RESUMO
AIM: Analysis of male infertility by molecular methods has increased since recognition of genetic risk factors. The AZFa, AZFb, AZFc, and gr/gr regions on the Y-chromosome can cause male infertility. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Y-chromosome microdeletions in these regions in infertile Mexican patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We recruited 57 infertile patients with abnormal sperm count (26 azoospermic and 31 oligozoospermic) and 55 individuals with normal sperm count. Analysis of the regions of interest was performed by PCR. RESULTS: 15.8% of infertile patients presented Y-chromosome microdeletions, whereas no deletions were found in the control group. Deletions were observed in all the analyzed regions except in AZFa. Additionally, the neural network model revealed a mild genotype-phenotype correlation between deletion of the sY1191, sY1291 and sY254 markers with oligozoospermia, azoospermia and cryptozoospermia, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that AZFb, AZFc, and gr/gr microdeletions are significantly associated with infertility in Mexican population. In addition, the neural network model revealed a discrete genotype-phenotype correlation between specific deletions and a particular abnormality. Our results reinforce the importance of the analysis of AZF regions as part of the clinical approach of infertile men.
OBJETIVO: La utilización de técnicas moleculares para estudiar la infertilidad masculina se ha incrementado desde el reconocimiento de factores genéticos. Las regiones AZFa, AZFb, AZFc, y gr/gr del cromosoma Y son causa de infertilidad masculina. El objetvo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de microdeleciones en estas regiones en pacientes infértiles Mexicanos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Reclutamos 57 pacientes infértiles con cuentas espermáticas anormales (26 con azoospermia y 31 con oligozoospermia) y 55 individuos con cuentas espermáticas normales. El análisis de las regiones se realizó mediante PCR. RESULTADOS: 15.8% de los pacientes infértiles presentó microdeleciones, no se encontraron microdeleciones en el grupo control. Las microdeleciones fueron observadas en todas las regiones excepto en AZFa. Adicionalmente, el modelo de red neuronal reveló una leve correlación genotipo-fenotipo entre microdeleciones de los marcadores sY1191, Sy1291 y sY254 con oligozoospermia, azoospermia y criptozoospermia, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros datos muestran que las microdeleciones en AZFb, AZFc, y gr/gr se asocian significativamente con infertilidad en la población Mexicana. Además, el modelo de red neuronal reveló una discreta correlación genotipo-genotipo entre microdeleciones específicas con una anormalidad en particular. Nuestros resultados refuerzan la importancia del análisis de las regiones AZF en el abordaje de la infertilidad masculina.
Assuntos
Azoospermia , Infertilidade Masculina , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual , Azoospermia/epidemiologia , Azoospermia/genética , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/epidemiologia , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Masculino , Redes Neurais de Computação , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Tectocerebellar dysraphia (TCD) is a rare sporadic malformation associated with severe neurodevelopmental morbidity and high infant mortality. The presence of other ciliopathies worsens the prognosis. Joubert syndrome (JS) is a ciliopathy associated with gene mutations, consisting of midbrain and cerebellum malformations, markedly lack fiber decussation at the level of the pontomesencephalic junction. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a child who was born term with occipital encephalocele (OE), diagnosed with TCD and JS spectrum through computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), diffuse tensor imaging (DTI), and clinical findings. She had the OE surgically corrected after spontaneous rupture on the second day after delivery. She developed postoperative ventriculitis, meningitis, and hydrocephalus, successfully treated with intravenous antibiotics and cysto-ventriculostomy, cysto-cisternostomy, third ventriculostomy, and choroid plexus coagulation. G-band karyotyping showed 47, XXX, in all analyzed cells (trisomy X). The infant was followed up for 18 months, presenting, so far, a relatively good outcome. CONCLUSION: This is the first case reported in the literature of the association of TCD/OE/JS spectrum (JSS) with trisomy X (XXX).
Assuntos
Encefalocele , Doenças Renais Císticas , Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Cromossomos Humanos X , Encefalocele/complicações , Encefalocele/diagnóstico por imagem , Encefalocele/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual , TrissomiaRESUMO
Y chromosome anomalies are closely associated with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), a major etiology in male infertility. Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and Y chromosome microdeletions are some of the well-identified genetic defects in this regard, while Y chromosome aneuploidies have been reported to be susceptive. We report the rare case of a patient presenting with three complex genetic defects: mosaic Y chromosome aneuploidy; loss of the heterochromatin region in the q arm of the Y chromosome (Yqh-); and azoospermia factor C subregion (AZFc) microdeletion. The patient reported he had been subfertile for five years. Semen analysis confirmed total azoospermia along with an unaffected hormonal profile for serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin levels. Since the microdeletion analysis of azoospermia factor (AZF) region revealed the presence of three microdeletions in the AZFc region, the patient was offered intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) upon the retrieval of sperm by testicular sperm extraction (TESE) as the best possible assisted reproductive treatment (ART) option. It was further suggested to carry out pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS) in order to facilitate the transfer of only female embryos, thus preventing the dissemination of Y chromosomal anomalies.
Assuntos
Azoospermia/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Azoospermia/sangue , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Prolactina/sangue , Análise do Sêmen , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/sangueRESUMO
Aims: To explore the feasibility of detecting sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) by means of gene copy number quantification of short stature homeobox (SHOX), vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 (VAMP7), and SRY in newborns. Materials and Methods: Gene doses of SHOX, VAMP7, and SRY were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using DNA obtained from dried blood samples from newborns. Relative quantification values were obtained. An aneuploidy profile was established according to cutoff values. Samples with ≥2 gene doses (out of range) were reanalyzed, and those with aneuploidy profiles were confirmed by karyotyping. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were obtained. Results: A total of 10,033 samples were collected (4945 females and 5088 males). Of 244 (2.43%) samples with ≥2 gene doses that were retested, 20 cases were confirmed. The overall incidence of SCAs was 1 in 500 live newborns. There were six cases of Turner syndrome (1/824), 3 cases of XXX (1/1648), 7 cases of Klinefelter syndrome (1/726), and 4 cases of of XYY (1/1272). The sensitivity was 0.952 (95.42%); the specificity was 0.975 (97.56%); the positive predictive value was 0.909 (90.91%) and the negative predictive value was 0.987 (98.77%). Conclusions: Gene copy number analyses of the VAMP7, SHOX, and SRY genes by qPCR from blood samples spotted onto filter paper is a highly reliable method for the early detection of male and female SCAs.
Assuntos
Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Aneuploidia , Cromossomos Humanos X , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA/genética , Feminino , Dosagem de Genes , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Cariotipagem/métodos , Síndrome de Klinefelter/diagnóstico , Masculino , México , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Proteínas R-SNARE/genética , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Cromossomos Sexuais/genética , Proteína da Região Y Determinante do Sexo/genética , Proteína de Homoeobox de Baixa Estatura/genética , Trissomia/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Turner/diagnósticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Worldwide publications follow the gold standard method-the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-for detecting Y-chromosome microdeletions; however, markers are frequently variable between the studies. Can we detect the deletions by another molecular method with more genomic coverage? The Y chromosome harbors several different genes responsible for testicular development and spermatogenesis, and its repetitive conformation predisposes it to complex rearrangements that have clinical impact. Our aim was to evaluate a molecular diagnostic method, the Multiplex Ligand Probe-dependent Amplification (MLPA), which is also a valuable ancillary method for the identification of deletions, duplications, and rearrangements in a single and faster reaction, leading to a better comprehension of patients' phenotypes, and should be considered a useful tool for detection of Y chromosome deletions. METHODS: This is a study of diagnostic accuracy (transversal prospective study) conducted to investigate Y-chromosome deletions in 84 individuals through PCR and MLPA methods. Forty-three infertile men (azoospermic and oligozoospermic) and 41 controls (40 fertile men and 1 normal karyotyped woman) were analyzed by PCR and MLPA techniques. RESULTS: We diagnosed seven (7) deletions (16.2%) by PCR and 9 with MLPA (21%). In addition, we found five (5) duplications and a suggestive mosaic. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that MLPA technique is valuable in the investigation of microdeletions and microduplications. Besides deletions, duplications can cause instability of chromosome genes, possibly leading to infertility. Both studied techniques provide an advantageous diagnostic strategy, thus enabling a better genetic counseling.
Assuntos
Infertilidade Masculina/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Oligospermia/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Azoospermia/diagnóstico , Azoospermia/epidemiologia , Azoospermia/genética , Azoospermia/patologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/epidemiologia , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oligospermia/epidemiologia , Oligospermia/genética , Oligospermia/patologia , Fenótipo , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/patologia , Espermatogênese/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The mosaic 45,X/46,XY karyotype is a common sex chromosomal abnormality in infertile men. Males with this mosaic karyotype can benefit from assisted reproductive therapies, but the transmitted abnormalities contain 45,X aneuploidy as well as Y chromosome microdeletions. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics of infertile men diagnosed with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism in China. Of the 734 infertile men found to carry chromosomal abnormalities, 14 patients were carriers of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism or its variants, giving a prevalence of 0.27% (14/5269) and accounting for 1.91% (14/734) of patients with a chromosomal abnormality. There were ten cases (71.43%, 10/14) of 45,X mosaicism exhibiting AZF microdeletions. Case 1 and Case 4 had AZFc deletions, and the other eight cases had AZFb+c deletions. A high frequency of Y chromosome microdeletions were detected in male patients with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis should be offered to men having intracytoplasmic sperm injection for hypospermatogenesis caused by 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, to avoid the risk of transfering AZF microdeletions in addition to X monosomy in male offspring.
Assuntos
Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Mosaicismo , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Adulto , China , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Humanos , Cariotipagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Aberrações dos Cromossomos SexuaisRESUMO
The mosaic 45,X/46,XY karyotype is a common sex chromosomal abnormality in infertile men. Males with this mosaic karyotype can benefit from assisted reproductive therapies, but the transmitted abnormalities contain 45,X aneuploidy as well as Y chromosome microdeletions. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics of infertile men diagnosed with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism in China. Of the 734 infertile men found to carry chromosomal abnormalities, 14 patients were carriers of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism or its variants, giving a prevalence of 0.27% (14/5269) and accounting for 1.91% (14/734) of patients with a chromosomal abnormality. There were ten cases (71.43%, 10/14) of 45,X mosaicism exhibiting AZF microdeletions. Case 1 and Case 4 had AZFc deletions, and the other eight cases had AZFb+c deletions. A high frequency of Y chromosome microdeletions were detected in male patients with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis should be offered to men having intracytoplasmic sperm injection for hypospermatogenesis caused by 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, to avoid the risk of transfering AZF microdeletions in addition to X monosomy in male offspring.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Mosaicismo , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , China , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , CariotipagemRESUMO
In most cases, male sexual differentiation occurs with SRY gene mediation. However, exceptional genotypes have been identified, as shown in this paper. This was a male adult patient seen at the Servicio de Paternidades, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. The following procedures were carried out: Amelogenin gene and short tandem repeat analyses using human identification commercial kits, conventional karyotype, SRY fluorescent in situ hybridization, PCR analysis for Y chromosome microdeletions, clinical evaluation, and genetic counseling. We present an adult male with unambiguous genitalia, karyotype 46,XX, and an SRY negative and ZFY positive molecular profile. The diagnosis of nonsyndromic 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development (DSD) -a rare genetic condition- was established. Only 20 % of similarly diagnosed patients are SRY negative and exhibit diverse molecular profiles. Until now, available evidence seems to indicate that, even in the absence of SRY, the ZFY factor is involved in male sexual differentiation.
En la mayoría de los casos, la diferenciación sexual masculina ocurre con la participación del gen SRY. Sin embargo, se pueden presentar otros genotipos excepcionales, como en el caso que se presenta en este reporte. Se trata de un paciente adulto de sexo masculino atendido en el Servicio de Paternidades del Instituto de Genética de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se le hicieron los análisis del gen de la amelogenina y de repeticiones cortas en tándem (Short Tandem Repeat, STR) específicas para el gen SRY con estuches comerciales de identificación humana, así como los de cariotipo convencional e hibridación in situ fluorescente del SRY, y el estudio de microdeleciones del cromosoma Y mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Se le hizo la evaluación clínica y se le brindó asesoramiento genético. El paciente no presentaba ambigüedad genital, su cariotipo era 46 XX, y el perfil molecular era negativo para el gen SRY y positivo para el ZFY. Se le diagnosticó un trastorno de diferenciación sexual 46 XX testicular no sindrómico, una rara condición genética. Solo el 20 % de los pacientes con este diagnóstico son negativos para SRY y exhiben perfiles moleculares diversos. La información disponible parece indicar que el ZFY está relacionado con la diferenciación sexual masculina, aún en ausencia del gen SRY.
Assuntos
Transtornos 46, XX do Desenvolvimento Sexual/diagnóstico , Transtornos 46, XX do Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Genes sry , Genitália Masculina/anatomia & histologia , Adulto , Amelogenina/análise , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Eletroforese Capilar , Genótipo , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Infertilidade Masculina/diagnóstico , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Cariotipagem , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/análise , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/genética , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Linhagem , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genéticaRESUMO
Tall stature is defined as a height of more than 2 standard deviations (s.d.) above average for same sex and age. Tall individuals are usually referred to endocrinologists so that hormonal disorders leading to abnormal growth are excluded. However, the majority of these patients have familial tall stature or constitutional advance of growth (generally associated with obesity), both of which are diagnoses of exclusion. It is necessary to have familiarity with a large number of rarer overgrowth syndromes, especially because some of them may have severe complications such as aortic aneurysm, thromboembolism and tumor predisposition and demand-specific follow-up approaches. Additionally, endocrine disorders associated with tall stature have specific treatments and for this reason their recognition is mandatory. With this review, we intend to provide an up-to-date summary of the genetic conditions associated with overgrowth to emphasize a practical diagnostic approach of patients with tall stature and to discuss the limitations of current growth interruption treatment options.
Assuntos
Estatura , Transtornos do Crescimento/diagnóstico , Acromegalia/diagnóstico , Acromegalia/metabolismo , Acromegalia/terapia , Síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann/complicações , Síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann/diagnóstico , Cromossomos Humanos X/genética , Gerenciamento Clínico , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/complicações , Transtornos do Crescimento/etiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/genética , Transtornos do Crescimento/terapia , Lâmina de Crescimento/cirurgia , Homocistinúria/complicações , Homocistinúria/diagnóstico , Homocistinúria/genética , Humanos , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Síndrome de Klinefelter/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Klinefelter/genética , Síndrome de Marfan/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Marfan/genética , Obesidade/complicações , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Síndrome de Sotos/complicações , Síndrome de Sotos/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Sotos/genética , Tireotoxicose/complicações , Trissomia/diagnóstico , Trissomia/genéticaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the incidence of Y-chromosome microdeletions in individuals born from vasectomized fathers who underwent vasectomy reversal or in vitro fertilization with sperm retrieval by epididymal aspiration (percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration). Methods A case-control study comprising male children of couples in which the man had been previously vasectomized and chose vasectomy reversal (n=31) or in vitro fertilization with sperm retrieval by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (n=30) to conceive new children, and a Control Group of male children of fertile men who had programmed vasectomies (n=60). Y-chromosome microdeletions research was performed by polymerase chain reaction on fathers and children, evaluating 20 regions of the chromosome. Results The results showed no Y-chromosome microdeletions in any of the studied subjects. The incidence of Y-chromosome microdeletions in individuals born from vasectomized fathers who underwent vasectomy reversal or in vitro fertilization with spermatozoa recovered by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration did not differ between the groups, and there was no difference between control subjects born from natural pregnancies or population incidence in fertile men. Conclusion We found no association considering microdeletions in the azoospermia factor region of the Y chromosome and assisted reproduction. We also found no correlation between these Y-chromosome microdeletions and vasectomies, which suggests that the assisted reproduction techniques do not increase the incidence of Y-chromosome microdeletions.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a incidência de microdeleções do cromossomo Y em indivíduos nascidos de pais vasectomizados submetidos à reversão de vasectomia ou fertilização in vitro com recuperação de espermatozoides por aspiração do epidídimo (aspiração percutânea de espermatozoides do epidídimo). Métodos Estudo caso-controle que compreende crianças do sexo masculino de casais em que o homem havia sido previamente vasectomizado e escolheu reversão da vasectomia (n=31) ou fertilização in vitro com recuperação espermática por aspiração percutânea de espermatozoides do epidídimo (n=30) para obtenção de novos filhos, e um Grupo Controle de crianças do sexo masculino de homens férteis com vasectomia programada (n=60). A pesquisa de microdeleções do cromossomo Y foi realizada por reação em cadeia da polimerase nos pais e filhos, avaliando 20 regiões do cromossomo. Resultados O resultado não revelou microdeleções do cromossomo Y em qualquer indivíduo estudado. A incidência de microdeleções do cromossomo Y em indivíduos nascidos de pais vasectomizados que sofreram reversão de vasectomia ou fertilização in vitro com espermatozoides recuperados pela aspiração percutânea de espermatozoides do epidídimo não diferiu entre os grupos, e não houve nenhuma diferença entre indivíduos controle nascidos de gestações naturais ou incidência populacional em homens férteis. Conclusão Não foi encontrada nenhuma associação considerando microdeleções da região do fator de azoospermia no cromossomo Y e reprodução assistida. Não houve correlação entre microdeleções do cromossomo Y e vasectomia, o que sugere que as técnicas de reprodução assistida não aumentam a incidência de microdeleções do cromossomo Y.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Vasovasostomia/efeitos adversos , Fertilização in vitro , Recuperação Espermática , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/epidemiologia , Infertilidade Masculina/epidemiologia , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Incidência , Deleção Cromossômica , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Azoospermia/genética , Pai , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genéticaRESUMO
Dyszoospermia due to genetic factors is the leading cause of male infertility. To explore the correlation between azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletion of the Y chromosome and male infertility, we evaluated AZF microdeletion on the long arm of the Y chromosome in 166 infertile males and 50 fertile males using multiplex polymerase chain reactions amplification and gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrated that 28 individuals had varying degrees of microdeletion in the AZF region (16.90%); 12 out of the 76 males with azoospermia and 16 out of the 90 males with oligospermia had AZF microdeletion. AZF microdeletion was not observed in any of the healthy controls. In addition, 53.60% of the AZF microdeletions occurred in the AZFc region. It can be concluded that AZF microdeletion on the long arm of the Y chromosome can result in male spermatogenesis dysfunction. Detection of AZF microdeletion can provide a theoretical basis for genetic counseling, as well as improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Espermatogênese/genética , Adulto , Azoospermia/genética , Deleção Cromossômica , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/patologia , Masculino , Oligospermia/genética , Oligospermia/patologia , Deleção de Sequência/genética , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of Y-chromosome microdeletions in individuals born from vasectomized fathers who underwent vasectomy reversal or in vitro fertilization with sperm retrieval by epididymal aspiration (percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration). METHODS: A case-control study comprising male children of couples in which the man had been previously vasectomized and chose vasectomy reversal (n=31) or in vitro fertilization with sperm retrieval by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (n=30) to conceive new children, and a Control Group of male children of fertile men who had programmed vasectomies (n=60). Y-chromosome microdeletions research was performed by polymerase chain reaction on fathers and children, evaluating 20 regions of the chromosome. RESULTS: The results showed no Y-chromosome microdeletions in any of the studied subjects. The incidence of Y-chromosome microdeletions in individuals born from vasectomized fathers who underwent vasectomy reversal or in vitro fertilization with spermatozoa recovered by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration did not differ between the groups, and there was no difference between control subjects born from natural pregnancies or population incidence in fertile men. CONCLUSION: We found no association considering microdeletions in the azoospermia factor region of the Y chromosome and assisted reproduction. We also found no correlation between these Y-chromosome microdeletions and vasectomies, which suggests that the assisted reproduction techniques do not increase the incidence of Y-chromosome microdeletions. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de microdeleções do cromossomo Y em indivíduos nascidos de pais vasectomizados submetidos à reversão de vasectomia ou fertilização in vitro com recuperação de espermatozoides por aspiração do epidídimo (aspiração percutânea de espermatozoides do epidídimo). MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle que compreende crianças do sexo masculino de casais em que o homem havia sido previamente vasectomizado e escolheu reversão da vasectomia (n=31) ou fertilização in vitro com recuperação espermática por aspiração percutânea de espermatozoides do epidídimo (n=30) para obtenção de novos filhos, e um Grupo Controle de crianças do sexo masculino de homens férteis com vasectomia programada (n=60). A pesquisa de microdeleções do cromossomo Y foi realizada por reação em cadeia da polimerase nos pais e filhos, avaliando 20 regiões do cromossomo. RESULTADOS: O resultado não revelou microdeleções do cromossomo Y em qualquer indivíduo estudado. A incidência de microdeleções do cromossomo Y em indivíduos nascidos de pais vasectomizados que sofreram reversão de vasectomia ou fertilização in vitro com espermatozoides recuperados pela aspiração percutânea de espermatozoides do epidídimo não diferiu entre os grupos, e não houve nenhuma diferença entre indivíduos controle nascidos de gestações naturais ou incidência populacional em homens férteis. CONCLUSÃO: Não foi encontrada nenhuma associação considerando microdeleções da região do fator de azoospermia no cromossomo Y e reprodução assistida. Não houve correlação entre microdeleções do cromossomo Y e vasectomia, o que sugere que as técnicas de reprodução assistida não aumentam a incidência de microdeleções do cromossomo Y.
Assuntos
Fertilização in vitro , Infertilidade Masculina/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/epidemiologia , Recuperação Espermática , Vasovasostomia/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Azoospermia/genética , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Pai , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Injeções de Esperma IntracitoplásmicasRESUMO
We investigated azoospermia region microdeletions in male infertility patients with Klinefelter syndrome (KFS), as well as the association between azoospermia symptoms in patients with KFS and Y chromosome microdeletion polymorphisms. A total of 111 cases with male infertility confirmed to have KFS (47, XXY) and 94 fertile men were included in this study. Peripheral blood was drawn and DNA was extracted from these samples. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was performed to screen the partial deletions of 25 sequence-tagged sites on the Y chromosome. In 111 cases with KFS, 1 case contained the AZFb+d+c deletion. The Gr/Gr deletion was identified in 12 KFS cases and 5 control cases. In addition, the b2/b3 deletion was identified in 13 KFS cases and 6 control cases. There were no significant differences in phenotype and genotype of the 2 partial AZFc deletions between patients and controls (P > 0.05). Our results suggest that patients with KFS may also have Y chromosome microdeletions to varying degrees and that the gr/gr deletion and b2/b3 deletion may not play a role in the susceptible genetic background of azoospermia in patients with KFS in the Sichuan population.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Klinefelter/genética , Proteínas de Plasma Seminal/genética , Azoospermia/genética , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Deleção de Genes , Loci Gênicos/genética , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Masculino , Fenótipo , Sitios de Sequências Rotuladas , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genéticaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between chromosomal polymorphisms and male infertility. The patients were diagnosed with azoospermia or oligospermiaby a semen analysis. Chromosomal analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from the patients, with standard G-banding and C-banding. Y chromosome microdeletions were detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The parents of 35 polymorphic probands were also subjected to chromosomal analysis, and their detailed reproductive histories were surveyed. The frequency of autosomal polymorphisms did not differ significantly among the infertile patients and fertile control individuals. The frequency of the Yqh-variant increased with the decrease in sperm count; this appeared at a significantly higher frequency in the azoospermia group (57.2 vs 24.3 vs 0%). The results of PCR amplification indicated that 32.14% of the patients with Yqh ± had microdeletions in the Y chromosome. The parents of the probands with the same chromosomal polymorphisms as the probands (among the 35 recalled families) did not show any adverse reproductive history. We observed no significant correlations between autosomal polymorphisms and male infertility. However, we observed a significant increase in the frequency of Yqh- in the azoospermic patients. This may be attributed to Y chromosome microdeletions, although the association between Y chromosome microdeletions and Y chromosome variants remains to be elucidated.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Azoospermia/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/diagnóstico , Infertilidade Masculina/epidemiologia , Cariótipo , Masculino , Oligospermia/genética , Linhagem , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/epidemiologia , Contagem de EspermatozoidesRESUMO
Male infertility is mostly caused by spermatogenic failure. Currently, routine genetic analyses of unexplained azoospermia or oligozoospermia are limited to the investigation of Y chromosomal microdeletions and chromosome karyotype analyses. The aim of this study was to find spermatogenic failure genes in patients with chromosomal abnormalities and unexplained azoospermia caused by copy number variations in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research. Spermatogenic failure patients consisting of 13 males with chromosomal abnormalities and 20 with unexplained azoospermia were enrolled. The subjects underwent high-throughput genome-wide sequencing to find copy number variants (CNVs), and the results were analyzed using the Database of Genomic Variants, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, and PubMed. The results showed that 16 CNVs were detected in 11 patients with chromosome abnormalities, and 26 CNVs were found in 16 males with azoospermia. Our data showed CNV-involved loci including: three times on 11p11.12 and 14q11.2 and twice on 6p21.32, 13q11, 15q11.11, 16p12.2, and 21q22.3. Some CNVs may involve changes in genetic structure and function or gene mutations, which may affect gene expression in testicular tissues and lead to spermatogenic failure. The involved genes include EDDM3A, EDDM3B, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, POTE B, GOLGA8C, DNMT3L, ALF, NPHP1, NRG1, RID2, ADAMTS20, TWF1, COX10, MAK, and DNEL1. By applying high throughput genome-wide sequencing to determine CNVs, we provide a number of candidate genes possibly contributing to spermatogenic failure.
Assuntos
Azoospermia/genética , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Espermatogênese/genética , Adulto , Azoospermia/diagnóstico , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y , Estudos de Associação Genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/diagnóstico , Masculino , Fenótipo , Análise do Sêmen , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Y chromosomal microdeletions at the azoospermia factor locus and chromosome abnormalities have been implicated as the major causes of idiopathic male infertility. A marker chromosome is a structurally abnormal chromosome in which no part can be identified by cytogenetics. In this study, to identify the origin of the marker chromosomes and to perform a genetic diagnosis of patients with azoospermia, two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were carried out. The marker chromosomes for the two patients with azoospermia originated in the Y chromosome; it was ascertained that the karyotype of both patients was 46,X, ish del(Y)(q11)(DYZ3+, DXZ1-). The combination of two-color FISH and PCR techniques is an important method for the identification of the origin of marker chromosomes. Thus, genetic counseling and a clear genetic diagnosis of patients with azoospermia before intracytoplasmic sperm injection or other clinical managements are important.
Assuntos
Azoospermia/diagnóstico , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/diagnóstico , Azoospermia/genética , Azoospermia/patologia , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina , Cariótipo , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/patologiaRESUMO
Trisomic X is a sex chromosomal abnormality that may be presented in mosaic. This is not extremely rare, the majority of cases go undiagnosed. The prevalence has been established to 1/1000 females. It is clinically characterized by tall stature, microcephaly, hypertelorism, congenital abnormalities, and motor and language delays. The association between the trisomic X and gastrointestinal malformations is extremely rare. We report a case of mosaic trisomic X with gastric obstruction expanding the clinical spectrum of this entity and emphasizing its unknown pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Gastroenteropatias/genética , Obstrução Intestinal/genética , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/complicações , Pré-Escolar , Cromossomos Humanos X/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Trissomia/genéticaRESUMO
The prevalence of Y chromosome microdeletions among azoospermic, severe oligozoospermic, moderate oligozoospermic, and mild oligozoospermic patients with varicocele-related and idiopathic infertility shows conflicting data in Asian countries. We aimed to detect this frequency in Northeast China, and investigated spermatogenic defects whether associated with varicocele or Y chromosome microdeletions. All samples underwent a thorough physical examination, semen analysis, and PCR analyses for Y chromosome microdeletions. We randomly selected 150 infertile non-obstructive azoospermic patients with left varicocele (Group 1), 150 idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermic infertility patients (Group 2), 150 infertile severe oligozoospermic patients with left varicocele (Group 3), 150 idiopathic severe oligozoospermic infertility patients (Group 4), 150 infertile moderate oligozoospermic patients with left varicocele (Group 5), 150 idiopathic moderate oligozoospermic infertility patients (Group 6), 150 infertile mild oligozoospermic patients with left varicocele (Group 7), 150 idiopathic mild oligozoospermic infertility patients (Group 8), and 60 healthy unrelated men with proven fertility were recruited as control subjects (Group 9). We observed that our samples from Northeastern China had a higher frequency of microdeletions among the non-obstructive azoospermic individuals with varicocele, as compared with other Asian countries. Furthermore, the spermatogenic defect is due to the underlying Y chromosome microdeletion, and not the varicocele itself. Although varicocele is not the cause of male infertility, it may be associated with male infertility in the Northeastern Chinese population.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Varicocele/genética , Adulto , Azoospermia/genética , Azoospermia/patologia , China , Deleção Cromossômica , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oligospermia/genética , Oligospermia/patologia , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/patologia , Espermatogênese/genética , Varicocele/complicações , Varicocele/patologiaRESUMO
Y chromosome microdeletions can cause male infertility and are classified as natural transmission and de novo mutations. To examine the source of these deletions in Chinese men and to provide a theoretical and laboratory basis for genetic counseling, patients from Northeast China with primary male infertility (N = 22) and their fathers were investigated. Karyotype analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes using standard G-banding. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification using 18 specific sequence-tagged sites was selected to detect Y chromosome microdeletions. De novo mutations were observed in 17 father-son pairs, leading to a mutation rate of 77.27% (17/22), while the vertical transmission of Yq AZFc microdeletions was detected in 5 cases of the families investigated (29.41%, 5/17). There were no statistically significant differences between vertically transmitted and de novo mutations in men with AZFc deletions regarding age, testicular volume, and reproductive hormone levels. Most Y chromosome microdeletions in men from Northeast China are the result of de novo mutations via natural conception, and men with Yq AZFc deletions showed no clear differences between vertical transmission and de novo mutations.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , China , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Deleção de Genes , Humanos , Cariótipo , Cariotipagem , Masculino , Linhagem , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Sitios de Sequências Rotuladas , Aberrações dos Cromossomos SexuaisRESUMO
Triple X syndrome (47,XXX) is a numerical chromosomal alteration that affects 1/1,000 women, in which the woman is born with an extra X chromosome. Some oral changes have been reported in the literature, as hypodontia, influence on deposition of crown enamel and discrepancies in cephalometric measurements. Other systemic complications may lead to oral abnormalities similar to those seen in triple X patients, such as congenital hypothyroidism (CH). This paper reports a triple X syndrome case associated with CH later treated. Besides delay in cognitive and intellectual development, the patient had changes in teeth development and in cephalometric measurements with deficiencies in the maxilla and mandible. This is the first report of a triple X syndrome associated with CH. Both conditions may result in changes in dentofacial development.