Assuntos
Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Uruguai , Bioética , Inquéritos e Questionários , Ética MédicaRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a relação do testamento vital com os aspectos bioéticos, a atuação profissional e a autonomia do paciente. Método Trata-se de uma reflexão teórica, realizada a partir de busca nos bancos de dados, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Pubmed e Scielo utilizando os vocábulos "testamento vital", "direito do paciente", "bioética", "autonomia pessoal" e "profissional de saúde", e os respectivos termos na língua inglesa. A partir da leitura dos resumos encontrados foram selecionados aqueles que atendiam ao objetivo proposto e localizados os textos completos, os quais foram lidos criticamente, para subsidiar essa reflexão. Resultados As análises trazem reflexões da bioética aplicada às questões de Finitude da vida, o conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde quanto os direitos do paciente em doença terminal, bem como a autonomia do paciente quanto aos seus direitos previsto pelo testamento vital. Conclusão O "Testamento Vital" ainda é um termo pouco conhecido, mas precisa de uma maior divulgação e conhecimento entre os profissionais de saúde e a população, pois o mesmo diz respeito à legitimação de um direito do paciente, em momento crucial de sua existência humana.(AU)
ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the correlation between living will and bioethical aspects, professional performance and patient autonomy. Methods Theoretical reflection after a search conducted in the Virtual Health Library, PubMed and SciELO databases, using the words "living will", "right of the patient", "bioethics", "personal autonomy" and "health professional", as well as the corresponding terms in Portuguese. Based on the reading, abstracts that met the proposed objective were selected and full texts were subsequently consulted and read critically to support this reflection. Results Analyzes led to reflect on bioethics applied to health professional knowledge on the rights of terminally ill patients, as well as their autonomy regarding their living will. Conclusion "Living will" is still a poorly understood term that needs greater dissemination and knowledge among health professionals and the population, as it addresses the legitimacy of patient's rights at a crucial moment of human life.(AU)
RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la relación del testamento vital con los aspectos bioéticos, la actuación profesional y la autonomía del paciente. Método Consiste en una reflexión teórica, realizada a partir de la búsqueda en los bancos de datos, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, PUBMED y SciELO utilizando los vocablos "testamento vital", "derecho del paciente", "bioética", "autonomía personal" y "profesional de la salud", y sus respectivos términos en la lengua inglesa. A partir de la lectura de los resúmenes encontrados fueron seleccionados aquellos que atendían al objetivo propuesto y localizados los textos completos, los cuales fueron leídos críticamente, para sustentar esa reflexión. Resultados Los análisis traen reflexiones de la bioética aplicada a las cuestiones de finitud de la vida, el conocimiento de los profesionales de salud como los derechos del paciente en enfermedad terminal, así como la autonomía del paciente en cuanto a sus derechos previstos por el testamento vital. Conclusión El "Testamento Vital" todavía es un término poco conocido, pero necesita una mayor divulgación y conocimiento entre los profesionales de la salud y la población, pues lo mismo se refiere a la legitimación de un derecho del paciente, en el momento crucial de su existencia humana.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Pessoal de Saúde/ética , Autonomia Pessoal , Temas Bioéticos , Defesa do Paciente/éticaRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: Las voluntades anticipadas o testamento vital permiten que una persona pueda, anticipadamente, manifestar sus deseos y opciones para que se tengan en cuenta cuando no pueda hacerlo personalmente. En la planificación anticipada de decisiones la enfermera participa activamente en la explicación del proceso compartido. Su conocimiento y actitud ante las voluntades anticipadas son clave. Objetivo: Identificar el grado de conocimiento de los profesionales de Enfermería sobre las voluntades anticipadas, y conocer su actitud y opinión respecto al documento de voluntades anticipadas. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal entre marzo y agosto 2016 en el 100 por ciento del equipo de Enfermería del Instituto Clínico de Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (n=59) mediante cuestionario validado de 12 preguntas, con respuestas tipo Likert escala 1-10 (1 menos favorable-10 más favorable) a las cuestiones planteadas sobre las voluntades anticipadas. Se realizaron estadísticos de tendencia central, dispersión y contraste. Resultados: La edad media fue 36,92 (IC95 por ciento 33,85 39,98); años experiencia media: 13,41 (IC95 por ciento 10,37 16,44), media de conocimientos sobre voluntades anticipadas: 5,59 (IC95 por ciento 5,0 6,19), media puntuación total: 8,63 (IC95 por ciento 8,42 8,85). La edad, años de experiencia y tipo de contrato son las variables que ofrecieron diferencias significativas en conocimientos sobre el documento de voluntades anticipadas y en su predisposición realizarlo el próximo año. Conclusiones: Los conocimientos sobre las voluntades anticipadas entre enfermeras expertas son mejorables, especialmente entre las de menor edad y experiencia. Sin diferencias entre grupos, la actitud de las enfermeras hacia el registro del documento de voluntades anticipadas es muy favorable y lo consideran muy útil para familias y profesionales(AU)
ABSTRACT Introduction: Anticipated wills or the life will allow a person to express, in advance, his/her wishes and options, so that they are taken into account when they cannot do it personally. In advanced decision planning, the nurse participates actively in the explanation of the shared process. Their knowledge and attitude towards the anticipated wills are essential elements. Objective: To identify the degree of knowledge among nursing professionals about anticipated wills, and to know their attitude and opinion regarding the papers for anticipated wills. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study carried out between March and August 2016 in 100 percent of the nursing team at the Clinical Institute of Hemato-Oncological Diseases of Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (n=59) through a validated questionnaire made up by 12 questions, with Likert type responses scale 1-10 (1: less favorable-10: more favorable) to the questions raised about the anticipated wills. Statistics for central tendency, dispersion and contrast were used. Results: The average age was 36.92 (95 percent CI 33.85, 39.98); years of average experience: 13.41 (95 percent CI 10.37 16.44), average knowledge about anticipated wills: 5.59 (IC95 percent 5.0 6.19), average total score: 8.63 (95 percent CI 8), 42, 8.85). The age, years of experience, and type of contract are the variables that offered significant differences in knowledge about the papers for anticipated wills and their willingness for presenting such paper next year. Conclusions: The knowledge about anticipated wills among expert nurses is improvable, especially among those at younger ages and with less experience. Without differences among groups, the nurses' attitude towards the registration of the paper for anticipated wills is very favorable, as they consider it very useful for families and professionals(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Enfermagem Oncológica/métodos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/ética , Cuidados de Enfermagem/métodos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Observacionais como AssuntoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation between living will and bioethical aspects, professional performance and patient autonomy. METHODS: Theoretical reflection after a search conducted in the Virtual Health Library, PubMed and SciELO databases, using the words "living will", "right of the patient", "bioethics", "personal autonomy" and "health professional", as well as the corresponding terms in Portuguese. Based on the reading, abstracts that met the proposed objective were selected and full texts were subsequently consulted and read critically to support this reflection. RESULTS: Analyzes led to reflect on bioethics applied to health professional knowledge on the rights of terminally ill patients, as well as their autonomy regarding their living will. CONCLUSION: "Living will" is still a poorly understood term that needs greater dissemination and knowledge among health professionals and the population, as it addresses the legitimacy of patient's rights at a crucial moment of human life.
Assuntos
Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Autonomia Pessoal , Temas Bioéticos , Pessoal de Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
La discrepancia que genera la institución de las instrucciones previas se aprecia en distintos niveles -ético, jurídico social-, y alcanza incluso al ámbito terminológico, esto es, los términos empleados para referirse a esta institución no son en absoluto pacíficos o unívocos: desde testamentos vitales, voluntades o directivas anticipadas, deseos expresados anteriormente, etc., lo que lleva a cierta confusión sobre si se trata o no de la misma figura y a cierta inseguridad jurídica, ámbito por cierto sumamente prolijo en este sentido. No obstante la abundante legislación y doctrina sobre el particular, existe poca información acerca de la forma de registrar el documento, la posibilidad de consultarlo o los límites para su cumplimiento. Este artículo trata de ofrecer mayor luz al respecto, en el seno de la normativa española.
The discrepancy generated by advanced directives is observed in several levels -ethical, legal and social-, and reaches even the terminological field, that is, the terms employed to refer to the issue are not distinct or indifferent at all: from living will to advanced directives to wishes previously expressed, etc., which confers some confusion about whether it refers to the same issue or to some legal insecurity, field otherwise very complex in this sense. In spite of the abundant legislation and doctrine about the issue, there is little information about the way to register the document, the possibility to consult it and the limits about its fulfillment. This article tries to offer more understanding of the issue considering the norms of Spain.
A discrepância que gera a instituição das instruções prévias é apreciada em distintos níveis -ético, jurídico social-, e alcança inclusive o âmbito terminológico, isto é, os termos empregados para se referir a esta instituição não são em absoluto pacíficos ou unívocos: desde testamentos vitais, vontades ou diretivas antecipadas, desejos expressados anteriormente, etc., o que leva a certa confusão sobre se se trata ou não da mesma figura e a certa insegurança jurídica, âmbito por certo sumamente prolixo neste sentido. Não obstante a abundante legislação e doutrina sobre o particular, existe pouca informação acerca da forma de registrar o documento, a possibilidade de consultá-lo ou os limites para seu cumprimento. Este artigo trata de oferecer maior luz a respeito, no seio da normativa espanhola.
Assuntos
Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Autonomia Pessoal , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
The world population aged significantly over the twentieth century, leading to an increase in the number of individuals presenting progressive, incapacitating, incurable chronic-degenerative diseases. Advances in medicine to prolong life prompted the establishment of instruments to ensure their self-determination, namely the living will, which allows for an informed person to refuse a type of treatment considered unacceptable according to their set of values. From the knowledge on the progression of Alzheimer disease, it is possible to plan the medical care, even though there is still no treatment available. Irreversible cognitive incapacity underlines the unrelenting loss of autonomy of the demented individual. Such a loss requires the provision of specific and permanent care. Major ethical issues are at stake in the physician-patient-family relationship, even when dementia is still at an early stage. The authors suggest that for an adequate health care planning in Alzheimer disease the living will can be presented to the patient in the early days of their geriatric care, as soon as the clinical, metabolic or even genetic diagnosis is accomplished. They also suggest that the appointment of a health care proxy should be done when the person is still in full enjoyment of his cognitive ability, and that the existence and scope of advance directives should be conveyed to any patient in the early stages of the disease. It follows that ethical guidelines should exist so that neurologists as well as other physicians that deal with these patients should discuss these issues as soon as possible after a diagnosis is reached.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/terapia , Demência/terapia , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Doença de Alzheimer/psicologia , Demência/psicologia , Família/psicologia , Humanos , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/psicologia , Autonomia Pessoal , Relações Médico-Paciente/éticaRESUMO
This paper aims to discuss the development of the notion that the patient has the right to refuse treatment, and how the Brazilian legal system is dealing with bioethical dilemmas, such as the possibility of exercising autonomy through advance directives. The paper discusses the lack of legislation to regulate important issues in the end of life healthcare, and what ethical guidelines exist, providing physicians with ethical and legal parameters to deal with the patient's will.
Assuntos
Diretivas Antecipadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/legislação & jurisprudência , Autonomia Pessoal , Diretivas Antecipadas/ética , Brasil , Humanos , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Recusa do Paciente ao Tratamento/ética , Recusa do Paciente ao Tratamento/legislação & jurisprudênciaAssuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Bioética , Direitos do Paciente/ética , Direitos do Paciente/legislação & jurisprudência , Legislação como Assunto , Futilidade Médica/ética , Futilidade Médica/legislação & jurisprudência , Testamentos Quanto à Vida , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Argentina , Assistência Terminal/ética , Assistência Terminal/normas , Ética Médica , Doente Terminal/legislação & jurisprudência , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/éticaAssuntos
Hidratação , Apoio Nutricional , Estado Vegetativo Persistente/terapia , Suspensão de Tratamento/legislação & jurisprudência , Cuba , Hidratação/ética , Humanos , Cuidados para Prolongar a Vida/ética , Cuidados para Prolongar a Vida/legislação & jurisprudência , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/legislação & jurisprudência , Apoio Nutricional/ética , Governo Estadual , Estados Unidos , Suspensão de Tratamento/éticaRESUMO
Nowadays healthcare relationships rest on the recognition of the right of patients to take part in the decisions about their health. This idea is the foundation of the informed consent theory. Nevertheless, problem arises when the patient cannot take part in these decisions because he hasn't enough capacity. Then, another person, a substitute, must decide for him. In Spain does not exist enough clarity about the criteria that must guide the decisions of the proxy. The present work deals with the three criteria developed by the North American jurisprudence. These criteria are: the subjective criterion, the criterion of the substitute judgment and the best interest or major benefit criterion. The subjective criterion is based on the statement of the own patient, usually written in an advance directive or living will. The criterion of the substitute judgment tries to rebuild the decision that the own patient had taken if he remained capable. The criterion of the major benefit tries to protect the well-being of the patient. Traditionally the "better interest" has been to defend the life at any expense, without attending to another type of considerations. Probably it is the moment to look for a new consensus on what today the society has to consider the "better interest" of a patient. Surely this new definition meaning would not stem exclusively from the right to life, but from the conjunction between quantity and quality of life considerations and the freedom of patients, all interpreted in the light of the respect person's dignity.