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Bichon frise (1) and Boxer (2), both with epileptic seizures, underwent lumbar taps for cerebrospinal fluid collection. After the procedure, the first dog became paraplegic, and the second dog did not recover from anesthesia and remained in a coma. Both dogs were euthanatized 12 h after the examination. The dogs were diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy and fibrillar astrocytoma, respectively, after postmortem examination. They were also diagnosed with progressive myelomalacia, involving C1-C5 until the L4-S3 spinal segments. Since it was not possible to attribute the development of myelomalacia to the primary diseases observed, the lumbar tap likely caused this severe spinal cord injury. These reports highlight myelomalacia as a possible complication of lumbar taps.

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The interlocking nail represents an excellent option as a surgical approach to treat fractures in long bones in veterinary medicine. However, failures were reported mainly due to a slack present in the interface of the rod with the screws. The present study tested and mechanically compare axial compression loads of two novel models of stable angle interlocking nails with threaded holes. Among the two models, one was uniplanar and the other was multiplanar with orthogonally arranged distal holes. Twenty-one specimens made of polylactic acid were used for the implantation of interlocking nail´s rods, divided into three groups: conventional interlocking nail (G1), novel interlocking nail with a stable angle with holes arranged in a single plane (G2), and novel interlocking nail with a stable angle in two planes, with the penultimate hole at 90 degrees from the others (G3). Biomechanical tests were performed using axial, cyclic, and destructive compression load for comparison between them. All the specimens showed plastic deformation in the screws after destructive tests, in both proximal and distal sides, being highly intense in G1. G2 and G3 of the stable angle rods supported higher loads than G1 in all tests performed (P<0.05). The novel stems did not differ statistically from each other (P>0.05). The initial hypothesis that the novel models would provide increased stability was confirmed; however, no differences were demonstrated between them. The screw locking system on the rods allowed high resistance values in the tests performed, proving to be effective and potentially applicable in real clinical situations.

A haste intramedular bloqueada representa excelente opção para abordagem cirúrgica de fraturas em ossos longos na medicina veterinária. Todavia, falhas decorrentes principalmente de "folga" presente na interface da haste com os parafusos foram relatadas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar e comparar mecanicamente, por cargas de compressão axial, dois novos modelos de haste intramedular bloqueada de ângulo estável com orifícios roscados, sendo uma delas uniplanar e outra multiplanar com orifícios distais dispostos ortogonalmente. Vinte e um corpos de prova confeccionados em ácido polilático (PLA) foram utilizados para implantação das hastes intramedulares bloqueadas, divididos em três grupos: Haste bloqueada convencional (G1); haste bloqueada nova de ângulo estável com orifícios dispostos em único plano (G2); haste bloqueada nova de ângulo estável em dois planos, com o penúltimo orifício em 90 graus dos demais (G3). Utilizou-se ensaios biomecânicos por carga de compressão axial, cíclicos e destrutivos, para comparação entre eles. Todos mostraram deformação plástica nos parafusos após testes destrutivos, tanto proximais como distais, sendo mais intensa no grupo 1. Os grupos 2 e 3 das hastes de ângulo estável suportaram cargas superiores em relação ao G1 em todos os testes realizados (P<0.05). As hastes novas não diferiram estatisticamente entre si (P>0,05). A hipótese inicial de que os novos modelos proporcionariam maior estabilidade foi confirmada, entretanto não foi demonstrada diferenças entre eles. O sistema de bloqueio roscado dos parafusos nas hastes permitiu valores elevados de resistência nos testes realizados, mostrando-se efetivo e, potencialmente aplicável em situações clínicas reais.

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Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is the most common cause of spinal cord compression in dogs, whose prognosis is variable and depends on several factors, with deep pain perception (DPP) being the main parameter used. Investigations of new prognostic factors are studied to assist in the estimation of functional recovery. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate whether spinal hyperesthesia (SH) at the compression site can be used as a prognostic factor for the functional recovery of dogs with acute IVDE (Hansen type I), without DPP being subjected to thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy. Decompression surgery was performed on the same day or the day after admission. The duration of the loss of DPP until surgery performance ranged from 1 to 60 days, with a median of 4.5 days for the group of dogs with SH and 5.5 days for those without SH. Among the 68 dogs included in this retrospective study, 73.5% (50/68) showed SH, and 26.5% (18/68) were not identified. Recovery was satisfactory in 60% (30/50) of dogs with SH and in 27.7% (5/18) of dogs without SH, demonstrating that paraplegic dogs without DPP but with SH were 3.9 times more likely to recover when compared to dogs in the same condition, but with no SH. No studies have evaluated SH by palpation of the spine as a prognostic factor, which reinforces the relevance of the present study. The results of this study imply that SH in paraplegic dogs affected by thoracolumbar IVDE, without the presence of DPP, can be used as a possible prognostic indicator of functional recovery.

A extrusão do disco intervertebral (EDIV) é a causa mais comum de lesão compressiva na medula espinhal de cães, cujo prognóstico é variável e depende de diversos fatores, sendo a percepção de dor profunda (PDP) o principal parâmetro utilizado. Pesquisas de novos fatores prognósticos são estudados com intuito de auxiliar na estimativa mais precisa de recuperação funcional. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se a hiperestesia espinhal (HE) no local da compressão, pode ser utilizada como um fator prognóstico para recuperação funcional de cães com extrusão aguda do disco intervertebral (Hansen tipo I), sem a presença de PDP submetidos a hemilaminectomia toracolombar. A cirurgia descompressiva ocorreu no mesmo dia ou no dia seguinte ao atendimento. A duração da perda de dor profunda até a realização da cirurgia variou de 1 a 60 dias, com uma mediana de 4,5 dias para o grupo de cães com e 5,5 dias para aqueles sem hiperestesia espinhal. Dos 68 cães incluídos nesse estudo retrospectivo, 73,5% (50/68) apresentavam HE e, em 26,5% (18/68) a dor não foi identificada. A recuperação foi satisfatória nos cães com HE em 60% (30/50) e, sem HE, em 27,7% (5/18) dos casos, demonstrando que os cães paraplégicos sem PDP, mas com presença de hiperestesia espinhal tem 3,9 vezes mais chances de recuperação quando comparado com cães na mesma condição, mas sem HE. Não foram encontrados trabalhos que avaliaram a HE mediante a palpação da coluna vertebral como um fator prognóstico, o que reforça a relevância do presente estudo. Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que a HE em cães paraplégicos acometidos por EDIV toracolombar sem presença de PDP pode ser utilizada como um possível indicador prognóstico de recuperação funcional.

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Background: Ex situ breeding programs are essential to establish genetic resource banks and produce offspring to strengthen the in situ conservation of endangered species. However, many programs fail to maintain viable ex situ populations due to reproductive problems, including dystocia in pregnant females. Dystocia encompasses different emergency obstetric situations for the lives of dams and fetuses that require urgent intervention. This condition has been studied in domesticated species but published records in wildlife, specifically in felines species, are scarce. Case Description: An adult female ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) was referred to the wildlife hospital of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito after being attacked by dogs (Canis familiaris). Neurological tests revealed traumatic spinal cord injury at a thoracolumbar level. Complementary tests (laboratory exams, radiographs, and ultrasound) revealed a full-term pregnancy, failure in the labor progress, and critical fetal stress. A cesarean section was performed, and the newborns received resuscitation care after assessing their viability using the Apgar score system. The neonate with the lowest Apgar score died within the first hour after birth, while the second one showed an increase in Apgar score after resuscitation care and survived the procedure. Conclusion: We provide new obstetric data that could be relevant to save the lives of dams and newborns in related cases for ocelots and other species of wild felids. Furthermore, this study confirms the adverse effects that domestic dogs have on wildlife species.

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As lesões decorrentes de atropelamento são as principais causas de fraturas e luxações vertebrais, ocasionando graus variáveis de injúrias vertebrais e medulares. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar a ocorrência de lesão traumática em coluna vertebral de cão sem raça definida, com quatro anos de idade, resultando em luxação T11-12, com exposição de T11 e secção medular, estando o paciente paraplégico, com sinais de lesão em neurônio motor superior e ausência de nocicepção profunda em membros pélvicos. O tratamento de escolha foi a vertebrectomia de T11, associada ao alinhamento de T10-12 com introdução de pinos e fixação com polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) associado à ceftriaxona. Em decorrência de lesão na pleura parietal no trans-cirúrgico, optou-se pela toracostomia para introdução de tubo torácico, o qual permaneceu no paciente por quatro dias. No pós-operatório, o paciente apresentou recuperação satisfatória, sendo recomendado aos tutores a confecção de cadeira de rodas a fim de facilitar sua locomoção. A técnica mostrou-se satisfatória para minimizar as infecções passíveis de ocorrência em fraturas expostas, bem como melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente, evitando-se dores crônicas.

Injuries resulting from being run over are the leading causes of vertebral fractures and dislocations, causing varying vertebral and spinal injuries. The present study aims to report the occurrence of traumatic injury to the spine of a mixed breed dog, aged four years, resulting in a T11-12 dislocation, with T11 exposure and spinal section, with the patient showing paraplegia, signs of an upper motor neuron lesion and absence of deep nociception in pelvic limbs. The treatment of choice was T11 vertebrectomy, associated with the alignment of T10-12 with the introduction of pins and fixation with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) associated with ceftriaxone. Due to a lesion in the parietal pleura during the surgery, thoracostomy was chosen to introduce a chest tube, which remained in the patient for four days. In the postoperative period, the patient presented a satisfactory recovery, and it was recommended that tutors make a wheelchair to facilitate their mobility. The technique proved to be satisfactory for minimizing infections that could occur in open fractures and improving the patient's quality of life, avoiding chronic pain.

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A 6-months-old male mixed-breed dog was admitted to the veterinary hospital with lameness in the right pelvic limb, proprioceptive ataxia, and suspected spinal cord injury in the lumbosacral segment. Upon palpation, firm nodules were noted on the bony surface of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, ribs, vertebrae, and tail. The radiographic study showed nodules of low radiopacity with well-defined limits and smooth contours, one of which was overlapping the fifth lumbar vertebra. Given the clinical presentation indicative of spinal cord injury, the animal was subjected to hemilaminectomy for nodular resection. Histopathological examination of the biopsy enabled the diagnosis of osteochondroma. The clinical follow up after surgery showed improvement in walking, despite persistent monoparesis in the right pelvic limb. The radiographic study in association with clinical and histopathological exams allowed the diagnosis and monitoring of the lesions.

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Purpose: To probe the mechanism of mild hypothermia combined with rutin in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: Thirty rats were randomized into the following groups: control, sham, model, mild hypothermia (MH), and mild hypothermia plus rutin (MH+Rutin). We used modified Allens method to injure the spinal cord (T10) in rats, and then treated it with MH or/ and rutin immediately. BBB scores were performed on all rats. We used HE staining for observing the injured spinal cord tissue; ELISA for assaying TNF-alfa, IL-1beta, IL-8, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents; Dihydroethidium (DHE) for measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content; flow cytometry for detecting apoptosis; and both RT-qPCR and Western blot for determining the expression levels of TGF-beta/Smad pathway related proteins (TGF-beta, Smad2, and Smad3). Results: In comparison with model group, the BBB score of MH increased to a certain extent and MH+Rutin group increased more than MH group (p < 0.05). After treatment with MH and MH+Rutin, the inflammatory infiltration diminished. MH and MH+Rutin tellingly dwindled TNF-alfa, MDA and ROS contents (p < 0.01), and minified spinal cord cell apoptosis. MH and MH+Rutin could patently diminished TGF-beta1, Smad2, and Smad3 expression (p < 0.01). Conclusion: MH+Rutin can suppress the activation of TGF-beta/Smad pathway, hence repressing the cellular inflammatory response after SCI.(AU)

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Background: Acute spinal traumas can lead to irreversible damage associated with vascular and inflammatory changes in neural tissue. Since spine and spinal cord traumas have an unfavorable prognosis in small animals, and reports of the use of Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of lumbar vertebra fracture-luxation in puppies are rare in the literature, the present paper aimed to report the surgical treatment of transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment by using Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate in a 7-month-old Labrador Retriever male dog. Case: A 7-month-old intact male Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.0 kg was attended at School Veterinary Hospital with a history of hit by car and paraplegia of the hind limbs. On neurological examination was observed no proprioception and no deep pain sensitivity on the both pelvic limbs. The lumbar spinal palpation showed intense pain, and the motor function and patellar reflexes were reduced. The values of haematological and biochemical analysis remained within the reference values for the species. Radiographs revealed a transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment, and was decided to perform a surgical treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. The dog was positioned in ventral recumbency for surgery, and a dorsal midline incision was made from the second lumbar vertebra to the sixth lumbar vertebra. Two crossed 1.5 mm Kirschner wires were placed through the caudal articular facets of the fourth lumbar vertebra to provide initial stability...(AU)

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Background: Acute spinal traumas can lead to irreversible damage associated with vascular and inflammatory changes in neural tissue. Since spine and spinal cord traumas have an unfavorable prognosis in small animals, and reports of the use of Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of lumbar vertebra fracture-luxation in puppies are rare in the literature, the present paper aimed to report the surgical treatment of transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment by using Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate in a 7-month-old Labrador Retriever male dog. Case: A 7-month-old intact male Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.0 kg was attended at School Veterinary Hospital with a history of hit by car and paraplegia of the hind limbs. On neurological examination was observed no proprioception and no deep pain sensitivity on the both pelvic limbs. The lumbar spinal palpation showed intense pain, and the motor function and patellar reflexes were reduced. The values of haematological and biochemical analysis remained within the reference values for the species. Radiographs revealed a transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment, and was decided to perform a surgical treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. The dog was positioned in ventral recumbency for surgery, and a dorsal midline incision was made from the second lumbar vertebra to the sixth lumbar vertebra. Two crossed 1.5 mm Kirschner wires were placed through the caudal articular facets of the fourth lumbar vertebra to provide initial stability...

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Central nervous system (CNS) trauma is often related to tissue loss, leading to partial or complete disruption of spinal cord function due to neuronal death. Although generally irreversible, traditional therapeutic efforts, such as physical therapy exercises, are generally recommended, but with a poor or reduced improvement of the microenvironment, which in turn stimulates neuroplasticity and neuroregeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have paracrine, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Here we use stem cells to see if they can promote not only physical but also the functional regeneration of neuronal tissue in dogs with CNS traumas. Two dogs, one with chronic spinal cord injury and one with subacute spinal cord injury, underwent infusion of autologous MSCs in association with physiotherapy. The two treatments in combination were able to partially or completely recover the dog's walking movement again. The treatment of MSCs in association with physical therapy improved the microenvironment, which could be evidence of a paradigm shift that the CNS is not capable of functional regeneration after aggressive traumas. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1812-1820, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.

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Background: Acute spinal cord injury, a common cause of neurological dysfunction in humans and animals, impairsmotor, sensory and autonomic functions and may result in permanent disability. Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is a steroidwidely studied for its predominantly anabolic effect and low androgenic potential. Several researchers have described thepositive interference of ND in neurological tissue, such as increased synthesis and release of neurotrophic substances, butto date no studies have evaluated the action of this steroid in acute spinal cord injury. The aim of this study was thereforeto evaluate the effect of ND in rats subjected to acute spinal cord injury.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-two young adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), weighing between 240 and 260 g,were divided into three groups. The first group (GNAN) (n=13) was subjected to acute spinal cord injury and treated withND; the control group (GCON) (n=13) was subjected to spinal cord injury without treatment; and the third group (GLAM)(n=6) underwent laminectomy without prior spinal cord injury, in order to control changes caused by the procedure. A 20g metal device was released from a height of 25 cm to produce the spinal cord injury. After exposing the spinal canal, a2-mm diameter metal rod was placed directly in contact with the spinal cord, and when the weight was released, the rodwas struck, causing the spinal cord injury. An intramuscular injection of 2 mg/kg of ND was administered the immediatepostoperative period. The animals were assessed to ascertain the recovery of their motor function on five occasions, namelyat 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 7 and 14 days after undergoing spinal cord injury. This assessment was performed using the Basso,Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) model. The animals were euthanized 14 days post-op and fragments of the spinal cord andurinary...(AU)

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Background: Acute spinal cord injury, a common cause of neurological dysfunction in humans and animals, impairsmotor, sensory and autonomic functions and may result in permanent disability. Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is a steroidwidely studied for its predominantly anabolic effect and low androgenic potential. Several researchers have described thepositive interference of ND in neurological tissue, such as increased synthesis and release of neurotrophic substances, butto date no studies have evaluated the action of this steroid in acute spinal cord injury. The aim of this study was thereforeto evaluate the effect of ND in rats subjected to acute spinal cord injury.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-two young adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), weighing between 240 and 260 g,were divided into three groups. The first group (GNAN) (n=13) was subjected to acute spinal cord injury and treated withND; the control group (GCON) (n=13) was subjected to spinal cord injury without treatment; and the third group (GLAM)(n=6) underwent laminectomy without prior spinal cord injury, in order to control changes caused by the procedure. A 20g metal device was released from a height of 25 cm to produce the spinal cord injury. After exposing the spinal canal, a2-mm diameter metal rod was placed directly in contact with the spinal cord, and when the weight was released, the rodwas struck, causing the spinal cord injury. An intramuscular injection of 2 mg/kg of ND was administered the immediatepostoperative period. The animals were assessed to ascertain the recovery of their motor function on five occasions, namelyat 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 7 and 14 days after undergoing spinal cord injury. This assessment was performed using the Basso,Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) model. The animals were euthanized 14 days post-op and fragments of the spinal cord andurinary...

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Purpose:To evaluate the influence tramadol on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats.Methods:Ten rats were divided into two groups (n = 5). All animals were submitted by a laminectomy and spinal cord injury at eighth thoracic vertebra. In control group, the rats didnt receive any analgesic. In tramadol group, the rats received tramadol 4mg/Kg at 12/12h until 5 days by subcutaneous. Animals were following by fourteen days. Was evaluated the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scale (locomotor evaluation) and Rat Grimace Scale (pain evaluation) at four periods.Results:There no difference between the groups in locomotor evaluation in all periods evaluated (p>0.05) and in both groups there was a partial recover of function. The tramadol group show a lower pain levels at the first, third and seventh postoperatively days when comparing to the control group.Conclusion:The tramadol as an analgesic agent dont influence on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats.(AU)

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A utilização de células-tronco na reparação de lesões tem sido extensivamente investigada. Neste estudo, examinamos os efeitos terapêuticos de dois transplantes (12x106 céls/transplante) de células-tronco mesenquimais alogênicas derivadas do tecido adiposo (CTDAs) em 11 cães com lesões crônicas traumáticas toracolombares da medula espinhal. As CTDAs foram foram cultivadas in vitro, a proliferação e a viabilidade foram avaliadas. As suspensões foram expandidas e administradas no espaço intradural com intervalo de uma semana entre transplantes. Os cães foram submetidos à avaliações clínicas, laboratoriais, radiográficas, tomográficas, sensitivas, motoras e cistométricas. A maioria dos animais não tinha raça definida (63,63%), mesma proporção para o acometimento de fêmeas e foi observada predominância de fratura com subluxação vertebral (81,81%). Na comparação dos cães pré e pós-transplante não foram observadas alterações hematológicas e três animais (27,27%) apresentaram cistite bacteriana. Em relação a sensibilidade, motricidade e cistometria, também não houve alterações significativas dos índices antes e pós transplantes, sendo observado a ausência nociceptiva na maioria dos animais (72,73%), paraplegia e incontinência urinária na mesma proporção. Neste estudo concluiu-se que o protocolo utilizado de transplante de CTDAs, demonstrou ser um tratamento seguro para cães com lesão medular crônica, com melhora discreta da funcionalidade vesical, porém sem melhora clínica significativa.(AU)

The use of stem cells in injury repair has been extensively investigated. In this study, we examined the therapeutic effects of two transplants (12x106 cells/transplantation) of allogenic adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in 11 dogs with chronic spinal cord injury. ASC were cultured in vitro, proliferation and cell viability were evaluated. Cell suspensions were prepared and administered in the intradural space, with a one-week interval between transplants. The animals were submitted to clinical, laboratory, radiographic, tomographic, sensory, motor and cystometric evaluations. Most of the animals were not a breed defined (63.63%), the same proportion for females affected, predominance of vertebral subluxation fracture was observed (81.81%). Before and after the transplants no hematological changes were observed, three animals (27.27%) presented bacterial cystitis, and in relation to motor, cystometry and sensitivity, no improvement was observed; the rates were maintained before and after transplants, predominance of nociceptive absence in most animals (72.73%), and paraplegia and urinary incontinence in the same proportion. In this study it was concluded that the use of ADSCs for the treatment of dogs with chronic spinal cord injury is safe, with a slight improvement in bladder function, but without significantly clinical improvement.(AU)

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A utilização de células-tronco na reparação de lesões tem sido extensivamente investigada. Neste estudo, examinamos os efeitos terapêuticos de dois transplantes (12x106 céls/transplante) de células-tronco mesenquimais alogênicas derivadas do tecido adiposo (CTDAs) em 11 cães com lesões crônicas traumáticas toracolombares da medula espinhal. As CTDAs foram foram cultivadas in vitro, a proliferação e a viabilidade foram avaliadas. As suspensões foram expandidas e administradas no espaço intradural com intervalo de uma semana entre transplantes. Os cães foram submetidos à avaliações clínicas, laboratoriais, radiográficas, tomográficas, sensitivas, motoras e cistométricas. A maioria dos animais não tinha raça definida (63,63%), mesma proporção para o acometimento de fêmeas e foi observada predominância de fratura com subluxação vertebral (81,81%). Na comparação dos cães pré e pós-transplante não foram observadas alterações hematológicas e três animais (27,27%) apresentaram cistite bacteriana. Em relação a sensibilidade, motricidade e cistometria, também não houve alterações significativas dos índices antes e pós transplantes, sendo observado a ausência nociceptiva na maioria dos animais (72,73%), paraplegia e incontinência urinária na mesma proporção. Neste estudo concluiu-se que o protocolo utilizado de transplante de CTDAs, demonstrou ser um tratamento seguro para cães com lesão medular crônica, com melhora discreta da funcionalidade vesical, porém sem melhora clínica significativa.(AU)

The use of stem cells in injury repair has been extensively investigated. In this study, we examined the therapeutic effects of two transplants (12x106 cells/transplantation) of allogenic adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in 11 dogs with chronic spinal cord injury. ASC were cultured in vitro, proliferation and cell viability were evaluated. Cell suspensions were prepared and administered in the intradural space, with a one-week interval between transplants. The animals were submitted to clinical, laboratory, radiographic, tomographic, sensory, motor and cystometric evaluations. Most of the animals were not a breed defined (63.63%), the same proportion for females affected, predominance of vertebral subluxation fracture was observed (81.81%). Before and after the transplants no hematological changes were observed, three animals (27.27%) presented bacterial cystitis, and in relation to motor, cystometry and sensitivity, no improvement was observed; the rates were maintained before and after transplants, predominance of nociceptive absence in most animals (72.73%), and paraplegia and urinary incontinence in the same proportion. In this study it was concluded that the use of ADSCs for the treatment of dogs with chronic spinal cord injury is safe, with a slight improvement in bladder function, but without significantly clinical improvement.(AU)

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O trauma medular pode resultar em incapacidade motora permanente, e seu tratamento ainda permanece um desafio. A lesão medular aguda inicia a sequência de eventos vasculares, bioquímicos e inflamatórios que ocasionam o desenvolvimento de lesões teciduais secundárias em diferentes tecidos, levando à destruição progressiva do tecido neuronal, com consequências frequentemente irreversíveis às funções motora e sensorial do paciente. Alguns estudos fizeram aumentar a compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na lesão medular aguda, e apesar de décadas de pesquisas objetivando a recuperação funcional e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, o tratamento para essa condição ainda é frustrante. O presente artigo tem como objetivo compilar informações acadêmicas sobre a fisiopatologia e as principais propostas terapêuticas para trauma medular agudo.(AU)

Spinal cord trauma can result in permanent disability and its treatment remains a challenge. Spinal cord injury triggers a sequence of vascular, biochemical and inflammatory events that result in the development of secondary tissue lesions The secondary injury leads to progressive destruction of neuronal tissue with frequently irreversible consequences to the patient's motor and sensory functions. Studies have increased the understand of the mechanisms of spinal cord injury. But despite decades of research aiming at functional recovery and improved quality of life of patients, treatment for this condition is still frustrating. This article compiles academic information on pathophysiology and main therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury.(AU)

El trauma medular puede llevar a una incapacidad motora permanente y su tratamiento aún representa un desafío. La lesión medular aguda gatilla una secuencia de eventos vasculares, bioquímicos e inflamatorios que ocasionan lesiones secundarias en diferentes tejidos, y que llevan a la destrucción progresiva del tejido nervioso, con consecuencias generalmente irreversibles en cuanto a las funciones motora y sensorial del paciente. Algunos estudios permitieron mejorar la comprensión de los mecanismos relacionados con la lesión medular aguda y, a pesar de que han pasado décadas realizándose investigaciones sobre la recuperación funcional y la calidad de vida de los pacientes, el tratamiento para esta patología es frustrante. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue recopilar informaciones académicas sobre la fisiopatología y las principales propuestas terapéuticas del trauma medular agudo.(AU)

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O trauma medular pode resultar em incapacidade motora permanente, e seu tratamento ainda permanece um desafio. A lesão medular aguda inicia a sequência de eventos vasculares, bioquímicos e inflamatórios que ocasionam o desenvolvimento de lesões teciduais secundárias em diferentes tecidos, levando à destruição progressiva do tecido neuronal, com consequências frequentemente irreversíveis às funções motora e sensorial do paciente. Alguns estudos fizeram aumentar a compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na lesão medular aguda, e apesar de décadas de pesquisas objetivando a recuperação funcional e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, o tratamento para essa condição ainda é frustrante. O presente artigo tem como objetivo compilar informações acadêmicas sobre a fisiopatologia e as principais propostas terapêuticas para trauma medular agudo.

Spinal cord trauma can result in permanent disability and its treatment remains a challenge. Spinal cord injury triggers a sequence of vascular, biochemical and inflammatory events that result in the development of secondary tissue lesions The secondary injury leads to progressive destruction of neuronal tissue with frequently irreversible consequences to the patient's motor and sensory functions. Studies have increased the understand of the mechanisms of spinal cord injury. But despite decades of research aiming at functional recovery and improved quality of life of patients, treatment for this condition is still frustrating. This article compiles academic information on pathophysiology and main therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury.

El trauma medular puede llevar a una incapacidad motora permanente y su tratamiento aún representa un desafío. La lesión medular aguda gatilla una secuencia de eventos vasculares, bioquímicos e inflamatorios que ocasionan lesiones secundarias en diferentes tejidos, y que llevan a la destrucción progresiva del tejido nervioso, con consecuencias generalmente irreversibles en cuanto a las funciones motora y sensorial del paciente. Algunos estudios permitieron mejorar la comprensión de los mecanismos relacionados con la lesión medular aguda y, a pesar de que han pasado décadas realizándose investigaciones sobre la recuperación funcional y la calidad de vida de los pacientes, el tratamiento para esta patología es frustrante. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue recopilar informaciones académicas sobre la fisiopatología y las principales propuestas terapéuticas del trauma medular agudo.

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O trauma medular induzido por projéteis de armas de ar comprimido é considerado incomum em animais domésticos, particularmente em gatos. Desses, os que apresentam comportamento de fuga do domicílio e os que vagueiam livremente sem supervisão correm maior risco de receber ferimentos por disparo de armas. Apesar de seu tamanho pequeno, velocidade moderada e mau design aerodinâmico, os projéteis lançados por armas de ar comprimido (chumbinho) podem causar ferimentos graves. O tratamento e o prognóstico de animais que apresentam lesões por disparo de armas podem variar consideravelmente, dependendo da localização segmentar das lesões e da extensão dos danos. Objetivou-se descrever os achados neurológicos, radiográficos e cirúrgicos de cinco felinos acometidos por trauma vertebromedular provocado por projétil balístico em virtude da incomum ocorrência desse acometimento nessa espécie.(AU)

Spinal cord trauma induced by bailistic projectiles is considered uncommon in domestic animais, particularly cats. Outdoor, and indoor-outdoor cats are at greater risk of receiving gunshot wounds. Despite their small size, moderate speed and poor aerodynamic design, projectiles from compressed air guns (pellet guns) can cause severe injury. Treatment and prognosis of animals presented with gun-related injuries can vary considerably, depending on the affected spinal segment location of the lesions, and extent of tissue damage. Due to the unusual occurrence of this type of trauma in feline patients, the goal of this report is to describe the neurologic, radiographic, and surgical findings in five cats with spinal injury secondary to air gun projectiles.(AU)

El trauma medular por balas de aire comprimido es poco frecuente en animales domésticos, especialmente en gatos. Estos animales, en especial aquellos que se escapan de su domicilio y los que deambulan libremente sin supervisión de su dueño, corren más riesgos de sufrir heridas por el disparo de armas. A pesar de que los balines de aire comprimido tienen un tamaño pequeño, una velocidad media y malo diseño aerodinámico, este tipo de proyectil puede provocar heridas graves. El tratamiento y el pronóstico de los animales que presentan lesiones provocadas por este tipo de proyectiles puede variar de forma considerable, dependiendo de la localización de las lesión y de la extensión de los daños provocados. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir los síntomas neurológicos, las alteraciones radiográficas y las resultados de la cirugía de cinco felinos que fueron diagnosticados con trauma vertebro-medular provocado por balines de aire comprimido, dada la baja prevalencia de este tipo de eventos en gatos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O trauma medular induzido por projéteis de armas de ar comprimido é considerado incomum em animais domésticos, particularmente em gatos. Desses, os que apresentam comportamento de fuga do domicílio e os que vagueiam livremente sem supervisão correm maior risco de receber ferimentos por disparo de armas. Apesar de seu tamanho pequeno, velocidade moderada e mau design aerodinâmico, os projéteis lançados por armas de ar comprimido (chumbinho) podem causar ferimentos graves. O tratamento e o prognóstico de animais que apresentam lesões por disparo de armas podem variar consideravelmente, dependendo da localização segmentar das lesões e da extensão dos danos. Objetivou-se descrever os achados neurológicos, radiográficos e cirúrgicos de cinco felinos acometidos por trauma vertebromedular provocado por projétil balístico em virtude da incomum ocorrência desse acometimento nessa espécie.

Spinal cord trauma induced by bailistic projectiles is considered uncommon in domestic animais, particularly cats. Outdoor, and indoor-outdoor cats are at greater risk of receiving gunshot wounds. Despite their small size, moderate speed and poor aerodynamic design, projectiles from compressed air guns (pellet guns) can cause severe injury. Treatment and prognosis of animals presented with gun-related injuries can vary considerably, depending on the affected spinal segment location of the lesions, and extent of tissue damage. Due to the unusual occurrence of this type of trauma in feline patients, the goal of this report is to describe the neurologic, radiographic, and surgical findings in five cats with spinal injury secondary to air gun projectiles.

El trauma medular por balas de aire comprimido es poco frecuente en animales domésticos, especialmente en gatos. Estos animales, en especial aquellos que se escapan de su domicilio y los que deambulan libremente sin supervisión de su dueño, corren más riesgos de sufrir heridas por el disparo de armas. A pesar de que los balines de aire comprimido tienen un tamaño pequeño, una velocidad media y malo diseño aerodinámico, este tipo de proyectil puede provocar heridas graves. El tratamiento y el pronóstico de los animales que presentan lesiones provocadas por este tipo de proyectiles puede variar de forma considerable, dependiendo de la localización de las lesión y de la extensión de los daños provocados. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir los síntomas neurológicos, las alteraciones radiográficas y las resultados de la cirugía de cinco felinos que fueron diagnosticados con trauma vertebro-medular provocado por balines de aire comprimido, dada la baja prevalencia de este tipo de eventos en gatos.

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The capacity to regenerate the spinal cord after an injury is a coveted trait that only a limited group of nonmammalian organisms can achieve. In Xenopus laevis, this capacity is only present during larval or tadpole stages, but is absent during postmetamorphic frog stages. This provides an excellent model for comparative studies between a regenerative and a nonregenerative stage to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain this difference in regenerative potential. Here, we used iTRAQ chemistry to obtain a quantitative proteome of the spinal cord 1 day after a transection injury in regenerative and nonregenerative stage animals, and used sham operated animals as controls. We quantified a total of 6,384 proteins, with 172 showing significant differential expression in the regenerative stage and 240 in the nonregenerative stage, with an overlap of only 14 proteins. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that although the regenerative stage downregulated synapse/vesicle and mitochondrial proteins, the nonregenerative stage upregulated lipid metabolism proteins, and downregulated ribosomal and translation control proteins. Furthermore, STRING network analysis showed that proteins belonging to these groups are highly interconnected, providing interesting candidates for future functional studies. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD006993.

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