RESUMO
Rabies is one of the oldest known infectious diseases and certainly one of the most feared because of its impressive course. Despite continuous improvement in medical treatment, the disease continues to be almost always fatal after onset of symptoms. Due to urbanization, rabies has lately somewhat disappeared from the public focus in Central Europe. Because of the remaining high number of fatal cases due to rabies infection worldwide and the persistent risk of contagion on holiday or within Switzerland, e.g. due to illegal import of infected animals, the disease is becoming a frequent topic in the media again.
Assuntos
Raiva/diagnóstico , Raiva/terapia , Adulto , Animais , Mordeduras e Picadas/complicações , Colômbia , Comparação Transcultural , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Cães , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunização Passiva , Período de Incubação de Doenças Infecciosas , Raiva/mortalidade , Raiva/transmissão , Fatores de Risco , Análise de Sobrevida , Suíça/etnologia , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Despite its recognized importance for cultural transmission, little is known about the role imitation plays in language learning. Three experiments examine how rates of imitation vary as a function of qualitative differences in the way language is used in a small indigenous community in Oaxaca, Mexico and three Western comparison groups. Data from one hundred thirty-eight 3- to 10-year-olds suggests that children selectively imitate when they understand the function of a given linguistic element because their culture makes frequent use of that function. When function is opaque, however, children imitate faithfully. This has implications for how children manage the imitation-innovation trade-off, and offers insight into why children imitate in language learning across development.
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Compreensão , Comparação Transcultural , Comportamento Imitativo , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , México/etnologia , Suíça/etnologia , Texas/etnologiaAssuntos
Abdome Agudo/etiologia , Anemia Hemolítica/diagnóstico , Anemia Falciforme/diagnóstico , Anemia/etiologia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Icterícia/etiologia , Missões Médicas , Criança , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Haiti , Humanos , Masculino , Suíça/etnologiaAssuntos
Humanos , Antropologia Cultural , Pesquisa Interdisciplinar , Medicina , Sociedades , Suíça/etnologiaRESUMO
Neuropsychological studies of dyscalculic patients show that arithmetical development is not a unidimensional process. In transcultural investigations, cultural, educational and linguistic factors might affect differently the various components of mathematical development. Four hundred and sixty schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years from Brasilia, Brazil (n = 141), Paris, France (n = 160) and Zurich, Switzerland (n = 159) were asked to perform eleven number processing and calculation tasks. Chronological age, which was almost confounded in this study to educational level, had a strong effect on some tasks (knowledge of the written code of numbers, number comparison, mental calculation, problem solving), but only a slight effect on other tasks (counting dots, counting backwards, estimation). Also, linguistic factors and factors related to the socio-economic level of the family had different effects on the various components of calculation and number processing. Evidence from developmental studies has to be integrated into theoretical models of calculation and number processsing, which are presently based mainly on results from neuropsychological studies of dyscalculic patients.