RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Illegal drug use and trafficking are closely connected to crime. This article estimates the socioeconomic impact of this connection in Chile. METHODS: Goldstein's tripartite model was applied quantifying drug-crime connections and then using those estimates to measure the socioeconomic impact of drug-related crimes. This was estimated in terms of both the monetary cost of law enforcement, and lost productivity due to incarceration. This socioeconomic impact can be divided into: (a) the direct costs arising from infractions to Chile's Drug Law, and the indirect costs originated by crimes linked only partially to drug consumption and trafficking; (b) is measured in productivity losses, as well as in costs to the three branches of Chile's criminal justice system (police, judiciary, and prisons); and (c) is attributed to the three illicit drugs most prevalent in Chile: cannabis, cocaine hydrochloride (CH) and cocaine base paste (CBP). RESULTS: The socioeconomic impact of Chile's drug-crime relationship in 2006 is estimated to be USD 268 million. Out of this amount, 36% is spent on national Drug Law enforcement, and the remaining 64% comes from the connection of drug use and trafficking with non-Drug-Law-related crimes. The police bear the largest share of drug enforcement costs (32%), followed by penitentiaries (25%). Productivity losses due to incarceration for drug-related crimes represent 29% of the total impact. 53% of the costs are attributable to CBP, 29% to CH, and the remaining 18% to cannabis. The impact of CBP is greater when indirect costs are taken into account, although direct costs are primarily associated with CH. CONCLUSION: The majority of costs is attributed to the trafficking and consumption of CBP, a drug with a relatively low prevalence. Based on the results, this study suggests reviewing drug enforcement policies to differentiate them according to the social and individual harm caused by each drug.
Assuntos
Comércio/economia , Crime/economia , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/economia , Drogas Ilícitas/economia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/economia , Meios de Transporte/economia , Cannabis , Chile , Cocaína/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/economia , Comércio/legislação & jurisprudência , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Crime/prevenção & controle , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/legislação & jurisprudência , Eficiência , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/legislação & jurisprudência , Aplicação da Lei , Abuso de Maconha/economia , Fumar Maconha/economia , Fumar Maconha/legislação & jurisprudência , Modelos Econômicos , Prisões/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/reabilitação , Meios de Transporte/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Health care costs of the offspring of mothers addicted to cocaine are three times higher than those of children not exposed to cocaine during gestation. AIM: To calculate the health care costs of the offspring of addict mothers that consumed cocaine during gestation. To verify the diseases or health conditions in these children, that generated the expenses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred offspring of addict women consuming cocaine base paste were studied. The health care expenses generated by hospital admissions and ambulatory follow up were calculated. Expenses were expressed in Chilean pesos, according to the value at June, 2000. The fares of the South Orient Metropolitan Health Service were used as a reference. RESULTS: Twenty four of the 100 children were lost from follow up. Among the 76 followed children, 48 were admitted to hospitals in 2.3 (range 1.2) occasions. Mean hospital stay was 21.7 days (range 1-186) and hospital mortality was 4%. Mean expense per hospital discharge was $1,556,098 and per patient was $3,457,995. The monthly expenses per children during ambulatory follow up were $120,372 that increased to $395,200 if family placing was added. CONCLUSIONS: These figures confirm that health care expenses of cocaine addicts offspring are more than three times the cost of a normal child. Primary and secondary prevention of cocaine addiction is urgently needed.
Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/economia , Gastos em Saúde , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Adolescente , Adulto , Assistência Ambulatorial/economia , Peso ao Nascer , Filho de Pais com Deficiência , Feminino , Seguimentos , Custos Hospitalares , Hospitalização/economia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/economia , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/induzido quimicamente , Complicações na Gravidez/economiaRESUMO
The characteristics of coca products use in São Paulo, Brazil during the years of 1994 and 1999 were investigated through interviews with 26 key informants (KIs; persons with knowledge of coca product users) in each of these years. The following information was yielded by the KIs: (1) there has been a large increase in coca products use in São Paulo from 1994 to 1999; concomitantly, there has been a decrease of hydrochloride use; (2) the increase has occurred due to the dissemination of crack which became cheap and easily available; (3) reasons for crack use changed greatly: in 1994, use was attributed mostly to pleasurable sensations produced by smoking; in 1999, use was intended to overcome compulsion/dependence or to put up with frustration/family conflicts; (4) crack users in 1999 came from practically all social classes of São Paulo; (5) use of alcohol and/or marijuana to cut down the anxiety and excitement produced by crack increased from 1994 to 1999; (6) even when police repression of traffic was effective, which rarely occurred, it affected only the price of coca products; (7) treatment services available were considered insufficient both in number and quality, and were run by ill-trained health professionals (this situation deteriorated even more in 1999); (8) many KIs heavily criticized the prevention programs because of the use of "scare techniques"; and (9) all KIs in 1999 believed that, unless the government changes its policy toward the drug problem, the situation would become worse in the next few years.
Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/epidemiologia , Entrevistas como Assunto , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Coca , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pós , Fatores SocioeconômicosAssuntos
Redes Comunitárias , Indústria Farmacêutica , Governo , Drogas Ilícitas , Saúde Pública , Condições Sociais , Brasil/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/história , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/psicologia , Redes Comunitárias/economia , Redes Comunitárias/história , Redes Comunitárias/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria Farmacêutica/economia , Indústria Farmacêutica/educação , Indústria Farmacêutica/história , Indústria Farmacêutica/legislação & jurisprudência , Governo/história , História do Século XX , Drogas Ilícitas/economia , Drogas Ilícitas/história , Drogas Ilícitas/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , População Rural/história , Comportamento Social , Classe Social , Condições Sociais/economia , Condições Sociais/história , Condições Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Seguridade Social/economia , Seguridade Social/etnologia , Seguridade Social/história , Seguridade Social/legislação & jurisprudência , Seguridade Social/psicologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/história , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologiaRESUMO
Este trabajo expone algunos de los hilos centrales de la relación de hoja de coca para la fabricación de cocaina y el aceleramiento de deterioro ecólogico de las zonas de colonización y de su medio ambiente.Pondremos especial atención o inhiben posibles acciones para enfrentar este problema,ya sea disminuyendo tales impactos o magnficandolos,por razones provenientes del contexto de "guerra" decretada a la produccion de cocaina desde el resto del mundo hacia paises como Perú,Bolivia y Colombia.
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Coca/toxicidade , Cocaína , Cocaína/economia , Cocaína/toxicidade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/economia , BolíviaRESUMO
Este trabajo expone algunos de los hilos centrales de la relación de hoja de coca para la fabricación de cocaina y el aceleramiento de deterioro ecólogico de las zonas de colonización y de su medio ambiente.Pondremos especial atención o inhiben posibles acciones para enfrentar este problema,ya sea disminuyendo tales impactos o magnficandolos,por razones provenientes del contexto de "guerra" decretada a la produccion de cocaina desde el resto del mundo hacia paises como Perú,Bolivia y Colombia.