RESUMO
Molecular techniques have been commonly used to detect and quantify pathogenic bacteria in food, clinical and environmental samples, but in wastewater treatment plants few studies have been carried out. This work applied PCR with a specific set of primers to investigate pathogenic bacteria in a wastewater plant comprised of a UASB reactor followed by polishing ponds. In addition, in-situ hybridisation technique (FISH) was used to estimate the abundance of Escherichia coli in the system. According to the PCR results it was observed that Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were not completely removed in the system, since they were detected either in the raw sewage or UASB and pond effluents. Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus spp. were detected in raw sewage and UASB, but not in the pond effluent. In contrast Staphylococcus aureus and Helicobacter pylori were not detected in any samples. The quantification of E. coli using FISH revealed values in the range of 10(7) cells/100 mL for raw sewage and 10(6) cells/100 mL for pond effluent, slightly higher than values obtained by traditional techniques. Finally the results show the applicability of PCR method for monitoring pathogenic bacteria in wastewater systems; however, more samples need to be analysed in order to certify the applicability of FISH to estimate pathogenic bacteria in WWT effluents.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/genética , Salmonella enterica/genética , Esgotos/microbiologia , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Purificação da Água/métodos , Reatores Biológicos , Enterococcus/genética , Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Enterococcus/patogenicidade , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Amplificação de Genes , Hibridização In Situ , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella enterica/patogenicidade , Shigella dysenteriae/genética , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Shigella dysenteriae/patogenicidade , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Shigella spp es uno de los agentes causales más importantes de diarrea aguda en los niños. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer la frecuencia de serogrupos y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana a los fármacos de elección y a los alternativos. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo entre enero de 2004 y diciembre de 2006 a partir de 34 cepas de Shigella spp. aisladas en heces de niños menores de 5 años ingresados en el Hospital Aleida Fernández Chardiet (Municipio Güines) a causa de enfermedad diarreica aguda. RESULTADOS. Los serogrupos encontrados fueron S sonnei (70,5 por ciento) y S flexneri (29,5 por ciento). Ambos serogrupos mostraron altos niveles de resistencia al trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol y a la ampicilina, ademas en las cepas de S sonnei se encontró resistencia al ácido nalidíxico y en las de S flexneri al cloranfenicol. Todas las cepas mostraron altos porcentajes de sensibilidad a la ceftriaxona, norfloxacina y ciprofloxacina. El 70 por ciento de las cepas de S sonnei fueron multirresistentes. El patrón de multirresistencia (ampicilina, trimetoprim-sulfamtetoxazol y Acido nalidíxico) se encontró en ambos serogrupos. CONCLUSIONES. La determinación y vigilancia de los patrones de resistencia facilita el control de la política de uso de antibióticos en la región estudiada y previene el surgimiento de cepas resistentes a fármacos de nueva generación.
Shigella ssp. is one of the more important causal agents of acute diarrhea in children. Present research has as aim to know serogroups frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility to choice drugs, and to its alternatives. METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study was carried out between January 2004 and December 2006 of 34 strains of Shigella isolated from children lower than 5 years admitted in Aleida Fernßndez Chardiet Hospital in Güines Municipality by acute diarrheic disease. RESULTS: Serogroups included S sonnei (70,5 percent), and S flexeneri (29,5 percent). Both serogroups showed high levels of resistance to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxaxole and to Ampicillin and to in strains of S sonnei there was resistance to nalidixic acid, and in that of S flexeneri, to Chloramphenicol. All strains showed high percentages of sensibility to Cephtriaxone, Norphloxacine, and to Cyprophloxacine. The 70 percent of strains of S sonnei were multi-resistant. Multiresistance pattern (Ampicillin, Trimetroprim-Sulfamethoxaxole and nalidixic acid) was present in both serogroups. Assessment and surveillance of resistance patterns allow control of policy on use of antibiotics in study region, and to foresee rise of strains resistant to new generation-drugs.
Assuntos
Humanos , Diarreia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Shigella dysenteriae/imunologia , Shigella dysenteriae/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Shiga toxins are produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and certain strains of Escherichia coli. Three cases of Shiga toxin-producing S. dysenteriae type 4 were identified among travelers to the island of Hispañola between 2002 and 2005. Clinical and public health practitioners should be aware of this newly identified strain.
Assuntos
Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Toxina Shiga I/genética , Shigella dysenteriae/genética , Viagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Pré-Escolar , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , República Dominicana , Disenteria Bacilar/tratamento farmacológico , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Haiti , Humanos , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Shigella is the etiological agent of shigellosis, a disease responsible for more than 500,000 deaths of children per year, in developing countries. These pathogens colonize the intestinal colon, invade, spreading to the other enterocytes. Breastfeeding plays a very important role in protecting infants from intestinal infections. Amongst milk compounds, glycosylated proteins prevent the adhesion of many enteropathogens in vitro. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of human milk proteins on the colonization potential of Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri and S. sonnei. To fulfill this purpose, pooled milk samples from five donors, were fractionated by gel filtration and affinity chromatography. Using tissue culture, the milk fractions obtained were tested in Shigella adhesion and invasion assays. RESULTS: Our revealed showed that both adhesion and invasion of Shigella species were inhibited by low concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin and free secretory component. This work also showed that, these proteins bind to superficial and whole-cell Shigella proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that human milk may act inhibiting adhesion and, consequently, invasion of Shigella, thereafter preventing shigellosis in infants.
Assuntos
Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas do Leite/farmacologia , Shigella dysenteriae/patogenicidade , Shigella flexneri/patogenicidade , Shigella sonnei/patogenicidade , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Criança , Células HeLa , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A Secretora/imunologia , Lactoferrina/metabolismo , Ácido Periódico/farmacologia , Shigella dysenteriae/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Shigella flexneri/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella flexneri/isolamento & purificação , Shigella sonnei/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella sonnei/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
En el siguiente trabajo se comunican los aislamientos de Shigella y Salmonela en pacientes con diarreas agudas que fueron atendidos en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez de la ciudad de Santa Fe en el período 1990-1994. Shigella prevaleció en cada uno de los años estudiados con respecto a Salmonella, y el serogrupo predominante fue flexneri. La recuperación de Salmonella fue similar en cada año, debiéndose destacar un brote intrahospitalario a Salmonella typhimurium. Es importante conocer los agentes más frecuentes para que las medidas de control sean dirigidas y permitan orientar investigaciones futuras relacionadas con las enfermedades diarreicas (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Shigella/isolamento & purificação , Shigella flexneri/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação , Sorotipagem , Infecção Hospitalar/diagnóstico , Diarreia Infantil/microbiologia , Diarreia Infantil/etiologia , Shigella sonnei/isolamento & purificação , Shigella boydii/isolamento & purificação , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , ArgentinaRESUMO
En el siguiente trabajo se comunican los aislamientos de Shigella y Salmonela en pacientes con diarreas agudas que fueron atendidos en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez de la ciudad de Santa Fe en el período 1990-1994. Shigella prevaleció en cada uno de los años estudiados con respecto a Salmonella, y el serogrupo predominante fue flexneri. La recuperación de Salmonella fue similar en cada año, debiéndose destacar un brote intrahospitalario a Salmonella typhimurium. Es importante conocer los agentes más frecuentes para que las medidas de control sean dirigidas y permitan orientar investigaciones futuras relacionadas con las enfermedades diarreicas
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia Infantil/etiologia , Diarreia Infantil/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/diagnóstico , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Sorotipagem , Shigella flexneri/isolamento & purificação , Shigella/isolamento & purificação , Argentina , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Shigella boydii/isolamento & purificação , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Shigella sonnei/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Fecal excretion of leukotriene C4 was determined in 26 individuals with dysentery and in 19 healthy controls. Of the patients, five were infected with Shigella dysenteriae type 1, 15 were infected with Shigella flexneri, two were infected with Shigella boydii, and four were infected with Shigella sonnei. Three of the healthy controls were infected with non-dysenteriae Shigellae. All isolates of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 produced Shiga toxin; the other strains were not toxigenic. Patients with dysentery due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1 excreted higher concentrations of leukotriene C4 (median, 3,234 pg/0.05 g of feces) than either ill individuals infected with non-dysenteriae Shigellae (median, 202 pg/0.05 g) or healthy carriers (median, 145 pg/0.05 g) and uninfected controls (median, 129 pg/0.05 g). We propose that Shiga toxin stimulates intestinal mast cells, which release leukotriene C4, contributing to the inflammatory response in Shigella dysenteriae type 1-associated dysentery.
Assuntos
Disenteria Bacilar/metabolismo , Fezes/química , Leucotrieno C4/metabolismo , Shigella dysenteriae , Adulto , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Guatemala , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Toxina Shiga I , Shigella/isolamento & purificação , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Shigella dysenteriae/metabolismoRESUMO
Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli have been associated with hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Because Argentina has the highest reported frequency of HUS in the world, Argentine children were prospectively studied during the HUS seasons for evidence of Shiga-like toxin-related diseases. On the basis of serology, fecal cytotoxin neutralization, stool cultures, and DNA hybridization of colony lysates, most children with HUS had evidence of infection with Shiga-like toxin-producing organisms. Children with spring-summer diarrhea also commonly (32%, confidence interval 18%-46%) had clear-cut evidence of such infection. No controls (children without gastrointestinal, renal, or hemolytic disease) had free fecal cytotoxin, positive cultures for E. coli O157:H7, or DNA probe-positive organisms; 20% of them had low serum titers of antibodies to Shiga-like toxins. E. coli O157:H7 was not common in either HUS or diarrhea patients. The high frequency of Shiga-like toxin-induced diarrhea in young children in Argentina probably explains the high incidence of HUS in this country and suggests that HUS is a relatively uncommon complication of Shiga-like toxin-related disease.
Assuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas/isolamento & purificação , Diarreia/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/complicações , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/microbiologia , Argentina , Criança , Citotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Toxina Shiga I , Toxina Shiga II , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In 1988, the number of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1) infections reported in the USA increased five-fold over the annual mean from the previous decade. 44 (94%) of 47 interviewed patients reported recent travel to Mexico; 33 (75%) of these had been tourists to the Yucatan peninsula. 27 patients who had travelled to Mexico were admitted to hospital, of whom 2 had a haemolytic uraemic syndrome; none died. The antimicrobial resistance pattern and plasmid profile of the Yucatan strain were similar to those of the 1969-72 pandemic strain. Antimicrobial resistances and plasmid profiles were different in sporadic Western hemisphere strains. This is the first outbreak of Sd1 among US tourists and it is the largest known outbreak in the Western hemisphere since the early 1970s. The dominant Sd1 strain is similar to that which caused the catastrophic 1969-72 pandemic. Surveillance and control measures have been instituted in the Yucatan peninsula.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Viagem , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Disenteria Bacilar/complicações , Disenteria Bacilar/etiologia , Disenteria Bacilar/prevenção & controle , Disenteria Bacilar/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Plasmídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Shigella dysenteriae/classificação , Shigella dysenteriae/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
One of the factors facilitating the global pandemic of Grigor'ev-Shiga dysentery is considered in detail. All Shigella dysenteriae 1 strains, irrespective of the geographical zone of their spread, showed medicinal resistance. As pandemic developed, the spectrum of medicinal resistance constantly increased in all hyperendemic foci. The presence of pronounced relationships between the strains circulating in each of three hyperendemic foci and the strains circulating in different hyperendemic foci could be observed. The necessity of paying greater attention to this dangerous infectious disease, and especially to the problems related to the medicinal resistance of its causative agents, is emphasized.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/história , Disenteria Bacilar/história , Saúde Global , Shigella dysenteriae/efeitos dos fármacos , África Central , Sudeste Asiático , América Central , Reservatórios de Doenças , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Shigella dysenteriae/genética , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificaçãoAssuntos
Enterobacteriaceae/classificação , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus Bach-Paterson/classificação , Bacillus Bach-Paterson/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus sycoccus/história , Bacillus Morgan Puro/classificação , Bacillus Morgan Puro/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus Gaertner/classificação , Bacillus Gaertner/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus proteus/classificação , Bacillus proteus/isolamento & purificação , Bacillinum 7/classificação , Bacillinum 7/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus mutabilis/classificação , Bacillus mutabilis/isolamento & purificação , Dysentery-Co/classificação , Dysentery-Co/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus faecalis/classificação , Bacillus faecalis/isolamento & purificação , Shigella dysenteriae/classificação , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus Morgan Gaertner/classificação , Bacillus Morgan Gaertner/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologiaAssuntos
Disenteria Bacilar/complicações , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/etiologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bangladesh , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Disenteria Bacilar/tratamento farmacológico , Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/microbiologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Retrospectivos , Risco , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Se determina la frecuencia etiológica por especie y por serotipo de 1369 cepas de Shigella aisladas durante el período 1968-1982 de coprocultivos procedentes principalmente de niños con clínica de disentería bacilar. De ellas, 870 (63.55%) son Shigella flexneri y 414 (30.24%) son Shigella sonnei. El predominio de Shigella flexneri se hace en base a los serotipos B2, B1, B3 y B6. Un incremento en los aislamientos de Shigella sonnei ocurre en el transcurso del estudio. A Shigella dysenteriae corresponden 77 (5.62%) cepas, 15 (19.48%) de ellas son Shigella dysenteriae A1 ocurriendo el último aislamiento de este serotipo en 1975. Shigella dysenteriae A2 se ha hecho endémico en la región y es responsable en los últimos 8 años del 96.6% de los aislamientos de Shigella dysenteriae. Shigella boydii es infrecuentemente aislada en nuestro medio (0.58%)
Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Shigella/isolamento & purificação , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Shigella/classificação , Shigella boydii/isolamento & purificação , Shigella dysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Shigella flexneri/isolamento & purificação , SorotipagemRESUMO
Ampicillin-resistant strains of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 isolated in epidemics in Mexico, Central America, and Bangla Desh were examined for the presence of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by gel electrophoresis. All strains contained a heterogeneous population of plasmids. Transfer experiments to Escherichia coli K-12 indicated that the ampicillin resistance determinant (Ap(r)) was located on a 5.5-megadalton (Mdal) plasmid identical in all Shiga strains examined, as judged by DNA hybridization and by its molecular properties. This 5.5-Mdal plasmid contained the ampicillin transposon (TnA) sequences. There was not a high degree of homology between the Shiga Ap(r) plasmid DNA and DNA obtained from Ap(r)Salmonella typhi strains isolated from typhoid epidemics in Mexico, previous to the dysentery outbreaks. Although low, the degree of reassociation observed indicated that probably part of the TnA sequence was present in S. typhi DNA. The DNA hybridization experiments showed, in addition, that there was a high degree of homology among Ap(r) plasmids isolated from different enterobacteria, and this identity was confirmed by restriction endonuclease activity. These results together with their similarities in molecular and replicative properties indicate that the Ap(r) plasmids, as was suggested for the Sm(r) Su(r) plasmids, possibly evolved once and then epidemiologically spread in the Enterobacteriaceae.