RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased worldwide. Recent studies have informed that the dysbiosis of some specific members of the human microbiota may enhance the allergic response of the respiratory tract. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively explore the role of some microorganisms of the human microbiota on the skin reactivity and their effect on the chronicity of allergic respiratory diseases in humans. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a 5-year database of patients with allergic respiratory tract disease. The frequency and magnitude of the reactivity to 38 different allergens was determined. RESULTS: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus had the highest frequency of reactivity (93.7 %), followed by the bacterial allergen (a mixture of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) with a frequency of reactivity of 91.82 %; whereas Candida albicans had a frequency of reactivity of only 79.32 %. The frequency of reactivity to the pollen of native Mexican weeds was even lower ~79 %. CONCLUSION: The microorganisms of the microbiota that were analyzed in this study seem to have an influence on the development of respiratory allergic inflammation, associated with long-term colonization of the pharynx, nasal mucosa, and sinuses because of these microorganisms.
Antecedentes: La prevalencia de las enfermedades alérgicas ha aumentado en todo el mundo. En estudios recientes se ha informado que la disbiosis de algunos miembros específicos de la microbiota humana puede potenciar la respuesta alérgica de las vías respiratorias. Objetivo: Explorar retrospectivamente el papel de algunos microorganismos de la microbiota humana en la reactividad cutánea y su efecto sobre la cronicidad de las enfermedades alérgicas respiratorias en el humano. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de la base de datos de un periodo de cinco años de pacientes con enfermedad alérgica de las vías respiratorias. Se determinó la frecuencia y magnitud de la reactividad a 38 alérgenos diferentes. Resultados: La mayor frecuencia de reactividad la presentó Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (93.7 %), al que le siguió una combinación bacteriana de Staphylococcus aureus-Staphylococcus epidermidis (91.82 %) y Candida albicans (79.32 %). La reactividad a alérgenos de polen de malezas nativas de México fue aun menor, aproximadamente de 79 %. Conclusión: Los microorganismos de la microbiota analizados en este estudio parecen tener una influencia en el desarrollo de la inflamación alérgica respiratoria, asociada a la colonización a largo plazo de la faringe, la mucosa nasal y los senos paranasales.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Antígenos/imunologia , Microbiota/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Respiratória/imunologia , Sistema Respiratório/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Candida albicans/imunologia , Criança , Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Staphylococcus aureus/imunologia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Wound healing is a complex dynamic physiological process in response to cutaneous destructive stimuli that aims to restore the cutaneous' barrier role. Deciphering the underlying mechanistic details that contribute to wound healing will create novel therapeutic strategies for skin repair. Recently, by using state-of-the-art technologies, it was revealed that the cutaneous microbiota interact with skin immune cells. Strikingly, commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced CD8+ T cells induce re-epithelization of the skin after injury, accelerating wound closure. From a drug development perspective, the microbiota may provide new therapeutic candidate molecules to accelerate skin healing. Here, we summarize and evaluate recent advances in the understanding of the microbiota in the skin microenvironment.
Assuntos
Microambiente Celular/fisiologia , Pele/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pele/microbiologia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/fisiologia , Cicatrização/fisiologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Microambiente Celular/imunologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Microbiota/imunologia , Pele/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Pele , Staphylococcus epidermidis/imunologiaRESUMO
The human skin not only provides passive protection as a physical barrier against external injury, but also mediates active surveillance via epidermal cell surface receptors that recognize and respond to potential invaders. Primary keratinocytes and immortalized cell lines, the commonly used sources to investigate immune responses of cutaneous epithelium are often difficult to obtain and/or potentially exhibit changes in cellular genetic make-up. Here we investigated the possibility of using salivary epithelial cells (SEC) to evaluate the host response to cutaneous microbes. Elevated secretion of IFN-γ and IL-12 was observed in the SEC stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus, a transient pathogen of the skin, as mono species biofilm as compared to SEC stimulated with a commensal microbe, the Staphylococcus epidermidis. Co-culture of the SEC with both microbes as dual species biofilm elicited maximum cytokine response. Stimulation with S. aureus alone but not with S. epidermidis alone induced maximum toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) expression in the SEC. Exposure to dual species biofilm induced a sustained upregulation of TLR-2 in the SEC for up to an hour. The data support novel application of the SEC as efficient biospecimen that may be used to investigate personalized response to cutaneous microflora.
Assuntos
Saliva/citologia , Saliva/imunologia , Pele/imunologia , Pele/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/imunologia , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidade , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Humanos , Vigilância Imunológica , Queratinócitos/imunologia , Queratinócitos/microbiologia , Modelos Imunológicos , Mucosa Bucal/imunologia , Mucosa Bucal/microbiologia , Saliva/microbiologia , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/imunologia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/imunologia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/patogenicidade , Simbiose/imunologia , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Pesquisa Translacional BiomédicaRESUMO
Staphylococcus epidermidis is an environmental opportunistic pathogen associated with bovine intramammary infections. In bacterial infections, the endothelial tissue plays an important role during inflammation and it is the target of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Therefore, this work was designed to explore the effect of TNF-alpha on the interaction of S. epidermidis with bovine endothelial cells (BEC). We show that cell signaling activated by TNF-alpha caused a marked reduction in the number of intracellular S. epidermidis, suggesting that molecules participating in this pathway were involved in the internalization of this bacterium. We also found that S. epidermidis internalization was not associated with basal levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activity because the intracellular number of bacteria recovered after treating BEC with the NF-kappaB inhibitors, SN50 or BAY 11-7083, was similar to that of the untreated control. Interestingly, inhibition of the basal activity of JNK with SP600125 and p38 with SB203580 caused a decrease in the number of intracellular S. epidermidis. These results suggest that activation of the signaling pathway initiated by TNF-alpha could play an important role in the phagocytosis of this bacterium. However, the basal activity of NF-kappaB was shown not to be important for the internalization process of S. epidermidis.