichuris trichiura and T. suis are morphologically indistinguishable, genetic analysis is required to assess epidemiological cross-over between people and pigs. This study aimed to clarify the transmission biology of trichuriasis in Ecuador. FINDINGS: Adult Trichuris worms were collected during a parasitological survey of 132 people and 46 pigs in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Morphometric analysis of 49 pig worms and 64 human worms revealed significant variation. In discriminant analysis morphometric characteristics correctly classified male worms according to host species. In PCR-RFLP analysis of the ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS-2) and 18S DNA (59 pig worms and 82 human worms), nearly all Trichuris exhibited expected restriction patterns. However, two pig-derived worms showed a "heterozygous-type" ITS-2 pattern, with one also having a "heterozygous-type" 18S pattern. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit partitioned worms by host species. Notably, some Ecuadorian T. suis clustered with porcine Trichuris from USA and Denmark and some with Chinese T. suis. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in Latin America to genetically analyse Trichuris parasites. Although T. trichiura does not appear to be zoonotic in Ecuador, there is evidence of genetic exchange between T. trichiura and T. suis warranting more detailed genetic sampling.
Assuntos
Tricuríase/veterinária , Trichuris/genética , Zoonoses , Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Equador/epidemiologia , Humanos , Filogenia , Pamoato de Pirantel/uso terapêutico , População Rural , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Tricuríase/transmissãoRESUMO
La tricuriasis es una enfermedad que se estima que afecta a 800 millones de personas y que su mayor prevalencia ocurre entre las personas de 5 a 15 años. La mayoría de las infecciones son asintomáticas, pero las infecciones masivas pueden causar síntomas gastrointestinales. Como los demás helmintos transmitidos por la tierra, el trichuris se distribuye globalmente en el trópico y sub trópico y es muy común en personas con nivel socioeconómico bajo. En Honduras, país en vías de desarrollo, se pueden observar casos en los que la tricuriasis puede llegar a dar sus complicaciones más graves, como ser sangrado digestivo, diarrea prolongada y prolapso rectal...(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Diarreia Infantil/complicações , Sistema Digestório/irrigação sanguínea , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Tricuríase/parasitologiaRESUMO
Soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm) negatively impact the health and wellbeing of hundreds of millions of people, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries, including Brazil. Reliable maps of the spatial distribution and estimates of the number of infected people are required for the control and eventual elimination of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. We used advanced Bayesian geostatistical modelling, coupled with geographical information systems and remote sensing to visualize the distribution of the three soil-transmitted helminth species in Brazil. Remotely sensed climatic and environmental data, along with socioeconomic variables from readily available databases were employed as predictors. Our models provided mean prevalence estimates for A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm of 15.6%, 10.1% and 2.5%, respectively. By considering infection risk and population numbers at the unit of the municipality, we estimate that 29.7 million Brazilians are infected with A. lumbricoides, 19.2 million with T. trichiura and 4.7 million with hookworm. Our model-based maps identified important risk factors related to the transmission of soiltransmitted helminths and confirm that environmental variables are closely associated with indices of poverty. Our smoothed risk maps, including uncertainty, highlight areas where soil-transmitted helminthiasis control interventions are most urgently required, namely in the North and along most of the coastal areas of Brazil. We believe that our predictive risk maps are useful for disease control managers for prioritising control interventions and for providing a tool for more efficient surveillance-response mechanisms.
Assuntos
Teorema de Bayes , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Solo/parasitologia , Ancylostomatoidea , Animais , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Ascaris lumbricoides , Brasil/epidemiologia , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Infecções por Uncinaria/epidemiologia , Infecções por Uncinaria/parasitologia , Humanos , Áreas de Pobreza , Prevalência , Tecnologia de Sensoriamento Remoto , Fatores de Risco , Análise Espacial , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/parasitologia , TrichurisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The soil-transmitted helminth (STH), Trichuris trichiura colonises the human large intestine where it may modify inflammatory responses, an effect possibly mediated through alterations in the intestinal microbiota. We hypothesised that patent T. trichiura infections would be associated with altered faecal microbiota and that anthelmintic treatment would induce a microbiota resembling more closely that observed in uninfected individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: School children in Ecuador were screened for STH infections and allocated to 3 groups: uninfected, T. trichiura only, and mixed infections with T. trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. A sample of uninfected children and those with T. trichiura infections only were given anthelmintic treatment. Bacterial community profiles in faecal samples were studied by 454 pyrosequencing of 16 S rRNA genes. RESULTS: Microbiota analyses of faeces were done for 97 children: 30 were uninfected, 17 were infected with T. trichiura, and 50 with T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides. Post-treatment samples were analyzed for 14 children initially infected with T. trichiura alone and for 21 uninfected children. Treatment resulted in 100% cure of STH infections. Comparisons of the microbiota at different taxonomic levels showed no statistically significant differences in composition between uninfected children and those with T. trichiura infections. We observed a decreased proportional abundance of a few bacterial genera from the Clostridia class of Firmicutes and a reduced bacterial diversity among children with mixed infections compared to the other two groups, indicating a possible specific effect of A. lumbricoides infection. Anthelmintic treatment of children with T. trichiura did not alter faecal microbiota composition. DISCUSSION: Our data indicate that patent human infections with T. trichiura may have no effect on faecal microbiota but that A. lumbricoides colonisation might be associated with a disturbed microbiota. Our results also catalogue the microbiota of rural Ecuadorians and indicate differences with individuals from more urban industrialised societies.
Assuntos
Fezes/microbiologia , Microbiota , Tricuríase/microbiologia , Trichuris , Adolescente , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/genética , Criança , Análise por Conglomerados , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/microbiologia , Intestinos/parasitologia , Masculino , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA de Helmintos , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Tricuríase/tratamento farmacológico , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Trichuris/genéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Soil-transmitted helminth infections are considered a public health problem in developing countries. The diagnostic tests, both for individual parient diagnosis as for population studies should be evaluated in terms of validity and reliability. OBJECTIVE: To compare the direct examination, the modified Ritchie-Frick method, a Kato-Katz designed by a Brazilian group and one designed by the WHO, for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A diagnostic test reliability study was performed. The same stool sample was analyzed by the same observer using four diagnostic tests. 204 samples were obtained, 194 of those fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The observers did not know the participants' identity neither the other tests results. For the analysis the Kato-Katz (WHO) was considered as the gold standard. For the reliability assessment percent agreement, positive percent agreement, Kappa statistic, and intraclass correlation were performed. RESULTS: The Brazilian Kato-Katz showed a good performance with high sensitivity and specificity for T. trichiura and Hookworm with values of 0.97 and 0.96 respectively, and a high specificity with mild sensitivity for A. lumbricoides (0.95 and 0.79) meanwhile the direct examination and the Ritche-Frick method showed a performance between mild and poor. The differences were higher for hookworm and Trichiuris trichiura than for Ascaris lumbricoides. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Kato Katz test could be implemented, but further studies are needed to correlate its operative capacity with its feasibility, availability and cost.
Assuntos
Fezes/parasitologia , Helmintíase/diagnóstico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/métodos , Adolescente , Ancylostomatoidea/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Ascaríase/diagnóstico , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolamento & purificação , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Infecções por Uncinaria/diagnóstico , Infecções por Uncinaria/parasitologia , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Masculino , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Solo/parasitologia , Manejo de Espécimes , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Tricuríase/diagnóstico , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Trichuris/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Infections with Trichuris trichiura and other trichurid nematodes have been reported to display protective effects against atopy, allergic and autoimmune diseases. The aims of the present study were to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of T. trichiura adult worm extract (TtE) and its fractions (TtEFs) on the production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to identify their proteinaceous components. Fourteen TtEFs were obtained by ion exchange chromatography and tested for effects on cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The molecular constituents of the six most active fractions were evaluated using nano-LC/mass spectrometry. The homology between T. trichiura and the related nematode Trichinella spiralis was used to identify 12 proteins in TtEFs. Among those identified, fructose biphosphate aldolase, a homologue of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and heat-shock protein 70 may contribute to the immunomodulatory effects of TtEFs. The identification of such proteins could lead to the development of novel drugs for the therapy of allergic and other inflammatory diseases.
Assuntos
Citocinas/sangue , Proteínas de Helminto/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Trichuris/imunologia , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Cromatografia por Troca Iônica , Frutose-Bifosfato Aldolase/química , Frutose-Bifosfato Aldolase/imunologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/imunologia , Proteínas de Helminto/química , Humanos , Proteômica , Trichinella spiralis/química , Tricuríase/imunologia , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Trichuris/química , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We molecularly characterized samples with Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and soil-transmitted helminths from a facility-based surveillance system for diarrhea in Santa Rosa, Guatemala. The DNA sequence analysis determined the presence of Giardia assemblages A (N = 7) and B (N = 12) and, Cryptosporidium hominis (N = 2) and Cryptosporidium parvum (N = 2), suggestive of different transmission cycles. All 41 samples with soil-transmitted helminths did not have the ß-tubulin mutation described for benzimidazole resistance, suggesting potential usefulness in mass drug administration campaigns.
Assuntos
Cryptosporidium/genética , Giardia/genética , Helmintos/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Ascaríase/tratamento farmacológico , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Ascaris lumbricoides/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Criptosporidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Cryptosporidium/fisiologia , Cryptosporidium parvum/genética , Cryptosporidium parvum/fisiologia , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Giardia/fisiologia , Giardíase/tratamento farmacológico , Giardíase/parasitologia , Guatemala , Helmintos/fisiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Solo/parasitologia , Tricuríase/tratamento farmacológico , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Trichuris/genética , Trichuris/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Species of Trichuris (Nematoda:Trichuridae) parasitize a broad range of mammalian hosts. To date, 21 Trichuris species infecting nine families of rodents have been found in North and South America. Trichuris navonae n. sp. is described on the basis of specimens recovered from a species of forest-dwelling mice, Akodon montensis (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae), from nine localities of Misiones Province, Argentina. A comparison with all the species of Trichuris from North and South American rodents is given. The separation of the new species of Trichuris is based on morphologic and morphometrica features, such as the absence of a spicular tube, the presence of a cylindrical spicular sheath with sharp spines, a non-protrusive vulva, a long anterior-posterior portion of the body, a lengthy spicule, and a proximal and distal cloacal tube. This is the third record of this genus in rodents of the Sigmodontinae from Argentina and the fifth record from South American rodents. Despite the large number of potential host species, only about 1.9% of sigmodontine rodent species have been reported as hosts of Trichuris spp. It is suggested that this number represents but a small fraction of Trichuris spp. that occur in sigmodontine rodents, and that additional survey of this group should yield additional species.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Roedores/parasitologia , Sigmodontinae/parasitologia , Tricuríase/veterinária , Trichuris/classificação , Animais , Argentina , Feminino , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/veterinária , Árvores , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Trichuris/anatomia & histologia , Trichuris/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Previously, we demonstrated that helminth-infected MS patients showed significantly lower number of relapses, reduced disability scores, and lower MRI activity compared to uninfected MS subjects. In the current study, 12 patients with diagnosis of relapsing remitting MS presenting parasite infections were prospectively followed during 90 months; due to exacerbation of helminth-infection symptoms after 63 months of follow-up, 4 patients received anti-parasite treatment. Helminth-infection control was associated with significant increase in clinical and radiological MS activities. Moreover, these patients showed significant increase in the number of IFN-γ and IL-12 producing cells, and a fall in the number of TGF-ß and IL-10 secreting cells, as well as CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells evident 3 months after anti-helminth treatment began. These new observations on parasite infections associated to MS indicate that parasite regulation of host immunity can alter the course of MS.
Assuntos
Helmintíase/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Esclerose Múltipla/imunologia , Esclerose Múltipla/parasitologia , Neuroimunomodulação/imunologia , Ascaríase/imunologia , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Ascaríase/terapia , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/parasitologia , Doenças Autoimunes/terapia , Estudos de Coortes , Eosinofilia/diagnóstico , Eosinofilia/imunologia , Eosinofilia/parasitologia , Feminino , Helmintíase/diagnóstico , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Humanos , Himenolepíase/imunologia , Himenolepíase/parasitologia , Himenolepíase/terapia , Masculino , Esclerose Múltipla/diagnóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções por Strongylida/imunologia , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia , Infecções por Strongylida/terapia , Tricuríase/imunologia , Tricuríase/parasitologia , Tricuríase/terapiaRESUMO
Trichuris thrichomysi n. sp., recovered from the cecum of the wild rodent Thrichomys apereoides from a transition zone between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado morfoclimatic domains, and its life cycle observed under experimental conditions are described. This new species is closely related to Trichuris travassosi, Trichuris chiliensis and Trichuris fulvi, but can be distinguished from them mainly by differences in the posterior end of males. Details of the surface such as the bacillary gland, cuticular inflations and several morphological details obtained by scanning electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed the characteristics that differentiate the new species. The histopathology of the intestinal wall of naturally infected rodents is also reported. The present study extends the geographical distribution of T. thrichomysi n. sp to the Pantanal ecosystem and reports a new host, Thrichomys pachiurus.