RESUMO
The use of manual backpacksprayers is common on rural properties for the application of phytosanitary products with different types of nozzles. The aim of the study was to evaluate the drop spectrum in the spray solutionon scarleteggplant crop. The study was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with a 2x3 factorial scheme, consisting of two working pressures 15 and 45 Psi, and three spray nozzles with four blocks. For the acquisition of information, hydrosensitive papers were used, which laterhad their images digitized and analyzed by the Gotas® software. The following values were extracted: number of drops, dispersion, applied volume, coverage and volumetric mean diameter (VMD). Then, the values found were subjected toanalysis of variance and, according to significance, were compared by Tukey test at 5% probabilitylevel. For each factor, separately, the coefficients of variation were analyzed and then an analysis of the correlation between these factors was performed. The highest pressure produced the greatest number of drops and application coverage. Coverage was also the best atthis pressure, which led tothe highestcoverage percentage.
O uso de pulverizadores costais manuais é comum nas propriedades rurais para a aplicação de produtos fitossanitários com diferentes tipos de pontas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o espectro de gotas em caldas de pulverização na cultura do jiloeiro. O estudo foi em um delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) com esquema fatorial 2x3, constituído de duas pressõesde trabalho15 e 45 Psi,e três pontas de pulverizaçãocom quatro blocos. Para a aquisição das informações foram utilizados papéis hidrossensíveis que, posteriormente, tiveramsuas imagens digitalizadaseanalisadas pelo software Gotas®. Foram extraídos valores de: número de gotas, dispersão, volume aplicado, cobertura e DMV. Em seguida, os valores encontrados foram submetidos a análise de variânciae, conforme a significância, foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Foram avaliados, para cada fator, separadamente, os coeficientes de variação e depois uma análise de correlação entre esses fatores. A maior pressão produziu o maior número de gotase cobertura de aplicação. A cobertura também foi a melhor nessa pressão apresentando maior percentual de cobertura.
Assuntos
Infusões Intravenosas , Produtos Agrícolas , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/fisiologia , Trituração de Resíduos SólidosRESUMO
The use of manual backpacksprayers is common on rural properties for the application of phytosanitary products with different types of nozzles. The aim of the study was to evaluate the drop spectrum in the spray solutionon scarleteggplant crop. The study was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with a 2x3 factorial scheme, consisting of two working pressures 15 and 45 Psi, and three spray nozzles with four blocks. For the acquisition of information, hydrosensitive papers were used, which laterhad their images digitized and analyzed by the Gotas® software. The following values were extracted: number of drops, dispersion, applied volume, coverage and volumetric mean diameter (VMD). Then, the values found were subjected toanalysis of variance and, according to significance, were compared by Tukey test at 5% probabilitylevel. For each factor, separately, the coefficients of variation were analyzed and then an analysis of the correlation between these factors was performed. The highest pressure produced the greatest number of drops and application coverage. Coverage was also the best atthis pressure, which led tothe highestcoverage percentage.(AU)
O uso de pulverizadores costais manuais é comum nas propriedades rurais para a aplicação de produtos fitossanitários com diferentes tipos de pontas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o espectro de gotas em caldas de pulverização na cultura do jiloeiro. O estudo foi em um delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) com esquema fatorial 2x3, constituído de duas pressõesde trabalho15 e 45 Psi,e três pontas de pulverizaçãocom quatro blocos. Para a aquisição das informações foram utilizados papéis hidrossensíveis que, posteriormente, tiveramsuas imagens digitalizadaseanalisadas pelo software Gotas®. Foram extraídos valores de: número de gotas, dispersão, volume aplicado, cobertura e DMV. Em seguida, os valores encontrados foram submetidos a análise de variânciae, conforme a significância, foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Foram avaliados, para cada fator, separadamente, os coeficientes de variação e depois uma análise de correlação entre esses fatores. A maior pressão produziu o maior número de gotase cobertura de aplicação. A cobertura também foi a melhor nessa pressão apresentando maior percentual de cobertura.(AU)
Assuntos
Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/fisiologia , Infusões Intravenosas , Trituração de Resíduos Sólidos , Produtos AgrícolasRESUMO
Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) is most commonly known andused by the population of the colombian Pacific coast as an antimalarial treatment. This article study into optimization and quantitative analysis of compounds steroidal over time of development of this species when grown in vitro and wild. A new steroidal compound named SN6 was elucidated by NMR and a new method of quantification of seven steroidal compounds (Diosgenone DONA and six steroids SNs) using HPLC-DAD-MS in extracts of cultures in vitroand wild was investigated. Biology activity of extracts was found to a range of antiplasmodial activity in FCB2 and NF-54 with inhibitory concentration (IC50) between (17.04 -100µg/mL) and cytotoxicity in U-937 of CC50 (7.18 -104.7µg/mL). This method creates the basis for the detection of seven sterols antiplasmodial present in extracts from S. nudum plant as a quality parameter in the control and expression of phytochemicals.
Solanum nudum Dunal (Solanaceae) es el más conocido y utilizado por la población de la costa del Pacífico colombiano como tratamiento antipalúdico. Este artículo estudia la optimización y el análisis cuantitativo de compuestos esteroides a lo largo del tiempo de desarrollo de esta especie cuando se cultiva in vitro y en forma silvestre. Un nuevo compuesto esteroideo llamado SN6 fue dilucidado por RMN y se investigó un nuevo método de cuantificación de siete compuestos esteroides (Diosgenone DONA y seis esteroides SN) usando HPLC-DAD-MS en extractos de cultivos in vitro y silvestres. La actividad biológica de los extractos se encontró en un rango de actividad antiplasmodial en FCB2 y NF-54 con concentración inhibitoria (IC50) entre (17.04 -100 µg/mL) y citotoxicidad en U-937 de CC50 (7.18 -104.7 µg/mL). Este método crea la base para la detección de siete esteroles antiplasmodiales presentes en extractos de planta de S. nudum como parámetro de calidad en el control y expresión de fitoquímicos.
Assuntos
Esteroides/análise , Solanum/química , Antimaláricos/química , Técnicas In Vitro , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Compostos Fitoquímicos , Antimaláricos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Resource allocation to reproduction can change depending on size, as predicted by the size-dependent sex allocation. This theory is based on the fact that small individuals will invest in the allocation of sex with lower cost of production, usually male gender. In plants, there are some andromonoecy species, presence of hermaphrodite and male flowers in the same individual. Andromonoecy provides a strategy to optimally allocate resources to male and female function, evolving a reproductive energy-saving strategy. Thus, our objective was to investigate the size-dependent sex allocation in Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. We tested the hypothesis that plants with larger size will invest in the production of hermaphrodite flowers, because higher individuals have greater availability of resources to invest in more complex structures involving greater energy expenditure. The studied species was S. lycocarpum, an andromonoecious species. From June 2016 to March 2017 the data were collected in 38 individuals, divided in two groups: the larger plant group (n=18; height=3-5 m) and the smaller plant group (n=20; height=1-2 m).Our data show that there was effect of plant size on the flower production and the sexual gender allocation. The larger plants showed more flowers and higher production of hermaphrodite flowers. Furthermore, in the flower scale, we observed allometric relationship among the flower's traits with proportional investments in biomass, anther size and gynoecium size. Our results are in agreement with size-dependent sex allocation theory and andromonoecy hypothesis related to mechanisms for optimal resource allocation to male and female function.
A alocação de recursos para reprodução pode mudar dependendo do tamanho, conforme previsto pela alocação sexual dependente do tamanho. Essa teoria é baseada no fato de que indivíduos pequenos investirão na alocação sexual com menor custo de produção, geralmente do sexo masculino. Nas plantas, existem algumas espécies andromonoicas, presença de hermafrodita e flores masculinas no mesmo indivíduo. A andromonoicia fornece uma estratégia para alocar recursos de maneira ideal às funções masculina e feminina, desenvolvendo uma estratégia reprodutiva de economia de energia. Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a alocação sexual dependente do tamanho em Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. Testamos a hipótese de que plantas de maior tamanho investirão na produção de flores hermafroditas, pois indivíduos mais altos economizam mais disponibilidade de recursos para investir em estruturas mais complexas que envolvem maior gasto de energia. A espécie estudada foi S. lycocarpum, uma espécie andromonoica. De junho de 2016 a março de 2017, os dados foram coletados em 38 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: o maior grupo de plantas (n = 18; altura = 3-5 m) e o menor grupo de plantas (n = 20; altura = 1-2 m). Nossos dados mostram que houve efeito do tamanho da planta na produção de flores e na alocação sexual. As plantas maiores apresentaram mais flores e maior produção de flores hermafroditas. Além disso, observamos uma relação alométrica entre as características da flor, com investimentos proporcionais em biomassa, tamanho da antera e tamanho do gineceu. Nossos resultados estão de acordo com a teoria de alocação de sexo dependente de tamanho e a hipótese de andromonoicia relacionada a mecanismos para a alocação ótima de recursos para a função masculina e feminina.
Assuntos
Organismos Hermafroditas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/genéticaRESUMO
In the tropical region, savannas and seasonal forests, both highly diverse biomes, occur side by side, under the same climate. If so, that mosaic cannot be explained solely by climatic variables, but also by fire, water availability and soil status. Nutrient availability in the soil, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, has been postulated to explain the abrupt transitions between savannas and seasonal forests in tropical regions. Plants from these two biomes may present different nutritional strategies to cope with nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We used two congeneric pairs of trees each pair with a species from the savanna and another from the neighboring seasonal forest to test whether savanna and forest species presented different nutritional strategies during their early development. We cultivated 56 individuals from each of these species in a hydroponics system with four treatments: (1) complete Hoagland solution, (2) Hoagland solution without nitrogen, (3) Hoagland solution without phosphorus, and (4) Hoagland solution without nitrogen and phosphorus. After 45 days, we harvested the plants and measured total biomass, root to shoot ratio, height, leaf area, and specific leaf area. Overall, savanna species were lighter, shorter, with smaller leaves, higher specific leaf areas, and higher root to shoot ratios when compared to the forest species. Nitrogen increased the performance of species from both biomes. Phosphorus improved the performance of the forest species and caused toxicity symptoms in the savanna species. Hence, savanna and forest species presented different demands and were partially distinct already as seedlings concerning their nutritional strategies.
Em regiões tropicais, savanas e florestas estacionais, biomas altamente diversos, ocorrem lado a lado, sob o mesmo clima. Sendo assim, esse mosaico não pode ser explicado somente por variáveis climáticas, devendo ser considerada a frequência e intensidade de incêndios, disponibilidade de água e status do solo. A disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, especialmente nitrogênio e fósforo, tem sido postulada para explicar as transições abruptas entre savanas e florestas estacionais nos trópicos. Espécies vegetais desses dois biomas podem apresentar estratégias nutricionais diferentes para lidar com a limitação tanto de nitrogênio como de fósforo. Utilizamos dois pares de árvores congenéricas cada par com uma espécie típica de savana e outra de floresta estacional vizinha para testar se as espécies da savana e da floresta apresentaram estratégias nutricionais diferentes durante seu desenvolvimento inicial. Cultivamos 56 indivíduos de cada uma dessas espécies em um sistema hidropônico com quatro tratamentos: (1) solução Hoagland completa, (2) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio, (3) solução Hoagland sem fósforo e (4) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio e fósforo. Após 45 dias, colhemos as plantas e medimos a biomassa total, a relação raiz / parte aérea, altura, área foliar e área foliar específica. No geral, as espécies savânicas foram mais leves, menores em altura, área foliar e área foliar específica e apresentaram maiores razões entre biomassa radicular por biomassa aérea quando comparadas às espécies florestais. A oferta de nitrogênio aumentou o desempenho das espécies de ambos biomas. O fósforo melhorou o desempenho das espécies florestais e causou sintomas de toxicidade nas espécies savânicas. Concluímos que, já como mudas, espécies congenéricas de savana e floresta apresentaram demandas distintas e foram parcialmente diferentes em relação a suas estratégias nutricionais.
Assuntos
Características do Solo/análise , Floresta Úmida , Fósforo/administração & dosagem , Hidroponia , Nitrogênio/administração & dosagem , Pradaria , Química do Solo/análise , Fabaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fabaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In the tropical region, savannas and seasonal forests, both highly diverse biomes, occur side by side, under the same climate. If so, that mosaic cannot be explained solely by climatic variables, but also by fire, water availability and soil status. Nutrient availability in the soil, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, has been postulated to explain the abrupt transitions between savannas and seasonal forests in tropical regions. Plants from these two biomes may present different nutritional strategies to cope with nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. We used two congeneric pairs of trees each pair with a species from the savanna and another from the neighboring seasonal forest to test whether savanna and forest species presented different nutritional strategies during their early development. We cultivated 56 individuals from each of these species in a hydroponics system with four treatments: (1) complete Hoagland solution, (2) Hoagland solution without nitrogen, (3) Hoagland solution without phosphorus, and (4) Hoagland solution without nitrogen and phosphorus. After 45 days, we harvested the plants and measured total biomass, root to shoot ratio, height, leaf area, and specific leaf area. Overall, savanna species were lighter, shorter, with smaller leaves, higher specific leaf areas, and higher root to shoot ratios when compared to the forest species. Nitrogen increased the performance of species from both biomes. Phosphorus improved the performance of the forest species and caused toxicity symptoms in the savanna species. Hence, savanna and forest species presented different demands and were partially distinct already as seedlings concerning their nutritional strategies.(AU)
Em regiões tropicais, savanas e florestas estacionais, biomas altamente diversos, ocorrem lado a lado, sob o mesmo clima. Sendo assim, esse mosaico não pode ser explicado somente por variáveis climáticas, devendo ser considerada a frequência e intensidade de incêndios, disponibilidade de água e status do solo. A disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, especialmente nitrogênio e fósforo, tem sido postulada para explicar as transições abruptas entre savanas e florestas estacionais nos trópicos. Espécies vegetais desses dois biomas podem apresentar estratégias nutricionais diferentes para lidar com a limitação tanto de nitrogênio como de fósforo. Utilizamos dois pares de árvores congenéricas cada par com uma espécie típica de savana e outra de floresta estacional vizinha para testar se as espécies da savana e da floresta apresentaram estratégias nutricionais diferentes durante seu desenvolvimento inicial. Cultivamos 56 indivíduos de cada uma dessas espécies em um sistema hidropônico com quatro tratamentos: (1) solução Hoagland completa, (2) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio, (3) solução Hoagland sem fósforo e (4) solução Hoagland sem nitrogênio e fósforo. Após 45 dias, colhemos as plantas e medimos a biomassa total, a relação raiz / parte aérea, altura, área foliar e área foliar específica. No geral, as espécies savânicas foram mais leves, menores em altura, área foliar e área foliar específica e apresentaram maiores razões entre biomassa radicular por biomassa aérea quando comparadas às espécies florestais. A oferta de nitrogênio aumentou o desempenho das espécies de ambos biomas. O fósforo melhorou o desempenho das espécies florestais e causou sintomas de toxicidade nas espécies savânicas. Concluímos que, já como mudas, espécies congenéricas de savana e floresta apresentaram demandas distintas e foram parcialmente diferentes em relação a suas estratégias nutricionais.(AU)
Assuntos
Características do Solo/análise , Química do Solo/análise , Nitrogênio/administração & dosagem , Fósforo/administração & dosagem , Pradaria , Floresta Úmida , Hidroponia , Solanum/efeitos dos fármacos , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fabaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Fabaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Resource allocation to reproduction can change depending on size, as predicted by the size-dependent sex allocation. This theory is based on the fact that small individuals will invest in the allocation of sex with lower cost of production, usually male gender. In plants, there are some andromonoecy species, presence of hermaphrodite and male flowers in the same individual. Andromonoecy provides a strategy to optimally allocate resources to male and female function, evolving a reproductive energy-saving strategy. Thus, our objective was to investigate the size-dependent sex allocation in Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. We tested the hypothesis that plants with larger size will invest in the production of hermaphrodite flowers, because higher individuals have greater availability of resources to invest in more complex structures involving greater energy expenditure. The studied species was S. lycocarpum, an andromonoecious species. From June 2016 to March 2017 the data were collected in 38 individuals, divided in two groups: the larger plant group (n=18; height=3-5 m) and the smaller plant group (n=20; height=1-2 m).Our data show that there was effect of plant size on the flower production and the sexual gender allocation. The larger plants showed more flowers and higher production of hermaphrodite flowers. Furthermore, in the flower scale, we observed allometric relationship among the flower's traits with proportional investments in biomass, anther size and gynoecium size. Our results are in agreement with size-dependent sex allocation theory and andromonoecy hypothesis related to mechanisms for optimal resource allocation to male and female function.(AU)
A alocação de recursos para reprodução pode mudar dependendo do tamanho, conforme previsto pela alocação sexual dependente do tamanho. Essa teoria é baseada no fato de que indivíduos pequenos investirão na alocação sexual com menor custo de produção, geralmente do sexo masculino. Nas plantas, existem algumas espécies andromonoicas, presença de hermafrodita e flores masculinas no mesmo indivíduo. A andromonoicia fornece uma estratégia para alocar recursos de maneira ideal às funções masculina e feminina, desenvolvendo uma estratégia reprodutiva de economia de energia. Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a alocação sexual dependente do tamanho em Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. Testamos a hipótese de que plantas de maior tamanho investirão na produção de flores hermafroditas, pois indivíduos mais altos economizam mais disponibilidade de recursos para investir em estruturas mais complexas que envolvem maior gasto de energia. A espécie estudada foi S. lycocarpum, uma espécie andromonoica. De junho de 2016 a março de 2017, os dados foram coletados em 38 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: o maior grupo de plantas (n = 18; altura = 3-5 m) e o menor grupo de plantas (n = 20; altura = 1-2 m). Nossos dados mostram que houve efeito do tamanho da planta na produção de flores e na alocação sexual. As plantas maiores apresentaram mais flores e maior produção de flores hermafroditas. Além disso, observamos uma relação alométrica entre as características da flor, com investimentos proporcionais em biomassa, tamanho da antera e tamanho do gineceu. Nossos resultados estão de acordo com a teoria de alocação de sexo dependente de tamanho e a hipótese de andromonoicia relacionada a mecanismos para a alocação ótima de recursos para a função masculina e feminina.(AU)
Assuntos
Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/genética , Organismos Hermafroditas/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Although intensively studied, few works had looked into S. pennellii's ability to cope with water-deficit conditions from a breeding point of view. In this study, we assessed potential traits of S. pennellii, that had previously been linked to high yields in other plant species, under long-term water-limited conditions and made a parallel with plant yield. For this purpose, the drought-resistant tomato genotypes IL 3-5 and IL 10-1, and the drought-sensitive IL 2-5 and IL 7-1 at seed level, together with both parents the S. pennellii accession LA 716 and the cultivar M82 were kept at 50 and 100% ASW throughout the growing season. Our findings confirm the superiority of LA 716 under water-limited conditions compared to the other S. lycopersicum genotypes in terms of plant water status maintenance. Percentual reduction on plant yield was higher in IL 3-5 and IL 10-1 than in M82 plants, indicating no correlation between drought resistance on germination and plant productive stages. A strong positive correlation was found between fruit yield and A, gs, and Ψleaf at 50% ASW, suggesting these traits as important selection criteria. LT and gmin, LA 716's most promising traits, did not show a linear correlation with fruit yield under low water regimes. This study unravels traits behind tomato performance under water-limited conditions and should work as guidance for breeders aiming at developing drought-resistant tomato cultivars.
Assuntos
Melhoramento Vegetal/métodos , Solanum/anatomia & histologia , Solanum/genética , Secas , Frutas/genética , Genótipo , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Folhas de Planta/genética , Seleção Genética/genética , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , ÁguaRESUMO
Changing climatic conditions impose a challenge both to biodiversity and food security. The effects of climate change affect different aspects of the plant or crop, such as morphological and phenological aspects, as well as yield. The effects of greenhouse conditions might be comparable in some cases to a permanent extreme disturbance in climate and weather, thus, contributing to our knowledge on climate change impacts on plant species. We have investigated the differences for 23 traits in two cultivar groups of an Andean traditional crop, Solanum betaceum, under two different environmental conditions that correspond to the traditional practices in the open field and three cultural managements under greenhouse conditions (no fertilization or control, organic, and mineral). We found that traditional practices in the open field are the less productive. Moreover, in warmer and drier conditions the treatment with organic fertilization was the most productive. Greenhouse conditions, however, delay production. We further identified traits that differentiate both cultivar groups and traits that are linked to either the new climate conditions or the fertilization treatments. Fruit characteristics were quite homogeneous between the two cultivar groups. Overall, our results provide insight on the consequences that climate change effects might exert on crops such as tree tomato, reveal that greenhouses can be a robust alternative for tree tomato production, and highlight the need to understand how different managements are linked to different solutions to fulfil the farmers' demands.
Assuntos
Clima , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fertilizantes , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Lipoxygenase (LOX) is an important contributor to aroma compounds in most fresh produce; however, little is known about the LOX pathway in pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) fruit. We explored the LOX aroma compounds produced by the flesh and the peel and identified eight putative LOX genes expressed in both tissues during fruit growth and development during two consecutive seasons. This study shows that pepino produces C5, C6, and C9 LOX-derived compounds. Odorant C9 volatiles were produced during immature stages with a concomitant decrease when the fruit ripens, whereas C5 and C6 compounds were formed throughout ripening. trans-2-Hexenal and its alcohol were produced in the peel, but not detected in the flesh. The expression of three genes, SmLOXD (putative 13-LOX), SmLOXB, and SmLOX5-like1 (putative 9-LOXs), increased during fruit ripening. These genes may account for aroma volatiles in pepino. Here, we discuss the possible roles of individual LOX genes in pepino.
Assuntos
Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Lipoxigenase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Solanum/enzimologia , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Aldeídos/metabolismo , Frutas/enzimologia , Frutas/genética , Lipoxigenase/química , Lipoxigenase/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Solanum/genética , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
Climate change could lead to an upward shift in plant distribution, exposing populations to higher levels of ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation. In the framework of an in situ strategy for conserving potato wild relatives, we evaluated the effect of high UV-B levels on natural population of Solanum kurtzianum. The hypothesis is that plants from naturally higher altitudes are more adapted to increased UV-B radiation. Two populations from low and high altitudes were field supplemented using UV-B-lamps (+UV-B) or excluded from it with plastic filters. Additionally, to assess in which extent the plant responses to these artificial experimental conditions are reproducible in natural conditions, three genotypes were cultivated in two mountain experimental gardens (EG) at different elevations. +UV-B treatment induced changes in leaf morphology and increases in phenolic compounds in both populations, indicating plant adaptation, since chlorophylls and reproductive structures were not negatively affected. These results indicate that this environmental factor may not limit the displacement of populations towards sites with higher UV-B levels. Meanwhile, in higher-altitude EG a tubers yield reduction, mainly through a decreased tuber number and a bigger accumulation of phenolic compounds than in +UV-B treatment were observed, suggesting that UV-B is not the only factor involved in plants adaptation to high altitude environments.
Assuntos
Folhas de Planta/efeitos da radiação , Tubérculos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/fisiologia , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Altitude , Clorofila/análise , Clorofila/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Tubérculos/efeitos da radiação , Sementes/efeitos da radiação , Solanum/metabolismo , Solanum/efeitos da radiação , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Interspecific reproductive barriers (IRBs) often prevent hybridization between closely related species in sympatry. In the tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon), interspecific interactions between natural sympatric populations have not been evaluated previously. In this study, we assessed IRBs between members of the tomato clade from nine sympatric sites in Peru. METHODS: Coflowering was assessed at sympatric sites in Peru. Using previously collected seeds from sympatric sites in Peru, we evaluated premating prezygotic (floral morphology), postmating prezygotic (pollen-tube growth), and postzygotic barriers (fruit and seed development) between sympatric species in common gardens. Pollen-tube growth and seed development were examined in reciprocal crosses between sympatric species. KEY RESULTS: We confirmed coflowering of sympatric species at five sites in Peru. We found three types of postmating prezygotic IRBs during pollen-pistil interactions: (1) unilateral pollen-tube rejection between pistils of self-incompatible species and pollen of self-compatible species; (2) potential conspecific pollen precedence in a cross between two self-incompatible species; and (3) failure of pollen tubes to target ovules. In addition, we found strong postzygotic IRBs that prevented normal seed development in 11 interspecific crosses, resulting in seed-like structures containing globular embryos and aborted endosperm and, in some cases, overgrown endothelium. Viable seed and F1 hybrid plants were recovered from three of 19 interspecific crosses. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified diverse prezygotic and postzygotic IRBs that would prevent hybridization between sympatric wild tomato species, but interspecific hybridization is possible in a few cases.
Assuntos
Solanum/fisiologia , Flores/genética , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Flores/fisiologia , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/fisiologia , Geografia , Hibridização Genética , Peru , Pólen/genética , Pólen/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pólen/fisiologia , Tubo Polínico/genética , Tubo Polínico/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tubo Polínico/fisiologia , Polinização , Reprodução , Sementes/genética , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/fisiologia , Autoincompatibilidade em Angiospermas , Solanum/genética , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , SimpatriaRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the colchicine and oryzalin anti-mitotic substances on the induction of tetraploid plants and foliar anatomy of two diploids clones of Solanum commersonii ssp. Nodal segments of Solanum commersonii subsp. commersonii Dun. and Solanum commersonii subsp. malmeanum Bitt. were treated with colchicine (3.5, 5.0, and 6.5mM; 72h) or oryzalin (10, 30, and 50µM; 24h). After the treatment with anti-mitotic substances, nodal segments were inoculated in the MS culture medium and cultivated in vitro (60 days). After in vitro cultivation, the plants were transferred to vases with the substrate Plantmax® and kept in the greenhouse (45 days). Plant ploidy level was assessed by flow cytometry and leaf anatomy was assessed by anatomic cuts. An increase was observed in the polar and equatorial diameter of stomata ("gigas effect") of the Solanum commersonii subsp. commersonii (SCC) and Solanum commersonii subsp. malmeanum (SCM) clones, which was due to the use of the anti-mitotic substances. Treatments with colchicine (6.5mM; 72h) and oryzalin (50µM; 24h) caused death of the SCC plants cultured in vitro. In the others treatments of the SCC clone, the use of oryzalin and colchicine caused production of chimeric plants. The treatment of nodal segments of SCM with oryzalin (10-50µM; 24h) was effective on induction of tetraploid plants, which can be employed in genetic breeding programs in crossbreeding with cultured potato.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das substâncias antimitóticas colchicina e orizalina na indução de plantas tetraploides e na anatomia foliar de dois clones diploides de Solanum commersonii ssp. Segmentos nodais de Solanum commersonii subsp. commersonii Dun. e Solanum commersonii subsp. malmeanum Bitt. foram tratados com colchicina (3,5, 5,0 e 6,5mM; 72h) ou orizalina (10, 30 e 50µM; 24h). Após o tratamento com as substâncias antimitóticas, os segmentos nodais foram inoculados em meio de cultura MS e cultivados in vitro (60 dias). Após o cultivo in vitro, as plantas foram transferidas para vasos contendo o substrato Plantmax® e mantidas em casa de vegetação (45 dias). O nível de ploidia das plantas foi avaliado por citometria de fluxo e a anatomia foliar foi avaliada através de cortes anatômicos. Foi observado um aumento no diâmetro equatorial e polar dos estômatos ("efeito gigas") dos clones de Solanum commersonii subsp. commersonii (SCC) e Solanum commersonii subsp. malmeanum (SCM), que foi produzido pelo uso de substâncias antimitóticas. O tratamento com colchicina (6,5mM; 72h) e orizalina (50µM; 24h) causou morte nas plantas de SCC cultivadas in vitro. Nos demais tratamentos do clone de SCC, o uso de orizalina ou colchicina causou a produção de plantas quiméricas. O emprego de orizalina (10-50µM; 24h), nos segmentos nodais de SCM, resultou na obtenção de plantas tetraploides consistentes, as quais podem ser usadas nos programas para melhoramento genético em cruzamentos com a batata cultivada.(AU)
Assuntos
Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/genética , Hibridização Genética , Tetraploidia , Antimitóticos/análise , ColchicinaRESUMO
After colonization population sizes may vary across the species range depending on environmental conditions and following colonizations. An interesting question is whether local adaptation occurs more frequently in large ancestral populations or in small derived populations. A higher number of new mutations and a lower effect of genetic drift should favor selection in large populations, whereas small derived populations may require an initial local adaptation event to facilitate the colonization of new habitats. Wild tomatoes are native to a broad range of different habitats characterized by variable abiotic conditions in South America, and represent an ideal system to study this interplay between demography and natural selection. Population genetic analyses and statistical inference of past demography were conducted on pooled-sequencing data from 30 genes (8,080 single nucleotide polymorphisms) from an extensive sampling of 23 Solanum chilense populations over Chile and Peru. We reveal first a north-south colonization associated with relaxed purifying selection in the south as shown by a decrease of genetic variation and an increasing proportion of nonsynonymous polymorphism from north to south, and population substructure with at least four genetic groups. Second, we uncover a dual picture of adaptation consisting of 1) a decreasing proportion of adaptive amino acid substitutions from north to south suggesting that adaptation is favored in large populations, whereas 2) signatures of local adaptation predominantly occur in the smaller populations from the marginal ranges in the south.
Assuntos
Aclimatação/genética , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/genética , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Ecossistema , Evolução Molecular , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Genoma de Planta , Polimorfismo Genético , Densidade Demográfica , Seleção Genética/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , América do SulRESUMO
Flowers are the defining feature of angiosperms, and function as indispensable organs for sexual reproduction. Flower colour typically plays an important role in attracting pollinators, and can show considerable variation, even between closely related species. For example, domesticated tomato (S. lycopersicum) has orange/yellow flowers, while the wild relative S. chilense (accession LA2405) has bright yellow flowers. In this study, the mechanism of flower colour formation in these two species was compared by evaluating the accumulation of carotenoids, assessing the expression genes related to carotenoid biosynthetic pathways and observing chromoplast ultrastructure. In S. chilense petals, genes associated with the lutein branch of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, phytoene desaturase (PDS), ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), lycopene ß-cyclase (LCY-B), ß-ring hydroxylase (CRTR-B) and ε-ring hydroxylase (CRTR-E), were highly expressed, and this was correlated with high levels of lutein accumulation. In contrast, PDS, ZDS and CYC-B from the neoxanthin biosynthetic branch were highly expressed in S. lycopersicum anthers, leading to increased ß-carotene accumulation and hence an orange/yellow colour. Changes in the size, amount and electron density of plastoglobules in chromoplasts provided further evidence of carotenoid accumulation and flower colour formation. Taken together, these results reveal the biochemical basis of differences in carotenoid pigment accumulation and colour between petals and anthers in tomato.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plastídeos/ultraestrutura , Solanum/genética , Vias Biossintéticas , Carotenoides/genética , Cor , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Flores/metabolismo , Flores/ultraestrutura , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Liases Intramoleculares/genética , Liases Intramoleculares/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/ultraestrutura , Oxigenases de Função Mista/genética , Oxigenases de Função Mista/metabolismo , Oxirredutases/genética , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plastídeos/metabolismo , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/metabolismo , Solanum/ultraestrutura , Especificidade da Espécie , beta Caroteno/genética , beta Caroteno/metabolismoRESUMO
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an attractive model to study the genetic basis of adventitious organ formation capacity, since there is considerable natural genetic variation among wild relatives. Using a set of 46 introgression lines (ILs), each containing a small chromosomal segment of Solanum pennellii LA716 introgressed and mapped into the tomato cultivar M82, we characterized a high shoot-regeneration capacity for ILs 3-2, 6-1, 7-1, 7-2, 8-2, 8-3, 9-1, 9-2, 10-2 and 10-3, when cotyledon explants were cultivated on medium containing 5.0µM BAP. F1 seedlings from the crosses 'Micro-Tom×ILs' and 'ILs×ILs' demonstrated that the shoot regeneration capacity of most ILs was dominant and that the regeneration ability of IL8-3 enhanced that of the other ILs in an additive manner. The ILs 3-2, 7-1, 8-3, and 10-2 also exhibited enhanced root formation on MS medium containing 0.4µM NAA, indicating that these chromosomal segments may contain genes controlling the competence to assume distinct cell fates, rather than the induction of a specific organ. We also performed the introgression of the genes controlling competence into the model system 'Micro-Tom'. The further isolation of such genes will improve our understanding of the molecular basis of organogenic capacity.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/genética , Cruzamento , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Cotilédone/genética , Cotilédone/crescimento & desenvolvimento , DNA de Plantas/genética , Genótipo , Modelos Biológicos , Mutação , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/genética , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regeneração , Plântula/genética , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Fruit lycopene content and total soluble solid content are important factors determining fruit quality of tomatoes; however, the dynamic quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling lycopene and soluble solid content have not been well studied. We mapped the chromosomal regions controlling these traits in different periods in F(2:3) families derived from a cross between the domestic and wild tomato species Solanum lycopersicum and S. pimpinellifolium. Fifteen QTLs for lycopene and soluble solid content and other related traits analyzed at three different fruit ripening stages were detected with a composite interval mapping method. These QTLs explained 7-33% of the individual phenotypic variation. QTLs detected in the color-changing period were different from those detected in the other two periods. On chromosome 1, the soluble solid content QTL was located in the same region during the color-changing and full-ripe periods. On chromosome 4, the same QTL for lycopene content was found during the color-changing and full-ripe periods. The QTL for lycopene content on chromosome 4 co-located with the QTL for soluble solid content during the full-ripe period. Co-location of lycopene content QTL and soluble solid content QTLs may be due to pleiotropic effects of a single gene or a cluster of genes via physiological relationships among traits. On chromosome 9, the same two QTLs for lycopene content at two different fruit ripening periods may reflect genes controlling lycopene content that are always expressed in tomato fruit development.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/metabolismo , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Frutas/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum/genética , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Licopeno , Solanum lycopersicum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tamanho do Órgão/genética , Fenótipo , Pigmentação/genética , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , SolubilidadeRESUMO
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Understanding the demographic history of natural populations in relation to the geographic features in their habitats is an important step toward deciphering the mechanisms of evolutionary processes in nature. This study investigates how the complex geographic and ecological features of the Andes play a role in demographic history, species divergence, dispersal patterns, and hybridization in wild tomato species. METHODS: We investigated spatial genetics of two closely related wild tomato species, Solanum lycopersicum and S. pimpinellifolium, by integrating amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker data and geographic information system (GIS)-derived geographic and climatic data. KEY RESULTS: The two species represent genetically distinct lineages largely separated by the Andes, but hybridize extensively in central to northern Ecuador, likely mediated by the transitional climatic conditions between those of the two species. Solanum lycospericum has likely experienced a severe population bottleneck during the colonization of the eastern Andes followed by a rapid population expansion. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that the evolutionary patterns of the two wild tomatoes, including demographic history, dispersal patterns, interspecific divergence, and hybridization, are intimately related to the complex geographic and ecological features of the Andes. Integrating genetic data across the genome and GIS-derived environmental data can provide insights into the patterns of complex evolutionary processes in nature.
Assuntos
Solanum lycopersicum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum/genética , Alelos , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados , Evolução Biológica , Evolução Molecular , Especiação Genética , Genética Populacional , Geografia , Hibridização Genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Polimorfismo Genético , Dispersão de Sementes , Análise de Sequência de DNA , América do SulRESUMO
The leaf feeding beetle Gratiana boliviana Spaeth has been released since 2003 in the southeastern United States for biological control of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal. In Florida, G. boliviana can be found on tropical soda apple growing in open pastures as well as in shady wooded areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of light intensity on the performance of tropical soda apple and G. boliviana under greenhouse conditions, and to determine the abundance and mortality of G. boliviana in open and shaded habitats. Leaves growing in the shade were less tough, had higher water and nitrogen content, lower soluble sugars, and less dense and smaller glandular trichomes compared with leaves growing in the open. Plants grew slightly taller and wider under shaded conditions but total biomass was significantly reduced compared with plants grown in the open. In the greenhouse, G. boliviana had higher immature survival, greater folivory, larger adult size, and higher fecundity when reared on shaded plants compared with open plants. Sampling of field populations revealed that the overall abundance of G. boliviana was lower but leaf feeding damage was higher in shaded habitats compared with the open habitats. The percentage of eggs surviving to adult was greater in shaded compared with open habitats. The abundance of predators was higher in the open pasture and was positively correlated with the abundance of G. boliviana. These results indicate that not only plant quality but also habitat structure are important to the performance of weed biological control agents.
Assuntos
Agentes de Controle Biológico , Besouros/fisiologia , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Solanum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Besouros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Meio Ambiente , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Florida , Cadeia Alimentar , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/fisiologia , Luz , Masculino , Densidade Demográfica , Dinâmica Populacional , Solanum/fisiologiaRESUMO
Devido ao aparecimento de populações de parasitos resistentes, as drogas farmacêuticas, alternativas de controle, estão sendo pesquisadas utilizando plantas medicinais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antibacteriana e realizar a análise fitoquímica do extrato etanólico de duas espécies do semi-árido paraibano, Solanum paniculatum Lam. e Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D. F. Austin & Staples. As referidas espécies são muito utilizadas pela população rural contra verminoses gastrintestinais de ovinos. A prospecção fitoquímica foi obtida a partir dos extratos etanólicos para análise dos constituintes químicos existentes nas duas espécies. As análises dos extratos indicaram a presença de taninos flobabênicos, flavononóis, flavononas e alcalóides em ambas as espécies. A atividade antibacteriana foi determinada inicialmente pelo método de difusão em cavidade. A espécie S. paniculatum apresentou atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12692), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), no entanto O. hamintonii não demonstrou atividade contra as linhagens bacterianas testadas.
The emergence of resistant parasite populations has led to the study of pharmaceutical drugs, which represent an alternative control. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and to perform the phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract from two species belonging to the semi-arid region of Paraíba State, Brazil: Solanum paniculatum Lam. and Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D. F. Austin & Staples. Such species have been largely used by the rural population against ovine gastrointestinal helminthes. Phytochemical prospection was obtained from ethanol extracts for analysis of chemical compounds present in both species. Extract analyses indicated the presence of condensed tannins, flavonols, flavanones, and alkaloids in both species. The antibacterial activity was initially determined by the cavity method. The species S. paniculatum had activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12692), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442); however, O. hamintonii did not present activity against the tested bacterial strains.