RESUMO
The ovine kidney has been recently determined to be a better model than the swine kidney for the study of collecting system healing after partial nephrectomy. However, there is no histological study comparing the collecting systems of these species. To compare human, swine, and ovine collecting systems using histomorphometry. The collecting systems of 10 kidneys from each species (human, swine, and ovine) were processed for histomorphometry. The thickness of the three layers (mucosal connective tissue, submucosal muscular, and adventitial connective tissue) were measured. The densities of smooth muscle fibers, elastic system fibers, and cells were also measured. Additionally, blood vessel density in the adventitial connective tissue was measured. Analysis of the collecting systems from the three species presented several differences. The adventitial connective tissue from the swine samples was thicker, with more blood vessels and smooth muscle fibers, compared with that from the human and ovine samples. Swine also had higher density of elastic fibers on the submucosal muscular layer. Ovine and human collecting systems shared several similar features, such as blood vessel and elastic fiber density in all layers and the density of cellular and muscular fibers in the submucosal muscular and adventitial connective tissue layers. The collecting system of the ovine kidney is more similar to that of the human kidney compared with that of the swine kidney. This may explain the differences between the healing mechanisms in swine and those in humans and sheep after partial nephrectomy. Anat Rec, 299:967-972, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Liso/anatomia & histologia , Nefrectomia , Cicatrização , Animais , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Túbulos Renais Coletores/fisiologia , Músculo Liso/fisiologia , Ovinos , SuínosRESUMO
Previous studies have demonstrated that the pig collecting system heals after partial nephrectomy without closure. Recently, a study in sheep showed that partial nephrectomy without closure of the collecting system resulted in urinary leakage and urinoma. The aim of this study was to present detailed anatomical findings on the intrarenal anatomy of the sheep. Forty two kidneys were used to produce tridimensional endocasts of the collecting system together with the intrarenal arteries. A renal pelvis which displayed 11-19 (mean of 16) renal recesses was present. There were no calices present. The renal artery was singular in each kidney and gave two primary branches one to the dorsal surface and one to ventral surface. Dorsal and ventral branches of the renal artery were classified based on the relationship between their branching pattern and the collecting system as: type I (cranial and caudal segmental arteries), type II (cranial, middle and caudal segmental arteries) or type III (cranial, cranial middle, caudal middle, and caudal segmental arteries). Type I was the most common branching pattern for the dorsal and ventral branches of the renal artery. The arterial supply of the caudal pole of the sheep kidney supports its use as an experimental model due to the similarity to the human kidney. However, the lack of a retropelvic artery discourages the use of the cranial pole in experiments in which the arteries are an important aspect to be considered.
Assuntos
Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologia , Rim/anatomia & histologia , Artéria Renal/anatomia & histologia , Ovinos/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Humanos , Rim/irrigação sanguínea , Modelos AnatômicosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Nephroureterectomy for transplantation has increased owing to the greater number of deceased donors. Anatomic variations may complicate the procedure or, if unrecognized, compromise the viability of kidneys for transplantation. METHODS: We reviewed 254 surgical descriptions of nephroureterectomy specimens from January 2008 to December 2009. All organs collected according by standard techniques were evaluated for age, cause of death, renal function, frequency of injury during the procedure, as well as variations in the vascular and collecting systems. RESULTS: The mean donor age was 42 years (range, 2-74). The mean serum creatinine was 1.2 mg/dL (range, 1.0-7.0). The causes of death were cerebrovascular cause (stroke; n = 130), traumatic brain injury (n = 81) or other cause (n = 43). Among the anatomic variations: 8.6% (n = 22) were right arterial anatomical variations: 19 cases with 2 arteries and 3 cases with 3 arteries. In 25 cases (9.8%) the identified variation was the left artery: 2 arteries (n = 23), 3 arteries (n = 1) and 4 arteries (n = 1). We observed 9.8% on right side and 1.5% on left side venous anatomic variations, including 24 cases with 2 veins on the right side and 4 cases with 2 veins on the left side. Three cases of a retroaortic left renal vein and 1 case of a retro necklace vein (anterior and posterior to the aorta). Two cases of ureteral duplication were noted on the left and 1 on the right kidney. There were 3 horseshoe and 1 pelvic kidney. In 7.5% of cases, an injury to the graft included ureteral (n = 3), arterial (n = 10), or venous (n = 6). CONCLUSION: The most common anatomic variation was arterial (17.8%). Duplication of the renal vein was more frequent on the right. The high incidences of anatomic variations require more attention in the dissection of the renal hilum to avoid an injury that may compromise the graft.
Assuntos
Cadáver , Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologia , Rim/anatomia & histologia , Rim/irrigação sanguínea , Doadores de Tecidos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intrarenal anatomy of kidneys obtained from cattle and to propose a new classification for the renal collecting system of cattle. SAMPLE POPULATION: 37 kidneys from 20 adult male mixed-breed cattle. PROCEDURES: Intrarenal anatomy was evaluated by the use of 3-D endocasts made of the kidneys. The number of renal lobes and minor renal calyces in each kidney and each renal region (cranial pole, caudal pole, and hilus) was quantified. RESULTS: The renal pelvis was evident in all casts and was classified into 2 types (nondilated [28/37 {75.7%}] or dilated [9/37 {24.3%}]). All casts had a major renal calyx associated with the cranial pole and the caudal pole. The number of minor renal calices per kidney ranged from 13 to 64 (mean, 22.7). There was a significant correlation between the number of renal lobes and the number of minor renal calices for the entire kidney, the cranial pole region, and the hilus region; however, there was not a similar significant correlation for the caudal pole region. Major and minor renal calices were extremely narrow, compared with major and minor renal calices in pigs and humans. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The renal collecting system of cattle, with a renal pelvis and 2 major renal calices connected to several minor renal calices by an infundibulum, differed substantially from the renal collecting system of pigs and humans. From a morphological standpoint, the kidneys of cattle were not suitable for use as a model in endourologic research and training.
Assuntos
Bovinos/anatomia & histologia , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pelve Renal/anatomia & histologia , Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologia , Rim/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Masculino , Suínos/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Abstract A systematic study of the morphometry and the collecting system of the canine kidney is presented and compared with previous findings in humans. Renal measurements (kidney length, width, and thickness) were recorded. In addition, 110 three-dimensional endocasts of the kidney collecting system were produced and studied. Anatomic details, important to research and surgical training in endourology, were observed and recorded in canine kidneys. Dogs whose height was more than 70 cm at the withers presented similar kidney measurements to those found in the adult human. The collecting system consisted only of a renal pelvis with a variable number of recesses around its perimeter. The dog kidney is not a good model for experimental studies that consider the morphology of the collecting system. Kidneys from dogs taller than 70 cm, however, might be useful as a model in experimental studies in which renal volume is an important aspect, such as shockwave lithotripsy and endourology.
Assuntos
Rim/anatomia & histologia , Modelos Anatômicos , Urologia , Animais , Cães , Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: We present a systematic study of the anatomical relationship between the intrarenal veins and the kidney collecting system in pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The intrarenal anatomy (collecting system and veins) was studied in 61, 3-dimensional endocasts of the kidney collecting system together with the intrarenal veins. RESULTS: There are free anastomoses between the intrarenal veins. The interlobar veins unite to produce large venous trunks, which form the renal vein. In our study we observed 2 trunks (cranial and caudal) in 54 of the 61 cases (88.53%) and 3 trunks (cranial, middle and caudal) in 7 (11.47%). Only the ventral surfaces of the cranial and caudal poles were drained by large veins, while the dorsal surfaces emptied by anastomoses into the ventral interlobar veins. There were large veins in a close relationship to the ventral surface (90.16%) and to the dorsal surface (3.28%) of the ureteropelvic junction. In 33 of the 61 cases (54.10%) there was 1 or 2 small dorsal veins. CONCLUSIONS: Although some results of intrarenal venous arrangement in pigs could not be completely transposed to humans, many similarities of pig and human kidneys support its use as the best animal model for urological procedures.
Assuntos
Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologia , Rim/anatomia & histologia , Veias Renais/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Rim/irrigação sanguínea , Circulação Renal , SuínosRESUMO
AIMS: This study was performed to determine the proportion of the parenchyma and sinus structures of pig kidneys and the distance between the collecting system and the kidney surface. METHODS: Forty-one pig kidneys were analyzed. Cavalieri's principle was used to obtain the volume of the cortex, medulla and sinus, as well the proportions of the arteries, veins and collecting system in the sinus. RESULTS: The volume of the renal parenchyma varied from 129 to 488.4 cm(3). The renal cortex was 83.79% and the medulla 16.21%. The collecting system occupied the greatest part of the sinus, ranging from 34.78 to 71.91% of the renal sinus. The collecting system was closer to the dorsal than to the ventral surface in the cranial pole (p < 0.001) and the hilar zone (p < 0.01). The distance from the collecting system to the medial border was shorter than that to the lateral border in the caudal pole (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: With this new information about the variation in thickness of the pig renal parenchyma, continued studies using the pig model are needed to support the use of radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation in deep and large renal tumors with a component in the renal sinus.
Assuntos
Rim/anatomia & histologia , Sus scrofa/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Criocirurgia , Diatermia , Feminino , Humanos , Rim/irrigação sanguínea , Córtex Renal/anatomia & histologia , Medula Renal/anatomia & histologia , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/terapia , Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Modelos Anatômicos , Modelos Animais , Tamanho do Órgão , Terapia por RadiofrequênciaRESUMO
The detailed findings of canine intrarenal anatomy (collecting system and arteries) are presented. Ninety-five three-dimensional endocasts of the kidney collecting system together with the intrarenal arteries were prepared using standard injection-corrosion techniques and were studied. A single renal artery was observed in 88.4% of the casts. The renal artery divided into a dorsal and a ventral branch. Using the branching pattern of the ventral and dorsal divisions of the renal artery, the vessels were classified in type I or type II. Type I presented a cranial and a caudal artery, whereas type II presented a mesorenal and a caudal artery. Cranial branches of dorsal and ventral arteries supplied the cranial pole in 90.5% of the specimens. Caudal branches of the dorsal and the ventral divisions of the renal artery irrigated both the caudal pole and the mid-zone of the kidney in 95.8% and 98.9% of the cases, respectively. In all casts, caudal branches of both dorsal and ventral arteries supplied the caudal pole. Therefore, the caudal branches of the ventral and dorsal divisions of the renal artery are of utmost importance in the kidney arterial supply. Although many results of renal and intrarenal anatomy in dogs may not be completely transposed to humans, the anatomical relationship between arteries and the collecting system in the cranial pole of the dog kidney is similar to those in man. This fact supports the use of the dog as an animal model for urologic procedures at the cranial pole.
Assuntos
Cães/anatomia & histologia , Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologia , Rim/anatomia & histologia , Artéria Renal/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Feminino , Rim/irrigação sanguínea , Masculino , Modelos AnatômicosRESUMO
The anatomy of the kidney collecting system may play a role in the selection of the best method of kidney stone treatment for a specific patient. Also, an analysis of the collecting-system anatomy would indicate the likely effectiveness of each method of treatment. For stones located in the lower pole, the clearance rate after shockwave lithotripsy has been uniformly low relative to that of calculi elsewhere. Some special anatomical findings suggest that retention of what are considered to be 'passable stone fragments' (4 mm in diameter or less) in the inferior pole might be a consequence not only of the gravity-dependent position of lower calices but also of particular anatomical features of the inferior pole collecting system. The aspects reviewed and discussed are the angle formed between the main lower infundibulum and the renal pelvis (the infundibulopelvic angle), the lower infundibula diameters, the lower infundibulum length and height, and the lower calices spatial distribution. Also, the presence of minor calices perpendicular to the surface of the collecting system and drainage of superior and inferior poles are reviewed and discussed in the context of their importance to the effectiveness of renal stone treatment.
Assuntos
Cálculos Renais/terapia , Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologia , Humanos , Cálices Renais/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
We present detailed anatomic findings on collecting system anatomy and renal morphometry in the pig and compare these findings with previous findings in humans. We studied three-dimensional polyester resin corrosion endocasts of the pelviocaliceal system obtained from 100 kidneys (50 pigs). Eighty kidneys were evaluated morphometrically, considering length, cranial pole width, caudal pole width, thickness, and weight. The pig collecting system was classified into two major groups (A and B). Group A (40%) was composed of kidneys in which the mid-zone is drained by calices dependent on the cranial or the caudal caliceal group or both. Group B (60%) kidneys have the mid-zone drained by calices independent of the polar groups. Group B includes two subtypes (B-I and B-II). The pig collecting system showed only angles smaller than 90 degrees between the caudal (lower) infundibulum and the renal pelvis. Renal morphometric measurements revealed the following means: length 11.8 cm, cranial pole width 5.64 cm, caudal pole width 5.35 cm, thickness 2.76 cm, and weight 98 g. As in human kidneys, one may group the pig collecting system into two groups. Nevertheless, in pigs, we did not find a subdivision of Group A. The incidence of collecting systems in Groups A and B and the subtypes of Group B in pigs are different from those in humans. Also different from humans, in pigs, we found only angles smaller than 90 degrees between the caudal (lower) infundibulum and the renal pelvis. Except for the length, the means of the other morphometric measurements of the pig kidney are smaller than those of humans. From an anatomic standpoint, despite the differences pointed out, we conclude that the pig kidney is a good animal model for endourologic research and training.
Assuntos
Rim/anatomia & histologia , Suínos/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Molde por Corrosão , Cálices Renais/anatomia & histologia , Pelve Renal/anatomia & histologia , Túbulos Renais Coletores/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The anatomical relationship between the intrarenal arteries and the renal collecting system was studied in 82, 3-dimensional endocasts. Some anatomical details that have importance for urologists were observed. The arterial supply related to the upper caliceal group arises from 2 arteries that encircle these calices (in 86.6% 1 trunk originated from the anterior division and 1 from the posterior division of the renal artery). The artery to the mid kidney courses horizontally in the mid renal pelvis in 64.6% of the cases while the arterial supply to the inferior pole (front and back) arises from the inferior segmental artery of the anterior division in 62.2%. The posterior segmental artery is related to the upper infundibulum or to the junction of the pelvis with the upper calix in 57.3% of the cases and to the middle posterior aspect of the renal pelvis in 42.7%.