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This study's objective was to understand Colombian adolescents' experiences and preferences regarding access to sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS), either alone or accompanied. A mixed-method approach was used, involving a survey of 812 participants aged eleven to twenty-four years old and forty-five semi-structured interviews with participants aged fourteen to twenty-three. Previous research shows that adolescents prefer privacy when accessing SRHS and often do not want their parents involved. Such findings align with the longstanding tendency to frame the ethical principle of autonomy as based on independence in decision-making. However, the present study shows that such a conceptualization and application of autonomy does not adequately explain Colombian adolescent participants' preferences regarding access to SRHS. Participants shared a variety of preferences to access SRHS, with the majority of participants attaching great importance to having their parents involved, to varying degrees. What emerges is a more complex and non-homogenous conceptualization of autonomy that is not inherently grounded in independence from parental involvement in access to care. We thus argue that when developing policies involving adolescents, policymakers and health professionals should adopt a nuanced "relational autonomy" approach to better respect the myriad of preferences that Colombian (and other) adolescents may have regarding their access to SRHS.

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Gender stereotypes surrounding women's reproductive health impede women's access to essential reproductive healthcare and contribute to inequality more generally. Stereotyping in healthcare settings impedes women's access to contraceptive information, services, and induced abortion, and lead to involuntary interventions in the context of sterilization. Decisions by human rights monitoring bodies, such as the Inter-American Court of Human Rights' case, IV v. Bolivia, which was a case concerned with the involuntary sterilization of a woman during childbirth, highlight how stereotypes in the context of providing health care can operate to strip women of their agency and decision-making authority, deny them their right to informed consent, reinforce gender hierarchies and violate their reproductive rights. In the present article, IV v. Bolivia is examined as a case study with the objective being to highlight how, in the context of coercive sterilization, human rights law has been used to advance legal and ethical guidelines, including the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics' (FIGO) own guidelines, on gender stereotyping and reproductive healthcare. The Inter-American Court's judgment in IV v. Bolivia illustrates the important role FIGO's guidance can play in shaping human rights standards and provides guidance on the service provider's role and responsibility in eliminating gender stereotypes and upholding and fulfilling human rights.

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From 1989 through September 2017, Chile's highly restrictive abortion laws exposed women to victimisation and needlessly threatened their health, freedom and even lives. However, after decades of unsuccessful attempts to decriminalise abortion, legislation regulating pregnancy termination on three grounds was recently enacted. In the aftermath, an aggressive conservative drive designed to turn conscientious objection into a pivotal new obstacle, mounted during the congressional debate, has led to extensive, complex arguments about the validity and legitimacy of conscientious objection. This article offers a critical review of the emergence of conscientious objection and its likely policy and ethical implications. It posits the need to regulate conscientious objection through checks and balances designed to keep it from being turned into an ideological barrier meant to hinder women's access to critical healthcare.

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Questions concerning the beginning of human life have pervaded society since antiquity. In the post-modern world, scientific and technological advances have fueled discussions on the issue, such that debates previously concentrated on abortion now also focus on biotechnological interventions. The article addresses the latter, reflecting on the extent to which human dignity can be considered a (hermeneutic) reference in establishing ethical and legal parameters for biotechnological advances in the definition of the beginning of human life. The study's method was critical hermeneutic ethics, with ethics at the center of the process of understanding and interpretation, observing the contours of facticity. No consensus was found on the beginning of human life, so it is essential to engage in dialogue with the new reality resulting from biotechnological advances in the process of defining ethical and legal principles for protecting the embryo and human nature, with human dignity as the reference.

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Resumo: As indagações com relação ao termo inicial da vida humana perpassam a sociedade desde a antiguidade. No mundo pós-moderno, os avanços da ciência e da técnica potencializam as discussões acerca do tema, de modo que os debates que anteriormente se concentravam em torno do aborto, também passaram a ter como objeto as intervenções da biotecnologia. O presente artigo trata do último aspecto, a saber, refletir em que medida a dignidade humana pode ser considerada um referencial (hermenêutico) na construção de parâmetros ético-jurídicos para os avanços biotecnológicos na definição do marco inicial da vida humana. Para desenvolver a pesquisa, utilizou-se como método de abordagem a ética hermenêutica crítica, mediante a qual a ética encontra-se no centro do processo de compreensão e interpretação, observando-se os contornos da facticidade. Constatou-se que não há consenso no que diz respeito ao termo inicial da vida, de forma que é fundamental dialogar com a nova realidade decorrente dos avanços biotecnológicos, no processo de construção de preceitos éticos e jurídicos de proteção do embrião e da natureza humana, tendo como referencial a dignidade humana.

Abstract: Questions concerning the beginning of human life have pervaded society since antiquity. In the post-modern world, scientific and technological advances have fueled discussions on the issue, such that debates previously concentrated on abortion now also focus on biotechnological interventions. The article addresses the latter, reflecting on the extent to which human dignity can be considered a (hermeneutic) reference in establishing ethical and legal parameters for biotechnological advances in the definition of the beginning of human life. The study's method was critical hermeneutic ethics, with ethics at the center of the process of understanding and interpretation, observing the contours of facticity. No consensus was found on the beginning of human life, so it is essential to engage in dialogue with the new reality resulting from biotechnological advances in the process of defining ethical and legal principles for protecting the embryo and human nature, with human dignity as the reference.

Resumen: Las investigaciones relacionadas con el inicio de la vida humana han acompañado a la sociedad desde la antigüedad. En el mundo posmoderno, los avances de la ciencia y de la técnica potencian las discusiones sobre este tema, de modo que los debates que anteriormente se concentraban en torno al aborto, también pasaron a ser objeto por las intervenciones de la biotecnología. El presente artículo trata acerca de este último aspecto, a saber, reflexionar en qué medida la dignidad humana puede ser considerada una referencia (hermenéutica) en la construcción de parámetros ético-jurídicos para los avances biotecnológicos, en la definición del marco inicial de la vida humana. Para desarrollar la investigación, se utilizó como método de enfoque la ética hermenéutica crítica, mediante la cual la ética se encuentra en el centro del proceso de comprensión e interpretación, observándose los contornos de la facticidad. Se constató que no existe consenso en lo que se refiere al término inicial de la vida, de forma que es fundamental dialogar con la nueva realidad, derivada de los avances biotecnológicos, en el proceso de construcción de preceptos éticos y jurídicos de protección del embrión y de la naturaleza humana, teniendo como referente la dignidad humana.

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Health care providers play a central role in the promotion and protection of human rights in patient care. Consequently, the World Medical Association, among others, has called on medical and nursing schools to incorporate human rights education into their training programs. This report describes the efforts of one Central American nongovernmental organization to include human rights - related content into reproductive health care provider training programs in Nicaragua and El Salvador. Baseline findings suggest that health care providers are not being adequately prepared to fulfill their duty to protect and promote human rights in patient care. Medical and nursing school administrators, faculty, and students recognize the need to strengthen training in this area and are enthusiastic about incorporating human rights content into their education programs. Evaluation findings suggest that exposure to educational materials and methodologies that emphasize the relationship between human rights and reproductive health may lead to changes in health care provider attitudes and behaviors that help promote and safeguard human rights in patient care.

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The medical duty of confidentiality represents a key element for the provision of reproductive and sexual health services. In some Latin American countries, such as Argentina and Peru, the legal systems impose­or are interpreted as imposing­on health professionals the duty of confidentiality, but also the duty to report the commission of a public order offense that they know about owing to the practicing of their profession. In these countries, the conflicting duties and the criminalization of abortion cause severe public health and human rights problems when health professionals assist their patients for post-abortion treatment. Typically, patients are deterred from seeking prompt medical care, and their privacy, autonomy, and dignity are violated. A 2010 ruling from the Supreme Court of Argentina and a 2004 ruling from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights emerge as important instruments that grant a more adequate protection of medical confidentiality.

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Antecedentes: La atención en salud de los/las adolescentes especialmente relacionada con los aspectos de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, representa un especial desafío para los equipos de salud e instituciones, principalmente en el campo de la bioética. Objetivo: Analizar las principales consideraciones bioéticas que se pueden presentar en la práctica clínica. Método: Se analizan los cuatro principios bioéticos fundamentales, abordando otros aspectos relevantes como la relación profesional-paciente, la evaluación de la capacidad/competencia en la toma de decisiones y la confidencialidad en la atención. Conclusiones: El deber de las instituciones y de los equipos de salud responsables del cuidado en la salud de los/las adolescentes, es mantener un adecuado equilibrio entre estos principios, respetando el derecho a la autonomía y a la confidencialidad en la atención, enmarcado dentro de límites que sean razonables y que en ningún caso contribuyan a limitar el acceso a una atención de calidad. Es fundamental que exista una capacitación y actualización permanente de los profesionales en el campo de la bioética, para así poder contribuir a analizar y solucionar con prudencia los conflictos que se presenten, considerando que la atención en salud debe estar enmarcada por el respeto a los derechos y dignidad de las personas.

Background: Health care of adolescents in particular, on issues of Sexual and Reproductive Health, represents a special challenge for health teams and institutions, mainly in the field of bioethics. Aims: To analyze the major bioethical issues that may arise in clinical practice. Method: We analyze four basic bioethical principles, addressing other important aspects such as the professional relationship-patient, assessing the capacity/competence in decision making and confidentiality in care. Conclusions: The duty of institutions and health teams responsible for the care on the health of adolescents, is to maintain a proper balance between these principles, respecting the right of autonomy and confidentiality in the attention, framed within reasonable limits and that in no case will help to limit access to quality care. It is essential that there is a training and updating of professionals in the field of bioethics, in order to contribute to carefully analyze and resolve conflicts that arise, considering that health care should be framed with respect to rights and dignity of individuals.

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As Latin American countries seek to guarantee sexual and reproductive health and rights, opponents of women's rights and reproductive choice have become more strident in their opposition, and are increasingly claiming conscientious objection to providing these services. Conscientious objection must be seen in the context of the rights and interests at stake, including women's health needs and right to self-determination. An analysis of law and policy on conscientious objection in Peru, Mexico and Chile shows that it is being used to erode women's rights, especially where it is construed to have no limits, as in Peru. Conscientious objection must be distinguished from politically-motivated attempts to undermine the law; otherwise, the still fragile re-democratisation processes underway in Latin America may be placed at risk. True conscientious objection requires that a balance be struck between the rights of the objector and the health rights of patients, in this case women. Health care providers are entitled to their beliefs and to have those beliefs accommodated, but it is neither viable nor ethically acceptable for conscientious objectors to exercise this right without regard for the right to health care of others, or for policy and services to be rendered ineffectual because of individual objectors.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the expectations of women who wait for Assisted Reproduction Treatment-RA in the public hospital chosen as the reference in the Public Health Network in the Federal District-HRAS, Brazil. METHODS: For thirty days, 51 women of the 56 who went to the HRAS for infertility treatment were interviewed by a questionnaire including 10 objective questions related to the topic. RESULTS: This trial was divided into two groups. The first, the "control group", comprised 27 patients recently sent to the reference public hospital from local health care centers or a regional hospital. The second, the "study group", comprising 24 women already diagnosed by the medical staff of HRAS and in the waiting line for "in vitro" fertilization. According to the input provided by the two groups, results show that the average waiting time for treatment is so long that women actually age during this time and face the risk of having a dangerous pregnancy before they receive treatment. CONCLUSION: These results show that women unable to pay for treatment in a private fertilization clinic have a poorer chance of achieving RA: the health problem concerning this specific population ignores redressing or income distribution processes. Data show that, notwithstanding, this waiting period imposed by the State, expectations of the patients waiting for RA are reinforced. There is no basis to provide information about the waiting time. The unpredictable availability of the medication needed for in vitro fertilization, jeopardizes the future of this service offering the treatment.

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