RESUMO
Changes associated with the age-related decline of physiological functions, and their relation with mortality rates, are thoroughly being investigated in the aging research field. We used the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata, largely studied by biodemographers, as a model for functional senescence studies. The aim of our work was to find novel combinatorial indicators able to reflect the functional state of adult insects, regardless of chronological age. We studied the profiles of neutral and polar lipids of head, thorax and abdomen of standard populations kept at 23 °C, at different ages. Lipid classes were separated by thin layer chromatography, and the quantitative values were used to find patterns of change using a multivariate principal component analysis approach. The lipid-dependent principal components obtained correlated with age, and differences between sexes were consistent with differences in the shape of the survival curves and the mortality parameters. These same components were able to discriminate populations with a behavioral decline due to a mild 28 °C thermal stress. Thus, young populations at 28 °C showed similar lipid profiles than old populations at 23 °C. The results indicated that the lipid-dependent components reflect the functional state of the flies, and so were named functional state components (FSCs). It is proposed that FSCs may be used as functional senescence indicators.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Ceratitis capitata/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/fisiologia , Abdome/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Animais , Ceratitis capitata/fisiologia , Feminino , Cabeça/fisiologia , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/fisiologia , Masculino , Análise de Componente Principal , Análise de Sobrevida , Tórax/metabolismoRESUMO
A cDNA encoding a cuticle protein containing the R&R Consensus was characterized in the honeybee integument. AmelCPR14 developmental expression is distinguished by an on-off-on pattern, the transition from a low to a high level of transcripts occurring as the ecdysteroid titer is declining after the peak that triggers the onset of pharate (pupal and adult) development. The transcript is abundant during cuticle tanning and sclerotization, and persists even in the adult integument, suggesting that the corresponding protein is required for differentiation and maintenance of the adult cuticle. Such developmental pattern suggested that AmelCPR14 gene might be regulated by the titer of ecdysteroids. We confirmed this hypothesis using different experimental strategies. By tying a ligature in early pupae to prevent exposure of abdominal integument to a high ecdysteroid titer, we delayed the accumulation of AmelCPR14 transcripts in the abdominal integument. This is consistent with ecdysteroid priming being required in pupae for the increase in AmelCPR14 expression in pharate adults. By injecting 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in early pupae we demonstrated that hormone titer decay after the peak is critical for AmelCPR14 expression induction. Exposure of pupal integument in vitro to a 20E concentration mimicking the pupal ecdysteroid peak repressed AmelCPR14 expression, which was recovered by hormone removal. Taken together, these data are consistent with an ecdysteroid pulse (increase in hormone titer followed by its decline) being critical for a high AmelCPR14 gene expression in pharate adults.
Assuntos
Abelhas/metabolismo , Ecdisteroides/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Abdome/fisiologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Abelhas/genética , Abelhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação para Baixo , Proteínas de Insetos/química , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Tórax/metabolismoRESUMO
Visto a importância das neoplasias mamárias malignas na clínica médico-veterinária e as novas perspectivas do diagnóstico por imagem na avaliação de pacientes portadores dessas neoplasias, o presente trabalho visou analisar alguns aspectos técnicos relativos ao exame de tomografia computadorizada contrastada da cavidade torácica quais sejam, tempo de realização do exame, escolha da espessura dos cortes transversais, qualidade de contrastação dos vasos mediastinais, abertura de janela e nível para obtenção das imagens de pulmão, mediastino e arcabouço ósseo, tendo em vista a escassez de informações na literatura consultada. Para tanto, foram realizados exames de tomografia computadorizada contrastada da cavidade torácica de vinte fêmeas da espécie canina, de diferentes raças e idades, portadoras de neoplasias mamárias malignas encaminhadas ao Serviço de Diagnóstico por Imagem do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo pelos Serviços de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia e de Cirurgia de Pequenos Animais da mesma instituição. Concluiu-se que, o tempo médio para realização da tomografia contrastada completa do tórax, com aproximadamente trinta cortes foi de 30 minutos; o posicionamento em decúbito esternal com os membros tracionados cranialmente, e a administração de contraste iodado hidrossolúvel por via intravenosa no volume aproximado de 2ml/kg de peso vivo, sendo dois terços da dose administrados em bolo e o complemento sob infusão continua mostraram-se adequados para realização do exame tomográfico contrastado do tórax; a escolha da espessura dos cortes de 10 milímetros para animais com mais de trinta quilos e de 5 milímetros para animais com menos de trinta quilos mostrou-se adequada para avaliação de todo o tórax buscando-se atingir uma média de trinta cortes; as seleções de janela e nível para aquisição das imagens pulmonares, mediastinais e de arcabouço ósseo apresentaram-se adequadas à avaliação ...
Given the importance of malignant mammary gland tumors in veterinary medicine clinics, new perspectives of diagnostic imaging in order to evaluate pacients that have this neoplasia, and the lack of information about it in literature, this research intended to analyse some technical aspects of the contrast computed tomography scanning. The scanning time, the choice of the axial slices thickness, quality of the mecliastinal vases contrast and the window width and level were stuclied in order to have images that make possible the evaluation of lungs, mecliastinum, and bones. This research was performed at the Diagnostic Imaging Service of the Veterinary School Hospital of the Faculdade de Meclicina Veterinária e Zootecnia at the University of São Paulo in twenty, clifferent breed and age, bitches with malignant mammary gland tumors that were examined at the Obstetric and Ginecology and Small Animal Surgery Services of the same hospital. The average time for the complete contrast computed tomography scanning of the thorax, with neady 30 slices, was thirty rninutes; the ventral recumbency with the cranial traction of thoracic limbs, and the administration of intravenously iodine contrast meclium (2ml/kg) that was given; two thirds of the dose in bolus and the complement under continuing infusion presented to be appropriate for the thoracic contrast computed tomography scanning. The 10 rnilimeters thickness for animals weighting over 30 kilograms and 5 rnilimeters for animals weighting under 30 kilograms presented to be appropriate in order to reach an average of thirty slices; the window and level selections to obtain pulmonary, mecliastinal and bone images presented appropriate to be evaluated starting fromwindow width 1500 Hounsfield unit (HU) with level varyng from -550 e -650 for lungs, window width between 250 to 300 HU with level varyng from O e 50 for mecliastinum and window width of 1500 with the level between 50 and 350 HU.
Assuntos
Cães , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/veterinária , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Tórax/metabolismoRESUMO
Visto a importância das neoplasias mamárias malignas na clínica médico-veterinária e as novas perspectivas do diagnóstico por imagem na avaliação de pacientes portadores dessas neoplasias, o presente trabalho visou analisar alguns aspectos técnicos relativos ao exame de tomografia computadorizada contrastada da cavidade torácica quais sejam, tempo de realização do exame, escolha da espessura dos cortes transversais, qualidade de contrastação dos vasos mediastinais, abertura de janela e nível para obtenção das imagens de pulmão, mediastino e arcabouço ósseo, tendo em vista a escassez de informações na literatura consultada. Para tanto, foram realizados exames de tomografia computadorizada contrastada da cavidade torácica de vinte fêmeas da espécie canina, de diferentes raças e idades, portadoras de neoplasias mamárias malignas encaminhadas ao Serviço de Diagnóstico por Imagem do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo pelos Serviços de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia e de Cirurgia de Pequenos Animais da mesma instituição. Concluiu-se que, o tempo médio para realização da tomografia contrastada completa do tórax, com aproximadamente trinta cortes foi de 30 minutos; o posicionamento em decúbito esternal com os membros tracionados cranialmente, e a administração de contraste iodado hidrossolúvel por via intravenosa no volume aproximado de 2ml/kg de peso vivo, sendo dois terços da dose administrados em bolo e o complemento sob infusão continua mostraram-se adequados para realização do exame tomográfico contrastado do tórax; a escolha da espessura dos cortes de 10 milímetros para animais com mais de trinta quilos e de 5 milímetros para animais com menos de trinta quilos mostrou-se adequada para avaliação de todo o tórax buscando-se atingir uma média de trinta cortes; as seleções de janela e nível para aquisição das imagens pulmonares, mediastinais e de arcabouço ósseo apresentaram-se adequadas à avaliação ...(AU)
Given the importance of malignant mammary gland tumors in veterinary medicine clinics, new perspectives of diagnostic imaging in order to evaluate pacients that have this neoplasia, and the lack of information about it in literature, this research intended to analyse some technical aspects of the contrast computed tomography scanning. The scanning time, the choice of the axial slices thickness, quality of the mecliastinal vases contrast and the window width and level were stuclied in order to have images that make possible the evaluation of lungs, mecliastinum, and bones. This research was performed at the Diagnostic Imaging Service of the Veterinary School Hospital of the Faculdade de Meclicina Veterinária e Zootecnia at the University of São Paulo in twenty, clifferent breed and age, bitches with malignant mammary gland tumors that were examined at the Obstetric and Ginecology and Small Animal Surgery Services of the same hospital. The average time for the complete contrast computed tomography scanning of the thorax, with neady 30 slices, was thirty rninutes; the ventral recumbency with the cranial traction of thoracic limbs, and the administration of intravenously iodine contrast meclium (2ml/kg) that was given; two thirds of the dose in bolus and the complement under continuing infusion presented to be appropriate for the thoracic contrast computed tomography scanning. The 10 rnilimeters thickness for animals weighting over 30 kilograms and 5 rnilimeters for animals weighting under 30 kilograms presented to be appropriate in order to reach an average of thirty slices; the window and level selections to obtain pulmonary, mecliastinal and bone images presented appropriate to be evaluated starting fromwindow width 1500 Hounsfield unit (HU) with level varyng from -550 e -650 for lungs, window width between 250 to 300 HU with level varyng from O e 50 for mecliastinum and window width of 1500 with the level between 50 and 350 HU.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Tórax/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/veterinária , CãesRESUMO
Males with a larger thorax and narrower face were found to be favoured by directional sexual selection in a previous field cage experiment where Ceratitis capitata males from the Seib 6-96 genetic sexing strain competed with wild males from Alto Valle (Patagonia) for the possession of wild females. Targets of sexual selection, however, might differ between wild and laboratory females as a response to adaptation to mass-rearing conditions. To evaluate possible divergences on the targets of sexual selection as a by-product of adaptation to mass-rearing conditions, field cage tests were performed with both wild and laboratory females. To avoid possible bias due to correlation among the measured traits (eye length [EL], face width [FW], head width [HW], and thorax length [TL]), a multivariate analysis was applied. Consistent with the previous experiment, the results indicated that TL and FW are probable targets of directional sexual selection independently of female strain. However, laboratory females were less selective than wild ones. Additionally, correlational sexual selection was detected acting on the multivariate phenotype. The effects of correlational selection overlap with those of directional selection on each single trait. The analysis of mating pair characteristics showed patterns that do not match the expectations for a random mating system. The current analysis indicates that during mating pair formation two processes overlap. On the one hand, sexual selection favours males with larger size (TL) and narrower faces (FW). This effect occurs in both wild and laboratory females. In addition, assortative mating based on both phenotype and origin was also observed.
Assuntos
Ceratitis capitata/genética , Seleção Genética , Animais , Constituição Corporal/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Tórax/metabolismoRESUMO
During honeybee foraging, the stabilization of thoracic temperature (Tth) at elevated values is necessary to meet the power requirements of flight at different air temperatures (T(a)). To understand how the bee achieves thermal stability at different reward rates, the metabolic rates of undisturbed foraging bees were measured at different T(a) values and different sucrose solution flow rates. Metabolic heat production, calculated from the rate of carbon dioxide production, decreased linearly from 49.7 to 23.4 mW as T(a) increased from 19 to 29 degrees C (sucrose flow rate 1.75 microl x min(-1), 50 % w/w). In contrast, crop load and inspection rate remained constant. Metabolic rate displayed a linear relationship with both T(a) and the logarithm of the flow rate of sucrose solution (range analyzed 0.44-13.1 microl x min(-1), 50 % w/w). Metabolic rate decreased by 3.13+/-0.52 mW (mean +/- s.e.m., N=37) for every 1 degrees C increase in T(a) and increased by 4.36+/-1.13 mW for a doubling in flow rate. These changes in metabolic power output might be used to achieve thermal stability during foraging. It is suggested that the foraging bee might increase its Tth in accordance with the reward rate.