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RESUMEN La preparación del personal docente en las universidades exige un alto nivel científico y de maestría pedagógica. Todo esto requiere un esmerado trabajo metodológico que garantice una planificación organización, regulación y control del proceso docente educativo. Para esto se diseñó una clase metodológica instructiva sobre mucosa oral, de la asignatura Sistema Masticatorio, en la disciplina Histología, con el objetivo de instruir al profesor en la utilización de la vinculación básico-clínica. Se indicó a los profesores cómo relacionar el contenido de la clase con la clínica, desde el punto de vista de las lesiones precancerosas y sus factores de riesgo. Se logró la instrucción de los docentes en la utilización del contenido de las asignaturas y disciplinas de las Ciencias Básicas con la relación básico-clínica, y así se contribuyó a ampliar el espectro científico metodológico de los docentes en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas (AU).

ABSTRACT Training the teaching staff in the universities demands a high scientific level and pedagogical expertise. All of these requires a careful methodological work guaranteeing the teaching-learning process planning, organization, regulation and control. For that the authors designed an instructive methodological lesson aimed to train the teaching staff in the use of the basic-clinical link during a lesson of the subject Masticatory System about Oral Mucosa, in the subject Histology. They indicate to professors how to relate the lesson content to clinic from the point of view of pre-cancer lesions and its risk factors. Training the teaching staff in the use of subjects and disciplines of the Basic Sciences with the basic-clinical relation, the authors contribute to widening the scientific methodological spectrum of the teaching staff of the Matanzas University of Medical Sciences (AU).

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Manual tests in clinical investigation must be supported by anatomical and physiological findings in order to obtain an objective information. The application of different mandibular positions in children obtains a variation in the 'hip rotators test' (p < 0.001). The possible relationships behind the muscle tone of the external rotators of the hips and the stomatognathic system are exposed, with special attention on the fascial tissue and its morphological characteristics. Despite these anatomical and physiological connections, there is no further evidence of a strong cause-effect relationship in this test.

Las pruebas manuales en la investigación clínica deben estar respaldadas por hallazgos anatómicos y fisiológicos para obtener una información objetiva. La aplicación de diferentes posiciones mandibulares en niños muestra una variación en la "prueba de rotadores de cadera" (p <0,001). Se exponen las posibles relaciones del tono muscular de los rotadores externos de las caderas y el sistema estomatognático, con especial atención en el tejido fascial y sus características morfológicas. A pesar de estas conexiones anatomofisiológicas, no existe una evidencia mayor de una relación importante causa-efecto en esta prueba.

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RESUMEN Introducción: estudios recientes indican que la cresta infracigomática es un sitio favorable para la colocación de mini implantes, sin embargo es importante conocer sus dimensiones anatómicas para colocarlos en una posición segura y lograr buena estabilidad. Objetivo: determinar el área, en diferentes zonas de la cresta infracigomática, que son utilizadas para la colocación de miniimplantes. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal de 60 casos, con previo tratamiento de Ortodoncia y que reunieron los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron archivos radiográficos y de tomografías con tecnología cone-beam. Se realizó la estadística descriptiva y pruebas ANOVA, t de Student y método de comparación de Tukey para relacionar las variables. Resultados: la zona de mayor área de hueso se encontró a nivel de la cúspide mesiovestibular del segundo molar (30.2+12.1mm2). La clase esqueletal II presentó mayor área (33.6+11.2mm2). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al relacionar las variables área y zona, así como área y clase esqueletal, pero no hubo significancia estadística al relacionar el área con el sexo. Conclusiones. a nivel de la segunda molar superior es la referencia ideal para la colocación de mini implantes, en la cresta infracigomática, ya que esta tiene mayor área. Los casos Clase II presentan también un área mayor. El sexo no fue determinante (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: recent studies indicate that the infrazygomatic crest is a favorable site for the placement of miniscrew (mini implante), however it is important to know its anatomical dimensions to place them in a secure position and to obtain good stability. Objective: to determine the area in different sites of the infrazygomatic crest that is used for the placement of mini-implants. Materials and methods: descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study of 60 cases, with previous orthodontic treatment, that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Radiographic and tomographic files with cone-beam technology were used. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-Student tests, and Tukey's comparison method were used to relate the variables. Results: The zone with the largest area was found at the level of the second molar in the mesiovestibular cusp (30.2 + 12.1 mm2). Skeletal class II showed the largest area (33.6 + 11.2mm2). Statistically significant differences were found when relating the area and site variables as well as area and skeletal class, but there was no statistical significance in relating the area to sex. Conclusions: the level of the upper second molar is the ideal reference for the placement of mini-implants in the infrazygomatic crest since it has a larger area. Class II cases also have a larger area. Sex was not determinant (AU).

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OBJECTIVES: According to some authors, the buccal space is incompletely closed with no real anatomical separation from the masticator space, and also has no fascial limit toward the cranial and caudal regions. However, several other authors consider this anatomic area to be a separated space. The goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the normal anatomy using medical images and human cadaveric head material dissection of this facial anatomic region, to precisely clarify its condition as an extension of the masticator space or an independent space. METHODS: The buccomasseteric area in 25 male and female patients aged 14-68 years, who were referred for various head and neck disorders that did not compromise the masticatory and buccal area, was analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging on the axial and coronal planes. The region was further examined by dissection of the buccomasseteric area in four heads of fresh adult male and female human cadavers aged 30-65 years. RESULTS: The findings demonstrated that the buccal compartment should be considered part of the masticator space, rather than a space in itself. This was mainly because a corridor was positioned medially to the tendon of the masseter muscle that communicated the infratemporal region of the masticator space with the buccal region, with no fascial barrier at this level that could separate it from the masticator space. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that the buccal compartment is part of the masticator space, rather than a space in itself.

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Introducción: las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones constituyen hoy uno de los recursos más importantes de la sociedad, trayendo como consecuencia una explosión exponencial en la transmisión e intercambio de datos, información y conocimientos. La educación médica no está exenta de ello. Objetivo: elaborar una multimedia educativa para proporcionar a los estudiantes de segundo año de la carrera de Estomatología el aprendizaje de los contenidos sobre la asignatura Sistema Masticatorio, perteneciente a la disciplina de Morfofisiología. Método: se elaboró una multimedia mediante las herramientas Mediator v9.0, Adobe Photoshop v8.0 y el Pinnacle Studio v14.0. Se revisaron las bibliografías más actualizadas del tema tanto en bases de datos nacionales como internacionales. Resultados: el producto cuenta con una página principal de la cual se puede acceder al resto de las páginas que componen la multimedia, a través de los distintos hipervínculos preestablecidos. Posee videos y galerías de imágenes. Se ofrecen materiales de apoyo a la docencia. Conclusiones: el producto informático obtenido fue pertinente y puede ser eficaz su aplicación para generar aprendizajes con respecto al tema que aborda(AU)

Introduction: information and communication technologies are today one of the most important resources of society, resulting in an exponential explosion in the transmission and exchange of data, information and knowledge. Medical education is not exempt from it. Objective: develop an educational multimedia to provide second-year students of the Stomatology career in the learning of the contents on the subject: Masticatory System belonging to the discipline of Morphophysiology. Method: a multimedia was developed using the tools Mediator v9.0, Adobe Photoshop v8.0 and Pinnacle Studio v14.0. The up- date bibliographies of the subject were reviewed in both national and international databases. Results: the product has a main page from which you can access the rest of the pages that make up the multimedia, through the different pre-established hyperlinks. It has videos and image galleries. Teaching support materials are offered. Conclusions: the computer product obtained was relevant and its application can be effective to generate learning with respect to the subject it addresses(AU)

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The agouti species Dasyprocta prymnolopha (D. prymnolopha) is a medium-sized rodent, diurnal, and characteristic of northeastern Brazil, south of the Amazon. Several studies have been made on these rodents. However, there is a lack of analysis of masticatory system, in particular morphology of the teeth. Thus, this research seeks to describe anatomical and histological aspects of the agouti teeth. For this purpose, we used adult agouti, in which measurements and descriptions of teeth and dental tissues were made. It was observed that the dental arch of D. prymnolopha comprises of twenty teeth, evenly distributed in the upper and lower arch, being inferior teeth larger than their corresponding higher. The incisors are larger, and between the posterior premolars and molars, there is a gradual increase in length in the anterior-posterior arch. In microscopic examination, a prismatic appearance was observed consisting of enamel prisms arranged in different directions, behind the enamel and dentin with standard tubular dentinal tubules with variable diameter and far between, also showing a sinuous path from the inner portion to the junction with more superficial enamel. Morphological analysis of dental tissues showed that an enamel with structural organization adapted to the act of chewing and high impact dentin compatible with standard tubular function resilience and mechanical damping of masticatory forces, as found in larger animals, confirming the understanding of eating habits that define much of its ecological functions within the ecosystem they inhabit.

A cutia espécie Dasyprocta prymnolopha (D. prymnolopha) é um roedor de tamanho médio, diurno e característico do Nordeste do Brasil, sul da Amazônia. Vários estudos têm sido feitos sobre estes roedores. No entanto, há uma carência de estudos do sistema estomatognático, em particular, a morfologia dos dentes. Assim, esta pesquisa procura descrever aspectos anatômicos e histológicos dos dentes cutia. Para isto, nós utilizamos cutias adultas, em que as mensurações e as descrições dos dentes e dos tecidos dentais foram feitas. Observou-se que a arcada dentária de D. prymnolopha é composta por vinte dentes, distribuídas uniformemente no arco superior e inferior, sendo os dentes inferiores, maiores do que os seus correspondentes superiores. Os incisivos são maiores, e entre os pré-molares e molares posteriores, existe um aumento gradual no comprimento do arco anterior-posterior. No exame microscópico, uma forma prismática foi observada o que consiste de prismas de esmalte dispostos em diferentes direções, atrás do esmalte e dentina com túbulos dentinários com padrão tubular de diâmetro variável e distantes entre si, mostrando também um caminho sinuoso a partir da parte interna da junção com o esmalte mais superficial. A análise morfológica dos tecidos dentários mostrou um esmalte com a organização estrutural adaptada para o ato de mastigar e dentina de alto impacto compatível com a função do padrão tubular de resiliência e amortecimento mecânico de forças mastigatórias, como encontrado em animais maiores, confirmando o entendimento de hábitos alimentares que definem muito das suas funções ecológicas dentro do ecossistema em que vivem.

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The agouti species Dasyprocta prymnolopha (D. prymnolopha) is a medium-sized rodent, diurnal, and characteristic of northeastern Brazil, south of the Amazon. Several studies have been made on these rodents. However, there is a lack of analysis of masticatory system, in particular morphology of the teeth. Thus, this research seeks to describe anatomical and histological aspects of the agouti teeth. For this purpose, we used adult agouti, in which measurements and descriptions of teeth and dental tissues were made. It was observed that the dental arch of D. prymnolopha comprises of twenty teeth, evenly distributed in the upper and lower arch, being inferior teeth larger than their corresponding higher. The incisors are larger, and between the posterior premolars and molars, there is a gradual increase in length in the anterior-posterior arch. In microscopic examination, a prismatic appearance was observed consisting of enamel prisms arranged in different directions, behind the enamel and dentin with standard tubular dentinal tubules with variable diameter and far between, also showing a sinuous path from the inner portion to the junction with more superficial enamel. Morphological analysis of dental tissues showed that an enamel with structural organization adapted to the act of chewing and high impact dentin compatible with standard tubular function resilience and mechanical damping of masticatory forces, as found in larger animals, confirming the understanding of eating habits that define much of its ecological functions within the ecosystem they inhabit.(AU)

A cutia espécie Dasyprocta prymnolopha (D. prymnolopha) é um roedor de tamanho médio, diurno e característico do Nordeste do Brasil, sul da Amazônia. Vários estudos têm sido feitos sobre estes roedores. No entanto, há uma carência de estudos do sistema estomatognático, em particular, a morfologia dos dentes. Assim, esta pesquisa procura descrever aspectos anatômicos e histológicos dos dentes cutia. Para isto, nós utilizamos cutias adultas, em que as mensurações e as descrições dos dentes e dos tecidos dentais foram feitas. Observou-se que a arcada dentária de D. prymnolopha é composta por vinte dentes, distribuídas uniformemente no arco superior e inferior, sendo os dentes inferiores, maiores do que os seus correspondentes superiores. Os incisivos são maiores, e entre os pré-molares e molares posteriores, existe um aumento gradual no comprimento do arco anterior-posterior. No exame microscópico, uma forma prismática foi observada o que consiste de prismas de esmalte dispostos em diferentes direções, atrás do esmalte e dentina com túbulos dentinários com padrão tubular de diâmetro variável e distantes entre si, mostrando também um caminho sinuoso a partir da parte interna da junção com o esmalte mais superficial. A análise morfológica dos tecidos dentários mostrou um esmalte com a organização estrutural adaptada para o ato de mastigar e dentina de alto impacto compatível com a função do padrão tubular de resiliência e amortecimento mecânico de forças mastigatórias, como encontrado em animais maiores, confirmando o entendimento de hábitos alimentares que definem muito das suas funções ecológicas dentro do ecossistema em que vivem.(AU)

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The study of stomatognathic system development can provide useful data for recognition of deviations from normality. Thus, a longitudinal examination of 14 children with normal occlusion from primary (stage I, mean age 59.21+/-8.40 months) to early mixed dentition (stage II, 77.57+/-5.92) was performed. Bite force was measured with a pressurized tube and correlated with ultrasonographic masseter and anterior portion of temporalis muscle thicknesses (at rest and maximal intercuspation), facial dimensions, age, and body mass index (BMI). Facial dimensions were assessed by standardized frontal photographs as follows: anterior facial height (AFH), lower face height (LFH), and bizygomatic width (BFW). Children with malocclusion, oral tissue/temporomandibular abnormalities, caries, or parafunctional habits were excluded. Results were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test, t-test/Wilcoxon's test, and backward stepwise multiple regression (alpha=0.05) for analysis. The results showed that muscle thickness did not differ significantly between the right and the left sides in either stage. Bite force, AFH/BFW ratio, and masseter thickness at rest increased significantly from stage I to II, although temporalis thickness, LFH/AFH ratio, and BMI did not change between the stages. The masseter thickness at rest and the stage of dentition were the most important factors contributing to bite force magnitude; the covariates age, BMI, and facial dimensions did not significantly influence bite force magnitude (power of the test: 96%). In the studied sample, the increase in bite force observed from primary to early mixed dentition was explained by the increase in masseter thickness and the stage of dentition.

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A Ortopedia Funcional dos Maxilares visa o restabelecimento das condições adequadas para o correto desempenho das funções do aparelho estomatognático utilizando-se, para tal fim, forças leves e intermitentes. O objetivo é avaliar radiograficamente os comprimentos radiculares de incisivos centrais e laterais, superiores e inferiores, frente ao estímulo de forças ortopédicas funcionais, após o término do tratamento. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 30 indivíduos, com idade média de I 1,5 anos, de um universo de 60 indivíduos, totalizando 107 incisivos com rizogênese completa, 80 incisivos com rizogênese incompleta e a altura de 141 cristas alveolares entre os incisivos. A análise das imagens obtidas por radiografias periapicais antes e após otérminodo tratamento, foi feita por um único examinador. Após análise estatística dos resultados (teste "t" de Student e análise de variância) observou-se alongamento adicional médio de 9% nos dentes com rizogênese completa, de 30% nos dentes comrizogênese incompleta e a altura da crista óssea manteve-se inalterada. O tratamento utilizando técnicas ortopédicas funcionais parece não induzir reabsorções radiculares nem perdas ósseas alveolares, possibilitando também o final normal da rizogênese.

Jaw Functional Orthopedics aims to lhe adequate conditions restoration for lhe correct development of stomatognatic system functions, using for this objective light ant intermittent forces. The aim of this study was avaliate trough periapical radiographies lherootlenght of central and lateral, lower and upper; incisors, after intermittent forces stimuli, used on treatment, 30 individual swith11. 5average age were selected randomly from a total sample of60 subjects, totalizing 107 incisors with complete rhizogenesis,80 incisors with incomplete rhizogenesis and 141 alveolar crests high. The digital analysis was done by a single examinator through periapical radiographies taken before and afier treatment. There was a medium adicional enlargement of 9% in complete rhizogenesis incisors, abou/ 30% in incomplete rhizogenesis incisors and alveolar crest high kept lhe same. Treatment with Jaw Functional Orthopaedics technics seems didn 'I induces root resorption neighter alveolar bone losses, making possible lhe normal endingof rhizogenesis process.

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Com o aumento da expectativa de vida da população em todo o planeta, o número de idosos tem crescido proporcionalmente, mas sem que haja um acompanhamento das condições de saúde para esta faixa etária da população. Em virtude da heterogeneidade de condições físicas, psíquicas e sociais apresentadas por esse grupo, nem todos os profissionais apresentam-se habilitados para entender e solucionar problemas relacionados ao envelhecimento. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem por objetivo esclarecer as modificações decorrentes do envelhecimento em âmbito fisiológico e anatômico das principais estruturas do Aparelho Estomatognático associando as suas causas, efeitos e formas de prevenção, a fim de auxiliar os profissionais da Odontologia na distinção das verdadeiras alterações da idade daquelas relacionadas a patologias, para que possam estabelecer condutas terapêuticas adequadas. Assim, foram estudados a estrutura óssea, o sistema neuromuscular, a articulação temporomandibular, glândulas salivares, mucosa oral, o periodonto, o tecido conjuntivo, o epitélio juncional, o cemento, o osso alveolar, o dente (esmalte, dentina, polpa) e a formação de placa bacteriana nos indivíduos idosos. Observou-se que mais informações e pesquisas são necessárias, em função do conhecimento de conceitos atuais, para possibilitar firmar dados conclusivos e sólidos a respeito do envelhecimento do Aparelho Estomatognático

With the increase of the life expectation around the world, the number of elderly people has been enlarged proportionally, but it can’t be observed on health care conditions for these people. By virtue of the heterogeneity of physical, psychic and social conditions presented by this group, nor all the professionals are able to understand and solve problems related with ageing. In that way, this work has for objective to explain the consequent modifications of the aging in the main structures on physiologic and anatomical extent of the Stomatognathic’s System, associating their causes, effects and prevention forms, in order to aid the professionals in the distinction of the true alterations of the age of those related to pathologies, so that they can establish appropriate therapeutic conducts. Like this, the bone structure, the system neuromuscular, the temporomandibular joint, salivary glands, oral mucosa, the periodontium, the conjunctive tissue, the junctional epithelium, the cementum, the alveolar bone, the tooth (enamels, dentine, pulp) and the formation of bacterial plaque in the elderly people. It was observed that more information and researches are necessary in function on the current concepts, to make possible to firm conclusive and solids data regarding the ageing of Stomatognathic’s System

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