RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Early reperfusion therapy is acknowledged as the most effective approach for reducing case fatality rates in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). OBJECTIVE: Estimate the clinical and economic consequences of delaying reperfusion in patients with STEMI. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study evaluated mortality rates and the total expenses incurred by delaying reperfusion therapy among 2622 individuals with STEMI. Costs of in-hospital care and lost productivity due to death or disability were estimated from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System indexed in international dollars (Int$) adjusted by purchase power parity. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Each additional hour of delay in reperfusion therapy was associated with a 6.2% increase (95% CI: 0.3% to 11.8%, p = 0.032) in the risk of in-hospital mortality. The overall expenses were 45% higher among individuals who received treatment after 9 hours compared to those who were treated within the first 3 hours, primarily driven by in-hospital costs (p = 0.005). A multivariate linear regression model indicated that for every 3-hour delay in thrombolysis, there was an increase in in-hospital costs of Int$497 ± 286 (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our study offer further evidence that emphasizes the crucial role of prompt reperfusion therapy in saving lives and preserving public health resources. These results underscore the urgent need for implementing a network to manage STEMI cases.
FUNDAMENTO: A terapia de reperfusão precoce é reconhecida como a abordagem mais eficaz para reduzir as taxas de letalidade de casos em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). OBJETIVO: Estimar as consequências clínicas e econômicas do atraso da reperfusão em pacientes com IAMCSST. MÉTODOS: O presente estudo de coorte retrospectivo avaliou as taxas de mortalidade e as despesas totais decorrentes do atraso na terapia de reperfusão em 2.622 indivíduos com IAMCSST. Os custos de cuidados hospitalares e perda de produtividade por morte ou incapacidade foram estimados sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde indexado em dólares internacionais (Int$) ajustados pela paridade do poder de compra. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Cada hora adicional de atraso na terapia de reperfusão foi associada a um aumento de 6,2% (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,3% a 11,8%, p = 0,032) no risco de mortalidade hospitalar. As despesas gerais foram 45% maiores entre os indivíduos que receberam tratamento após 9 horas em comparação com aqueles que foram tratados nas primeiras 3 horas, impulsionados principalmente pelos custos hospitalares (p = 0,005). Um modelo de regressão linear multivariada indicou que para cada 3 horas de atraso na trombólise, houve um aumento nos custos hospitalares de Int$ 497 ± 286 (p = 0,003). CONCLUSÕES: Os achados do nosso estudo oferecem mais evidências que enfatizam o papel crucial da terapia de reperfusão imediata no salvamento de vidas e na preservação dos recursos de saúde pública. Estes resultados enfatizam a necessidade urgente de implementação de uma rede para gerir casos de IAMCSST.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Hospitalar , Reperfusão Miocárdica , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST , Tempo para o Tratamento , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/economia , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/terapia , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/mortalidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo , Brasil , Idoso , Tempo para o Tratamento/economia , Reperfusão Miocárdica/economia , Resultado do Tratamento , Custos Hospitalares/estatística & dados numéricos , Terapia Trombolítica/economiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Several studies demonstrate the therapeutic superiority of thrombolysis plus mechanical thrombectomy versus thrombolysis alone to treat stroke. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost-utility of thrombolysis plus mechanical thrombectomy versus thrombolysis in patients with ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. METHODS: Cost-utility analysis. The model used is blended: Decision Tree (first 90 days) and Markov in the long term, of seven health states based on a disease-specific scale, from the Chilean public insurance and societal perspective. Quality-Adjusted Life-Years and costs are evaluated. Deterministic (DSA) and probabilistic (PSA) analyses were carried out. RESULTS: From the public insurance perspective, in the base case, mechanical thrombectomy is associated with lower costs in a lifetime horizon, and with higher benefits (2.63 incremental QALYs, and 1.19 discounted incremental life years), at a Net Monetary Benefit (NMB) of CLP 37,289,874, and an Incremental Cost-Utility Ratio (ICUR) of CLP 3,807,413/QALY. For the scenario that incorporates access to rehabilitation, 2.54 incremental QALYs and 1.13 discounted life years were estimated, resulting in an NMB of CLP 35,670,319 and ICUR of CLP 3,960,624/QALY. In the scenario that incorporates access to long-term care from a societal perspective, the ICUR falls to CLP 951,911/QALY, and the NMB raises to CLP 43,318,072, improving the previous scenarios. In the DSA, health states, starting age, and relative risk of dying were the variables with the greatest influence. The PSA for the base case corroborated the estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Thrombolysis plus mechanical thrombectomy adds quality of life at costs acceptable for decision-makers versus thrombolysis alone. The results are consistent with international studies.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Diversos estudios demuestran la superioridad terapéutica de la trombólisis más trombectomía mecánica, versus trombólisis sola, en el tratamiento del accidente vascular cerebral. OBJETIVOS: Analizar el costo utilidad de la trombólisis más trombectomía versus trombólisis sola en pacientes con accidente vascular cerebral isquémico con oclusión de grandes vasos. MÉTODOS: Evaluación de costo utilidad. Se ha utilizado un modelo mixto: árbol de decisión (primeros 90 días) y Markov en el largo plazo, de siete estados de salud definidos en escala específica de enfermedad, desde la perspectiva del seguro público chileno y societal. Se evalúan costos y años de vida ajustados por calidad. Se realizó análisis de incertidumbre determinístico y probabilístico. RESULTADOS: Bajo la perspectiva de seguro público, en el caso base la trombectomía mecánica se relaciona con menores costos en un horizonte de por vida, con mayores beneficios (2,63 años de vida ajustados por calidad incrementales, y 1,19 años de vida incrementales descontados), a un beneficio monetario neto de $37 289 874 pesos chilenos, y una razón incremental de costo utilidad de $3 807 413 pesos por años de vida ajustados por calidad. Para el escenario que agrega acceso a rehabilitación se estimaron 2,54 años de vida ajustados por calidad incremental y 1,13 años de vida descontados, resultando en un beneficio monetario neto de $35 670 319 pesos y razón incremental de costo utilidad de $3 960 624 pesos por años de vida ajustados por calidad. En el escenario que agrega el efecto de acceso a cuidados de larga duración con perspectiva societal, la razón incremental de costo utilidad cae hasta $951 911 pesos por años de vida ajustados por calidad y el beneficio monetario neto se eleva a $43 318 072 pesos, superando las estimaciones anteriores. En el análisis de incertidumbre determinístico, los estados de salud, edad de inicio de la cohorte y riesgo relativo de morir, fueron las variables con mayor influencia. El análisis de incertidumbre probabilístico para el caso base, corroboró las estimaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La trombólisis más trombectomía mecánica agrega calidad de vida a costos aceptables por el tomador de decisión, versus trombólisis sola. Los resultados son consistentes con los estudios internacionales.
Assuntos
AVC Isquêmico/terapia , Trombólise Mecânica/métodos , Trombectomia/métodos , Isquemia Encefálica/terapia , Circulação Cerebrovascular , Chile , Árvores de Decisões , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , AVC Isquêmico/etiologia , Cadeias de Markov , Trombólise Mecânica/economia , Qualidade de Vida , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Trombectomia/economia , Terapia Trombolítica/economia , Terapia Trombolítica/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed regional variation in the organisation of stroke services, particularly health care resourcing, presence of protocols and discharge planning. Our aim was to compare stroke care organisation within middle- (MIC) and high-income country (HIC) hospitals participating in the Head Position in Stroke Trial (HeadPoST). METHODS: HeadPoST is an on-going international multicenter crossover cluster-randomized trial of 'sitting-up' versus 'lying-flat' head positioning in acute stroke. As part of the start-up phase, one stroke care organisation questionnaire was completed at each hospital. The World Bank gross national income per capita criteria were used for classification. RESULTS: 94 hospitals from 9 countries completed the questionnaire, 51 corresponding to MIC and 43 to HIC. Most participating hospitals had a dedicated stroke care unit/ward, with access to diagnostic services and expert stroke physicians, and offering intravenous thrombolysis. There was no difference for the presence of a dedicated multidisciplinary stroke team, although greater access to a broad spectrum of rehabilitation therapists in HIC compared to MIC hospitals was observed. Significantly more patients arrived within a 4-h window of symptoms onset in HIC hospitals (41 vs. 13%; P<0.001), and a significantly higher proportion of acute ischemic stroke patients received intravenous thrombolysis (10 vs. 5%; P=0.002) compared to MIC hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Although all hospitals provided advanced care for people with stroke, differences were found in stroke care organisation and treatment. Future multilevel analyses aims to determine the influence of specific organisational factors on patient outcomes.
Assuntos
Hospitais , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Isquemia Encefálica/economia , Isquemia Encefálica/epidemiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/terapia , Protocolos Clínicos , Estudos Cross-Over , Mão de Obra em Saúde/economia , Número de Leitos em Hospital/economia , Humanos , Alta do Paciente/economia , Posicionamento do Paciente , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde/economia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/economia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Terapia Trombolítica/economiaRESUMO
This study analyzes the use of sodium nitroprusside (SN) as an option to reduce blood pressure (BP) below 180/105 mmHg during the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients submitted to intravenous thrombolysis.Method The sample was composed by 60 patients who had AIS and were submitted to intravenous rtPA, split in two groups: half in the control group (CG) with BP < 180/105 mmHg and half in SN group with BP > 180/105 mmHg. Outcome variables were any hemorrhagic transformation (HT); the presence of symptomatic HT, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) after 24 hours of treatment; the independence on discharge and death until three months after stroke onset.Results There were no statistical differences between both groups to any of the outcome variables analyzed.Conclusion The SN might be safe for BP control during thrombolysis to AIS.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Nitroprussiato/uso terapêutico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Terapia Trombolítica/efeitos adversos , Doença Aguda , Anti-Hipertensivos/economia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/etiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Nitroprussiato/economia , Terapia Trombolítica/economia , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This study analyzes the use of sodium nitroprusside (SN) as an option to reduce blood pressure (BP) below 180/105 mmHg during the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients submitted to intravenous thrombolysis.Method The sample was composed by 60 patients who had AIS and were submitted to intravenous rtPA, split in two groups: half in the control group (CG) with BP < 180/105 mmHg and half in SN group with BP > 180/105 mmHg. Outcome variables were any hemorrhagic transformation (HT); the presence of symptomatic HT, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) after 24 hours of treatment; the independence on discharge and death until three months after stroke onset.Results There were no statistical differences between both groups to any of the outcome variables analyzed.Conclusion The SN might be safe for BP control during thrombolysis to AIS.
Este estudo analisa o uso de nitroprussiato de sódio (NS) como uma opção para reduzir a pressão arterial (PA) durante o tratamento do AVC isquêmico agudo (AVCi) em pacientes submetidos à trombólise intravenosa (rtPA).Método A amostra foi composta por 60 pacientes que tiveram AVCi e foram submetidos a rtPA, dividida em dois grupos: 30 pacientes no grupo controle (GC), com PA < 180/105 mmHg e 30 pacientes no grupo NS com PA > 180/105 mmHg. As variáveis analisadas foram qualquer transformação hemorrágica (TH); a presença de TH sintomática, NIHSS após 24 horas de tratamento; a independência na alta e morte até três meses após o AVCi.Resultados Não houve diferença estatística entre os dois grupos para qualquer das variáveis de desfecho analisadas.Conclusão O NS pode ser seguro para o controle da pressão arterial durante a trombólise no AVCi.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Nitroprussiato/uso terapêutico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Terapia Trombolítica/efeitos adversos , Doença Aguda , Anti-Hipertensivos/economia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Hipertensão/etiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Nitroprussiato/economia , Resultado do Tratamento , Terapia Trombolítica/economia , Terapia Trombolítica/métodosRESUMO
FUNDAMENTO: Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) é a principal causa de óbito no Brasil e pouca informação está disponível sobre custo do tratamento. OBJETIVO: Elaborar análise de custo-efetividade da trombólise no AVC, até três horas após o início dos sintomas, comparando o tratamento com alteplase versus conservador, sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS: Modelo de análise de decisão foi desenvolvido para comparar os dois tratamentos. Ciclos foram considerados, durante os quais pacientes poderiam transitar entre cinco estágios de incapacidade pós-AVC, baseados na escala modificada de Rankin. A probabilidade de apresentar hemorragia intracerebral no primeiro ano foi obtida do ensaio NINDS. Para os anos subsequentes, ciclos de um ano foram considerados, para contabilizar a mortalidade dos pacientes. O desfecho foi expresso em Anos de Vida Ajustados pela Qualidade (QALY). Tanto os custos diretos quanto os indiretos foram considerados na análise. Custos e desfecho foram descontados em 5 por cento ao ano. RESULTADOS: No primeiro ano, o QALY ganho foi de 0,06 para ambos os gêneros, com custo incremental de R$ 2.558 para homens e R$ 2.312 para mulheres. A razão de custo-efetividade incremental em um ano foi de R$ 40.539 / QALY (USD 28.956) para homens e R$ 36.640 / QALY (USD 26.171) para mulheres. Após o segundo ano, o tratamento com alteplase reduziu o custo do tratamento (índice de Paridade do Poder de Compra US$ 1 = R$ 1,4). CONCLUSÃO: Terapia trombolítica com alteplase nas primeiras três horas após o AVC é custo-efetiva no cenário do Sistema Único de Saúde.
BACKGROUND: The cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke is the main cause of death in Brazil and little information is available on the cost of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a cost-effectiveness analysis of thrombolysis in stroke, up to three hours after symptom onset, comparing the treatment with alteplase versus the conservative treatment, under the perspective of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS). METHODS: A decision analysis model was developed to compare the two types of treatment. Cycles were considered, during which the patients would go through five stages of disability post-stroke, based on the modified Rankin scale. The probability to present intracranial hemorrhage in the first year was obtained from the NINDS trial. For the subsequent years, one-year cycles were considered to calculate patients' mortality. The outcome was expressed as quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Both direct and indirect costs were considered in the analysis. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 5 percent a year. RESULTS: In the first year, the QALY gained was 0.06 for both sexes, with an incremental cost of R$ 2,558 for men and R$ 2,312 for women. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in one year was R$ 40,539 / QALY (USD 28,956) for men and R$ 36,640 / QALY (USD 26,171) for women. After the second year, the treatment with alteplase reduced the cost of treatment (Purchasing Power Parity index: US$ 1 = R$ 1.4). CONCLUSION: The thrombolytic therapy with alteplase within the first three hours following a stroke is cost-effective in the Brazilian Public Health System scenario.
Assuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia Trombolítica/economia , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/uso terapêutico , Análise Custo-Benefício , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Custos Diretos de Serviços , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke is the main cause of death in Brazil and little information is available on the cost of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a cost-effectiveness analysis of thrombolysis in stroke, up to three hours after symptom onset, comparing the treatment with alteplase versus the conservative treatment, under the perspective of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS). METHODS: A decision analysis model was developed to compare the two types of treatment. Cycles were considered, during which the patients would go through five stages of disability post-stroke, based on the modified Rankin scale. The probability to present intracranial hemorrhage in the first year was obtained from the NINDS trial. For the subsequent years, one-year cycles were considered to calculate patients' mortality. The outcome was expressed as quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Both direct and indirect costs were considered in the analysis. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 5% a year. RESULTS: In the first year, the QALY gained was 0.06 for both sexes, with an incremental cost of R$ 2,558 for men and R$ 2,312 for women. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in one year was R$ 40,539 / QALY (USD 28,956) for men and R$ 36,640 / QALY (USD 26,171) for women. After the second year, the treatment with alteplase reduced the cost of treatment (Purchasing Power Parity index: US$ 1 = R$ 1.4). CONCLUSION: The thrombolytic therapy with alteplase within the first three hours following a stroke is cost-effective in the Brazilian Public Health System scenario.
Assuntos
Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia Trombolítica/economia , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Análise Custo-Benefício , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Custos Diretos de Serviços , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is evidence that prehospital thrombolysis improves the outcome in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at comparing the cost-effectiveness of prehospital compared to inhospital thrombolysis for STEMI from the National Health System perspective. METHODS: A decision-analytic model was used to compare these two strategies. The study endpoint was life-years gained. Resource use and costs were estimated from the National Health System perspective. The Decision tree and Markov Model were constructed using the results of published clinical trials. Costs were expressed in Reais (R$), for the year 2005. RESULTS: For a time horizon of 20 years, prehospital thrombolysis had an average life expectancy of 11.48 years and inhospital thrombolysis had an average life expectancy of 11.32 years. Costs were R$ 5,640 for prehospital thrombolysis and R$ 5,816 for inhospital thrombolysis. Inhospital thrombolysis led to an additional cost of R$ 176 per patient. Pre-hospital thrombolysis led to additional 0.15 years of life-expectancy gain compared with inhospital thrombolysis. CONCLUSION: This model suggests that, from the National Health System perspective, implementing prehospital thrombolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may lead to extra survival and fewer costs when compared to inhospital thrombolysis.
Assuntos
Árvores de Decisões , Hospitalização , Expectativa de Vida , Infarto do Miocárdio/terapia , Terapia Trombolítica/economia , Doença Aguda , Brasil , Seguimentos , Humanos , Infarto do Miocárdio/economia , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
FUNDAMENTO: Existe evidência de que a trombólise pré-hospitalar melhora os desfechos no infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. OBJETIVO: Comparar as relações de custo-efetividade entre trombólise pré-hospitalar e trombólise intra-hospitalar para o IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, pela perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Modelo analítico de decisão foi utilizado para comparar as duas estratégias. O desfecho do estudo foi "anos de vida ganhos". O uso de recursos e os custos foram estimados pela perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde. Árvore de decisão e modelo de Markov foram construídos com resultados de ensaios clínicos publicados. Os custos foram valorados em real (R$), para o ano de 2005. RESULTADOS: Para um horizonte de tempo de vinte anos, a expectativa de vida média com a trombólise pré-hospitalar foi de 11,48 anos e a trombólise intra-hospitalar proporcionou expectativa de vida média de 11,32 anos. Os custos foram de R$ 5.640,00 para a trombólise pré-hospitalar e de R$ 5.816,00 para a trombólise intra-hospitalar. Houve custo adicional de R$ 176,00 por paciente com a trombólise intra-hospitalar. A trombólise pré-hospitalar proporcionou adicional de 0,15 ano de expectativa de vida comparado à trombólise intra-hospitalar. CONCLUSÃO: Esse modelo sugere que, pela perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde, implementar a trombólise pré-hospitalar para o IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST pode representar sobrevida extra e menor custo que comparativamente à trombólise intra-hospitalar.
BACKGROUND: There is evidence that prehospital thrombolysis improves the outcome in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at comparing the cost-effectiveness of prehospital compared to inhospital thrombolysis for STEMI from the National Health System perspective. METHODS: A decision-analytic model was used to compare these two strategies. The study endpoint was life-years gained. Resource use and costs were estimated from the National Health System perspective. The Decision tree and Markov Model were constructed using the results of published clinical trials. Costs were expressed in Reais (R$), for the year 2005. RESULTS: For a time horizon of 20 years, prehospital thrombolysis had an average life expectancy of 11.48 years and inhospital thrombolysis had an average life expectancy of 11.32 years. Costs were R$ 5,640 for prehospital thrombolysis and R$ 5,816 for inhospital thrombolysis. Inhospital thrombolysis led to an additional cost of R$ 176 per patient. Pre-hospital thrombolysis led to additional 0.15 years of life-expectancy gain compared with inhospital thrombolysis. CONCLUSION: This model suggests that, from the National Health System perspective, implementing prehospital thrombolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may lead to extra survival and fewer costs when compared to inhospital thrombolysis.