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Abstract The goal of this study is to identify the global trigger tool trackers used to place the adverse drug events presented in children that use psychotropic drugs accompanied by Child-adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers. This is a descriptive study carried out with the secondary data of 112 child care records that began in January 2017 in two Child-adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers. A median of medicine per child was 1.71 and among the most used we were to risperidone 100%, followed by valproic acid and periciazine with 16% each. A total of 42 adverse drug events were found in 36 medical records, being agitation 29.7% and agressive 16.2%, being the most frequent, and in 45.2% of infants presenting only one event. 50 were trackers detected in 83.3%, two records that identified adverse drug events. In 38.8% were found only one tracker, the most found ones were: combination of psychotropic medicines 32%, abrupt reduction of medicine dose 22% and abrupt cessation of medicine 12%. Finally, the present study showed that the global trigger tool evidenced adverse drug events by means of the detection of trackers in children and that it had to offer interventions to improve the quality of psychiatric therapy within two community services.

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Abstract: Introduction: Considering the high prevalence of mental health problems among medical students, medical schools should be ethically committed to promote student's mental health, offering health services and prevention strategies. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to identify scientific publications on mental health services offered by Brazilian universities to medical students, as well as the professionals involved and the types of interventions most often offered. Method: Systematic literature review, following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). The Scielo, PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, ERIC, The Cochrane Library and CAPES databases were searched for studies published until August 2020, as well as theses and dissertations. The studies were screened, selected, analyzed and relevant data were extracted by two independent reviewers. Results: 16 studies were included. The identified mental health services resort to different strategies towards a common goal of promoting medical students' mental health. The interventions most frequently found in these services are brief psychotherapy, psychiatric care, psychological-educational guidance and mentoring programs. Most services were created to attend medical students and some of these have been extended to other undergraduate students. In the analyzed services, there is a predominance of multidisciplinary teams, which differ regarding the number and categories of professionals involved. Conclusion: Mental health support services for medical students in Brazil differ both in terms of how they work within the institutions and in terms of the involved professionals. It was observed that publications on these services are scarce when compared to the number of institutions that offer the undergraduate medical course in Brazil. Aiming to expand and consolidate actions aimed at promoting medical students' mental health in Brazilian higher education institutions, further research on this topic is required.

Resumo: Introdução: Considerando a alta prevalência de problemas de saúde mental entre estudantes de Medicina, as instituições que formam profissionais médicos têm o compromisso ético de se preocupar com a promoção da saúde mental de seu corpo discente, oferecendo serviços de apoio e desenvolvendo estratégias de prevenção. Objetivo: Esta revisão tem como objetivo identificar publicações científicas sobre serviços de assistência oferecidos aos estudantes de Medicina nas instituições de ensino superior do Brasil, bem como informações sobre os profissionais que os compõem, o público-alvo atendido e os tipos de intervenção mais utilizados. Método: Trata-se de revisão sistemática de literatura, orientada pelas diretrizes do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Foi realizada busca por estudos nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, ERIC, The Cochrane Library e Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Capes, sem delimitação de tempo, publicados até agosto de 2020. Em seguida, duas revisoras, de forma independente, selecionaram os estudos e extraíram os dados pertinentes para a construção desta revisão. Resultado: Foram incluídos 16 estudos. Os serviços de apoio identificados atuam por meio de estratégias diversas com o objetivo comum de promoção da saúde mental do estudante. As intervenções mais encontradas nesses serviços são atendimento psicoterápico breve, atendimento psiquiátrico, orientação psicopedagógica e programas de mentoring. A maioria dos serviços foi implementada para atender estudantes de Medicina, e alguns ampliaram seu alcance a discentes de outros cursos de graduação. Em relação aos profissionais que compõem esses serviços, encontramos equipes multiprofissionais que variam em número e categorias profissionais envolvidas. Conclusão: Os serviços de apoio destinados ao estudante de Medicina no Brasil apresentam diferenças tanto quanto à forma de atuação dentro das instituições como quanto aos profissionais envolvidos. Verificou-se que as publicações sobre esses serviços são escassas quando comparadas ao número de instituições que oferecem o curso de graduação em Medicina no Brasil. A fim de ampliar e consolidar ações voltadas para a promoção da saúde mental do estudante de Medicina dentro das instituições de ensino superior brasileiras, mais pesquisas sobre essa temática são necessárias.

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INTRODUCTION: Access to high-quality healthcare, including mental healthcare, is a high priority for the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Meaningful monitoring of progress will require patient-centered measures of access. To that end, we developed the Perceived Access Inventory focused on access to VA mental health services (PAI-VA). However, VA is purchasing increasing amounts of mental health services from community mental health providers. In this paper, we describe the development of a PAI for users of VA-funded community mental healthcare that incorporates access barriers unique to community care service use and compares the barriers most frequently reported by veterans using community mental health services to those most frequently reported by veterans using VA mental health services. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted mixed qualitative and quantitative interviews with 25 veterans who had experience using community mental health services through the Veterans Choice Program (VCP). We used opt-out invitation letters to recruit veterans from three geographic regions. Data were collected on sociodemographics, rurality, symptom severity, and service satisfaction. Participants also completed two measures of perceived barriers to mental healthcare: the PAI-VA adapted to focus on access to mental healthcare in the community and Hoge's 13-item measure. This study was reviewed and approved by the VA Central Institutional Review Board. RESULTS: Analysis of qualitative interview data identified four topics that were not addressed in the PAI-VA: veterans being billed directly by a VCP mental health provider, lack of care coordination and communication between VCP and VA mental health providers, veterans needing to travel to a VA facility to have VCP provider prescriptions filled, and delays in VCP re-authorization. To develop a PAI for community-care users, we created items corresponding to each of the four community-care-specific topics and added them to the 43-item PAI-VA. When we compared the 10 most frequently endorsed barriers to mental healthcare in this study sample to the ten most frequently endorsed by a separate sample of current VA mental healthcare users, six items were common to both groups. The four items unique to community-care were: long waits for the first mental health appointment, lack of awareness of available mental health services, short appointments, and providers' lack of knowledge of military culture. CONCLUSIONS: Four new barriers specific to veteran access to community mental healthcare were identified. These barriers, which were largely administrative rather than arising from the clinical encounter itself, were included in the PAI for community care. Study strengths include capturing access barriers from the veteran experience across three geographic regions. Weaknesses include the relatively small number of participants and data collection from an early stage of Veteran Choice Program implementation. As VA expands its coverage of community-based mental healthcare, being able to assess the success of the initiative from the perspective of program users becomes increasingly important. The 47-item PAI for community care offers a useful tool to identify barriers experienced by veterans in accessing mental healthcare in the community, overall and in specific settings, as well as to track the impact of interventions to improve access to mental healthcare.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses in mental health services. METHODS: The study was conducted in three health facilities in the city of São Paulo: a public state hospital; a Brazilian National Health System (SUS)-contracted hospital; and a community mental health center. Medical records of 90 patients with schizophrenia who received care in 2006 were reviewed. Information on inpatient expenditures was collected and used for cost estimates. RESULTS: Mean direct medical cost of schizophrenia relapses per patient was US$ 4,083.50 (R$ 8,167.58) in the public state hospital; US$ 2,302.76 (R$ 4,605.46) in the community mental health center; and US$ 1,198.50 (R$ 2,397.74) in the SUS-affiliated hospital. The main component was daily inpatient room rates (87% - 98%). Medication costs varied depending on the use of typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs. Atypical antipsychotic drugs were more often used in the community mental health center. CONCLUSIONS: Costs associated with schizophrenia relapses support investments in antipsychotic drugs and strategies to reduce disease relapse and the need for mental health inpatient services. Treating patients in a community mental health center was associated with medium costs and added the benefit of not depriving these patients from family life.

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In the treatment of mental disorders, nonadherence to medication, the main cause of psychiatric morbidity, is observed in about 50 percent of the cases and is responsible for numerous losses. This study evaluated adherence to drug treatment by patients seen in a Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS) in northeastern Brazil. Adherence to treatment was evaluated using the Haynes-Sackett and Morisky-Green-Levine tests. All patients registered in the CAPS were included in the study (n= 101). Only 11.88 percent of the patients adhered to drug treatment. The main reasons not to use medication were: oblivion (68.83 percent), feeling unwell after taking the medication (54.22 percent), not having money to buy the medication (43.83 percent), not finding the medication in the public health service (39.94 percent) and fear of harm that might be caused by the drug (28.90 percent). Furthermore, 85.1 percent of the patients did not know their diseases, 88.1 percent did not know their treatment, 86.4 percent did not feel good when they took their medication, and 88.1 percent took their medication incorrectly. The results revealed that the lack of information about diseases and drugs used, the nuisance posed by drug therapy and the low access to medications reduce adherence to treatment and, consequently, treatment effectiveness.

No tratamento de desordens mentais, a não-adesão ao tratamento ocorre em cerca de 50 por cento dos casos e é responsável por inúmeros prejuízos, além de ser a principal causa de morbidade psiquiátrica. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso de pacientes atendidos em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) no Nordeste do Brasil. A avaliação da adesão ao tratamento foi feita através dos testes de Haynes-Sackett e Morisky-Green-Levine. Todos os pacientes cadastrados no CAPS foram incluídos no estudo (n = 101). Observou-se que apenas 11,88 por cento dos pacientes aderiram ao tratamento medicamentoso. As principais razões para o não uso dos medicamentos foram: esquecimento (68,83 por cento), sentir-se mal após a ingestão de medicamentos (54,22 por cento), não ter dinheiro para comprar medicamentos (43,83 por cento), não encontrar os medicamentos no serviço público de saúde (39,94 por cento) e medo dos danos causados pelos medicamentos (28,90 por cento). Além disso, observou-se que 85,1 por cento dos pacientes não conheciam suas doenças, 88,1 por cento não conheciam seus tratamentos, 86,4 por cento não se sentiam bem quando usavam medicamentos e 88,1 por cento usavam os medicamentos incorretamente. Os resultados demonstram que a falta de informação sobre doenças e medicamentos, os danos decorrentes da terapia medicamentosa e o baixo acesso aos medicamentos comprometem a adesão ao tratamento e, consequentemente, a eficácia do tratamento.

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BACKGROUND: Little is known about public beliefs concerning the treatment of mental disorders in developing countries. AIMS: To assess preferences on sources of help and treatment and the perception of prognosis for schizophrenia and depression. METHOD: A household survey was carried out in 2002 with a probabilistic sample of 1000 individuals, residents of São Paulo city, Brazil, with ages ranging from 18-65. Vignettes in colloquial language describing individuals with schizophrenia and depression (according to DSM-IV and ICD-10) were presented, together with a structured questionnaire with questions about the vignette. RESULTS: Results indicated the same general tendencies for schizophrenia and depression. The public considered the help of lay people and psychologists the most useful. Medical professionals are viewed less favorably. The treatments and activities most recommended are psychotherapy and general activities, such as physical activities and attending church services. Medical treatments are seen as more harmful than helpful. The more important determinants were: identification as mental illness, religion, sex and years of school completed. Prognosis with treatment for both disorders is viewed as favorable. CONCLUSIONS: These results may indicate that the public need to receive more information on the full range of treatments options, especially those related to medical treatment.

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OBJECTIVES: This study examines the effects of health, predisposing, and enabling factors on recognition of a mental health problem, use of formal mental health care, and contact with a specialized mental health provider. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with a probability sample of 3,435 adults. The variables examined include measures of mental health; social and demographic factors; and enabling factors relevant to the help-seeking process. RESULTS: Subjective and objective measures of mental health were associated with the recognition of a mental health problem. The objective assessment of definite need for services was relevant for the use of formal services. However, the subjects' perception of poor mental health was strongly related to receiving care from a mental health specialist. Although interaction with social networks is associated with use of formal services, low economic strain is related to receiving care from the specialty sector. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the importance of using multiple measures of mental health problems. The finding that individuals' perceived economic strain increases the likelihood of receiving specialized care suggests that studies of economic barriers to the use of mental health services might benefit from the adoption of measures that assess perceived economic circumstances.

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OBJECTIVES: This study uses the recently developed Network-Episode Model (NEM) to examine the nature and correlates of utilization among Puerto Ricans reporting mental health problems. The NEM highlights two issues: (1) examining the patterns or combinations of lay and formal use that individuals employ and (2) reformulating how the availability and content of social networks influences patterns of care. METHODS: Using data from the 1989 Mental Health Care Utilization Among Puerto Ricans Study (probability sample of 1,777 individuals living in low-income areas of the island), the authors focus on the patterns and correlates of use for 365 Puerto Ricans reporting service use for mental health problems in the previous year. RESULTS: A combination of clustering and multinomial logit techniques indicates that there are six unique care patterns. Two patterns include the use of mental health providers and are associated with different contingencies. CONCLUSIONS: In general, patterns of use are shaped by age, education, gender, and illness severity. Larger, more supportive networks decrease the use of patterns of care that include formal health care providers, and decrease direct entry into the mental health sector. These results are in line with NEM's predictions for lower class populations and help clarify inconsistencies in previous research on social networks. The implications of this perspective for health services research and treatment are discussed.

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