RESUMO
The administration of viable Bifidobacterium animalis was tested to induce resistance against Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in mice. Effects on parasite burden, worm length, egg output, and intestinal mucosal histology were evaluated. The oral administration of B. animalis, strain 04450B, starting 14 days before the inoculation of nematode larvae significantly decreased the worm burden and egg output. In probiotic treated animals, the percent reduction of adult worms in the intestine was of 33% and the reduction of egg production was of 21%, compared with those of the control group. The duodenum villous height and villous/crypt ratio were significantly higher in probiotic-treated mice, indicating that this group could be experiencing less intestinal damage. The present findings revealed that the administration of B. animalis for the amelioration of host response to nematode infections is biologically plausible and could have some potential for impacting public health. Meanwhile, further study is needed to delineate the nature and identity of the factor(s) involved in these beneficial effects.
Os efeitos da administração de Bifidobacterium animalis viáveis sobre a infecção por Strongyloides venezuelensis foram avaliados em camundongos experimentalmente infectados. Os parâmetros analisados incluíram a carga parasitária, o comprimento dos vermes, a quantidade de ovos eliminados e a histologia da mucosa intestinal. A administração oral da cepa 04450B de B. animalis, iniciada 14 dias antes da inoculação de larvas do nematódeo, foi acompanhada de uma redução significativa do número de vermes que se estabeleceu no intestino e do número de ovos eliminados nas fezes. Nos animais tratados com o probiótico, o percentual de redução de vermes adultos no intestino foi de 33% e da produção de ovos foi de 21%, em comparação com os do grupo controle. O comprimento das vilosidades do duodeno e a relação vilus/cripta foram significativamente maiores nos animais tratados, indicando que nestes animais as lesões intestinais foram mais leves. Os resultados do presente trabalho revelaram que a administração de B. animalis com o propósito de modular a resposta do hospedeiro contra infecções por nematódeos é uma possibilidade biologicamente plausível com impacto potencial em saúde pública. No entanto, são ainda necessários mais estudos para esclarecer os mecanismos de ação destes microrganismos e identificar os fatores envolvidos na produção dos efeitos benéficos.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Bifidobacterium , Enteropatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Fezes/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Strongyloides/classificaçãoRESUMO
The administration of viable Bifidobacterium animalis was tested to induce resistance against Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in mice. Effects on parasite burden, worm length, egg output, and intestinal mucosal histology were evaluated. The oral administration of B. animalis, strain 04450B, starting 14 days before the inoculation of nematode larvae significantly decreased the worm burden and egg output. In probiotic treated animals, the percent reduction of adult worms in the intestine was of 33% and the reduction of egg production was of 21%, compared with those of the control group. The duodenum villous height and villous/crypt ratio were significantly higher in probiotic-treated mice, indicating that this group could be experiencing less intestinal damage. The present findings revealed that the administration of B. animalis for the amelioration of host response to nematode infections is biologically plausible and could have some potential for impacting public health. Meanwhile, further study is needed to delineate the nature and identity of the factor(s) involved in these beneficial effects.
Assuntos
Bifidobacterium , Enteropatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Animais , Fezes/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Strongyloides/classificaçãoRESUMO
Abstract : Seven cases of parasitism by Strongyloides cebus were identified in Lagothrix cana from Brazil. Aspects of the clinical presentation, treatment, pathology, and parasitic biology of these infections are described. Moderate to severe disease was observed, requiring hospitalization of 3 primates, and diarrhea was the most common clinical sign described. One L. cana individual died, for which ulcerative enteritis was the major finding upon histopathological analysis. The use of ivermectin in these atelids was safe and effective against the parasite. Parallel attempts to experimentally infect gerbils with the parasite failed. Lagothrix cana is presented as a new host for S. cebus. The evidence that Strongyloides infections are common in nonhuman primates under free-living conditions, and even more prevalent in captive animals, likely represents a neglected problem.
Assuntos
Atelinae/parasitologia , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Strongyloides/isolamento & purificação , Estrongiloidíase/veterinária , Animais , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Gerbillinae , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Intestino Delgado/parasitologia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Doenças dos Macacos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Strongyloides/classificação , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrongiloidíase/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidíase/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to use larval, parasitic female and egg antigens from Strongyloides venezuelensis to detect parasite-specific IgG and immune complexes in human serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In total, 95 serum samples were analysed, consisting of 30 patients harbouring S. stercoralis larvae, 30 healthy subjects and 35 patients with other parasites. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic efficiency were calculated. A significant statistical difference was found in the detection of immune complexes and antibodies in patients harbouring S. stercoralis larvae from larval and eggs antigens, with higher positivity using larval antigen. The larval antigen showed the highest values for sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic efficiency in ELISA from detection of immune complexes. For the first time we used IgG anti-larvae, IgG anti-parasitic females or IgG anti-eggs for immune complex detection. We concluded that the association of antibody and immune complex detection could be used in the diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis.
Assuntos
Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo/sangue , Antígenos de Helmintos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Strongyloides/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/diagnóstico , Animais , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Testes Imunológicos , Larva/imunologia , Óvulo/imunologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Strongyloides/classificação , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologiaRESUMO
An estimated quarter of the world's population possesses an infection caused by gastrointestinal nematodes, which induce a Th2 type immune response. Concomitant infection of nematodes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which induces a predominantly Th1 type response, is very frequent in tropical and subtropical regions. This study examined immune responses of BALB/c mice infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis and then co-infected with Mycobacterium bovis. The number of worms in the intestine, eggs in feces, cytokine production in lungs and intestine and the expression of CD80, CD86, CTLA-4 and CD28 cell markers on pulmonary cells were analysed. Our results indicate that co-infected mice had an increased parasite burden, which correlates with elevated IFN-gamma and IL-10 cytokine production and decreased IL-4 and IL-13. Moreover, decreased expression of CD80 and increased expression of CTLA-4 were observed in co-infected mice. Our data point out that susceptibility to Strongyloides venezuelensis infection is increased by Mycobacterium bovis co-infection, resulting in higher parasite survival.
Assuntos
Citocinas/metabolismo , Infecções por Mycobacterium/complicações , Mycobacterium bovis , Strongyloides/patogenicidade , Estrongiloidíase/complicações , Células Th2/imunologia , Animais , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Fezes/parasitologia , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Intestinos/imunologia , Intestinos/parasitologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Infecções por Mycobacterium/imunologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Mycobacterium bovis/imunologia , Mycobacterium bovis/patogenicidade , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Strongyloides/classificação , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologiaRESUMO
A estrongiloidíase afeta 30 milhões de pessoas em 70 países. Usualmente, o diagnóstico dessa enteroparasitose é realizado por testes parasitológicos baseados no hidro termotropismo das larvas eliminadas nas fezes, porém esses têm se mostrado pouco sensíveis. Neste trabalho, extratos antigênicos foram testados pelas técnicas de ELISA, Immunoblotting e IFI, utilizando larvas filarióides de Strongyloides venezuelensis, parasita de roedores, que mostram reação cruzada com epítopos de Strongyloides stercoralis. Sensibilidade de 89, 85, 57 por cento para a reação de ELISA e de 100, 100 e 96 por cento, para o Immunoblotting com os antígenos SAL, ZWIP e ZW, e especificidade de 90, 60 e 81 por cento para o ELISA e 96, 92 e 91 por cento para o Immunoblotting para os mesmos antígenos, foram encontradas nestes ensaios.
Strongyloidiasis affects 30 million people in 70 countries. This enteral parasitosis is usually diagnosed using parasitological tests based on hydrotropism or thermotropism of larvae eliminated in feces, but these tests have been shown to have low sensitivity. In this study, antigenic extracts were tested by means of ELISA, immunoblotting and IFI, using filariform larvae of Strongyloides venezuelensis, a parasite of rodents that shows cross-reactions with Strongyloides stercoralis epitopes. Sensitivity of 89, 85 and 57 percent for the ELISA reaction and 100, 100 and 96 percent for immunoblotting with the SAL, ZWIP and ZW antigens, and specificity of 90, 60 and 81 percent for ELISA and 96, 92 and 91 percent for immunoblotting with the same antigens, were found in these assays.
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Antígenos de Helmintos , Strongyloides/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Fezes/parasitologia , Immunoblotting , Larva/imunologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Strongyloides/classificação , Strongyloides/isolamento & purificação , Estrongiloidíase/diagnósticoRESUMO
Strongyloidiasis affects 30 million people in 70 countries. This enteral parasitosis is usually diagnosed using parasitological tests based on hydrotropism or thermotropism of larvae eliminated in feces, but these tests have been shown to have low sensitivity. In this study, antigenic extracts were tested by means of ELISA, immunoblotting and IFI, using filariform larvae of Strongyloides venezuelensis, a parasite of rodents that shows cross-reactions with Strongyloides stercoralis epitopes. Sensitivity of 89, 85 and 57% for the ELISA reaction and 100, 100 and 96% for immunoblotting with the SAL, ZWIP and ZW antigens, and specificity of 90, 60 and 81% for ELISA and 96, 92 and 91% for immunoblotting with the same antigens, were found in these assays.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Helmintos , Strongyloides/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fezes/parasitologia , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Larva/imunologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Strongyloides/classificação , Strongyloides/isolamento & purificação , Estrongiloidíase/diagnósticoRESUMO
In human hosts and in murine models, the immune response to Strongyloides spp. is Th2 type. In addition, the profile of the host immune response follows various symptoms induced by Strongyloides spp. In the present study, we demonstrated that the L2 and L49 strains of Strongyloides venezuelensis obtained from Bolomys lasiurus and Nectomys squamipes induced significant and similar increases in eosinophil/mononuclear cell counts in the blood, peritoneal cavity fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid when compared with uninfected mice. However, in the first 3 days of infection, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma levels were higher in the lungs of mice infected with the L2 strain, which also presented greater production of IgG and IgG1 than did mice infected with the L49 strain. The higher antibody and cytokine levels induced by the L2 strain correlated with a decrease in the number of female parasites recovered in the faeces of mice on post-infection day 7. The results demonstrate that the L2 strain was a more potent stimulant of the humoral immune response, which can result in more efficient antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, a mechanism involved in eosinophil activation and parasite elimination. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the molecular differences among parasites.
Assuntos
Strongyloides/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Interferon gama/imunologia , Larva/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Roedores , Strongyloides/classificação , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Strongyloides/isolamento & purificação , Estrongiloidíase/sangue , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Zoonoses/parasitologiaRESUMO
A estrongiloidiase e uma doenca parasitaria de distribuicao mundial e de grande importancia no Brasil. Entre as diversas especies existentes do genero Strongyloides, apenas o S. stercoralis, o S. fulleborni e o S. fulleborni-like tem importancia para o homen. Embora o S. stercoralis seja um helminto intestinal, a estrongiloidiase e uma infeccao sistemica, podendo acometer alem do trato gastrointestinal, os pulmoes, SNC, figado e vias biliares, pancreas, trato genitourinario e pele. Na maioria dos casos, a estrongiloidiase e assintomatica, de curso cronico e benigno. Os sintomas gastrointestinais e pulmonares sao os mais importantes entre os casos assintomaticos. Por motivos ainda nao muito bem compreendidos, a infeccao pelo estrongiloides pode resultar em doenca severa e disseminada. O uso de terapia imunossupressora foi identificado como fator de risco importante para a forma disseminada nos paises industrializados. O diagnostico da estrongiloidiase pode ser dificil, e embora o exame parasitologico de fezes seja o mais utilizado nem sempre sao identificados larvas do parasito...
Assuntos
Humanos , Estrongiloidíase/diagnóstico , Strongyloides/classificação , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Estrongiloidíase/classificação , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Estrongiloidíase/terapia , Estrongiloidíase/transmissão , Strongyloides/patogenicidade , Tiabendazol/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Poekilostrongylus puertoricensis gen.nov., sp.nov. is proposed for nematodes recovered from Eleutherodactylus coqui, in Puerto Rico. The new genus is similar to Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917, but lacks longitudinal ridges on the cuticle. Oswaldocruzia lenteixierai Viqueras, 1938, is partially redescribed, and a key to the genera of the Oswaldocruziinae is given. Thelandros (Parathelandros) garciai sp.nov. is described from E. antillensis and E. portoricensis. Strongyloides sp. was found in E. antillensis and Aplectana spp. (females) were recovered from E. locustus, E. richmondi and E. coqui.