RESUMO
The Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. seeds extract has great therapeutic potential due to numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, which are associated with phenolic content. Although this herbal preparation has shown many benefits, recently their toxicity profile has begun to be explored. In this present study, the toxic effects of T. gardneriana seeds ethanolic extract (EETg) on biological systems of different taxonomical groups and levels of complexity (from cell culture to lower vertebrates) were assessed, through a variety of viability and toxicological assays. It was found that EETg did not impair the Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth at the highest tested concentration (200 µg/mL), and no toxicant evidence was observed in Aedes aegypti larvae or in Drosophila melanogaster adult stage. Contrarily, the extract reduced the viability of undifferentiated Caco-2 cells (250 µg/mL, 40% of viable cells), but did not affect differentiated ones. The embryotoxicity in Danio rerio model showed a LC50 of 7.41 mg/L (95% confidence interval, 4.78 - 11.49 mg/L). EETg did not show signs of toxicity in the majority of the models used, but lethality and malformations in zebrafish embryos occurred. Further analyses are needed to better understand the selective toxicity mechanism of EETg on zebrafish, as well as whether the toxic effects happen in higher vertebrates.
Assuntos
Polygonaceae , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Células CACO-2 , Drosophila melanogaster , Embrião não Mamífero , Etanol , Humanos , Larva , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Sementes/toxicidadeRESUMO
In recent years, there has been a growing concern related to soil and water contamination due to the constant dispersal of toxic metals. In addition to their ecotoxicological potential, these elements exhibit a cumulative character that favors their permanence in soil and passage to living organisms, which can lead to an ecological imbalance. Among toxic metals, cadmium (Cd) is an obstacle to agriculture because it can adversely affect food quality and human health, as well as diminish plant growth and productivity. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of cadmium on seed germination and initial growth of chia. The ecotoxicological effects of four Cd concentrations (15; 30; 45; and 60 mg L-1) were evaluated. The response variables were germination percentage, first count, germination speed index, total length, shoot length, root length, seedling dry mass, and tolerance index. It is concluded that the presence and accumulation of Cd in the culture substrate played an inhibitory role in seed germination and initial seedling growth of chia starting at 15 mg L-1. On the other hand, no significant effect was observed for the treatments in relation to dry mass of the chia seedlings.
Assuntos
Cádmio/toxicidade , Germinação , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/toxicidadeRESUMO
Toxic plants containing monofluoroacetate (MFA) cause sudden death in livestock in Australia, South Africa and Brazil, causing economic losses to producers. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of MFA present in young leaves, mature leaves, senescent leaves, and seeds of Amorimia pubiflora harvested at different times of the year and to determine their toxic effect on sheep. Samples of Amorimia pubiflora were collected during April, August and December of 2015 and March of 2016, separated according to the vegetative stage (young leaves, seeds, mature leaves, and senescent leaves), dried in an oven, and administered in daily doses of 5â¯g/kg/body weight (bw) of fresh leaves to sheep through ruminal cannulae. The experiment was divided into four stages according to the time of collection of the plant so that each sheep received a different vegetative stage of the plant (young leaves, mature leaves, and senescent leaves). Only in the second stage of the experiment was it possible to collect A. pubiflora seeds, which were administered using the same method used for the administration of the leaves. The sheep were dosed with the plant until they showed clinical signs of toxicosis or until the plant was no longer available. Aliquots of leaves and seeds of A. pubiflora were analyzed for MFA concentration. The seeds and young leaves had higher concentrations of MFA than did the mature (harvested in August and December) and senescent (harvested in December) leaves. However, all vegetative stages of the plant were toxic and caused fatal poisoning. The results of our study showed that A. pubiflora is toxic to sheep even when MFA concentrations are low, demonstrating that the presence of this substance is a risk factor for the occurrence of poisoning. Knowing the toxic principle and its variations allow us to determine the conditions for the occurrence of plant toxicosis as well as possible treatment, control, and prophylaxis methods, contributing significantly to the reduction of economic losses on farms due to plant poisoning.
Assuntos
Fluoracetatos/análise , Malpighiaceae/toxicidade , Plantas Tóxicas/química , Animais , Brasil , Malpighiaceae/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Folhas de Planta/toxicidade , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Plantas Tóxicas/toxicidade , Sementes/química , Sementes/toxicidade , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/induzido quimicamente , Carneiro DomésticoRESUMO
In recent years, there has been a growing concern related to soil and water contamination due to the constant dispersal of toxic metals. In addition to their ecotoxicological potential, these elements exhibit a cumulative character that favors their permanence in soil and passage to living organisms, which can lead to an ecological imbalance. Among toxic metals, cadmium (Cd) is an obstacle to agriculture because it can adversely affect food quality and human health, as well as diminish plant growth and productivity. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of cadmium on seed germination and initial growth of chia. The ecotoxicological effects of four Cd concentrations (15; 30; 45; and 60 mg L-1) were evaluated. The response variables were germination percentage, first count, germination speed index, total length, shoot length, root length, seedling dry mass, and tolerance index. It is concluded that the presence and accumulation of Cd in the culture substrate played an inhibitory role in seed germination and initial seedling growth of chia starting at 15 mg L-1. On the other hand, no significant effect was observed for the treatments in relation to dry mass of the chia seedlings.(AU)
Assuntos
Cádmio/toxicidade , Germinação , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/toxicidadeRESUMO
Jatropha curcas is an important oilseed plant, with considerable potential in the development of biodiesel. Although Jatropha seed cake, the byproduct of oil extraction, is a residue rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbon, with high protein content suitable for application in animal feed, the presence of toxic phorbol esters limits its application in feed supplements and fertilizers. This review summarizes the current methods available for detoxification of this residue, based upon chemical, physical, biological, or combined processes. The advantages and disadvantages of each process are discussed, and future directions involving genomic and proteomic approaches for advancing our understanding of biodegradation processes involving microorganisms are highlighted.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia/métodos , Jatropha/química , Ésteres de Forbol/isolamento & purificação , Ração Animal/análise , Fertilizantes/análise , Jatropha/toxicidade , Ésteres de Forbol/toxicidade , Sementes/química , Sementes/toxicidade , Resíduos/análiseRESUMO
The Dietary Supplements and Health Education Act (DSHEA), passed by the United States Congress in October of 1994, defines herbal products as nutritional supplements, not medications. This opened the market for diverse products made from plants, including teas, extracts, essential oils, and syrups. Mexico and the United States share an extensive border, where diverse herbal products are available to the public without a medical prescription. Research undertaken in the neighboring cities of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, USA, shows the use of herbs is higher in this border area compared to the rest of the United States. A portion of the population is still under the erroneous impression that "natural" products are completely safe to use and therefore lack side effects. We review the dangers of ingesting the toxic seed of Thevetia spp. (family Apocynaceae), commonly known as "yellow oleander" or "codo de fraile," misleadingly advertised on the Internet as an effective and safe dietary supplement for weight loss. Lack of proper quality control regarding herbs generates a great variability in the quantity and quality of the products' content. Herb-drug interactions occur between some herbal products and certain prescription pharmaceuticals. Certain herbs recently introduced into the U.S. market may not have been previously tested adequately for purity, safety, and efficacy. Due to the lack of reliable clinical data regarding the safe use of various herbal products currently available, the public should be made aware regarding the possible health hazards of using certain herbs for therapeutic purposes. The potentially fatal toxicity of yellow oleander seed is confirmed by cases reported from various countries, while the purported benefits of using it for weight loss have not been evaluated by any known clinical trials. For this reason, the use of yellow oleander seed as a dietary supplement should be avoided.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/toxicidade , Suplementos Nutricionais/toxicidade , Sementes/toxicidade , Thevetia/toxicidade , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/economia , Fármacos Antiobesidade/normas , Suplementos Nutricionais/economia , Suplementos Nutricionais/normas , Contaminação de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Rotulagem de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Rotulagem de Alimentos/normas , Fraude , Humanos , Internet , Legislação sobre Alimentos , México , Intoxicação por Plantas/etiologia , Intoxicação por Plantas/prevenção & controle , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Plantas Medicinais/efeitos adversos , Plantas Medicinais/química , Plantas Medicinais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plantas Tóxicas/química , Plantas Tóxicas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plantas Tóxicas/toxicidade , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Texas , Thevetia/química , Thevetia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Senna occidentalis is a toxic leguminous plant found in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world and causes poisoning mainly in confined animals. The seeds are the most toxic part of the plant and may be present in animal rations. The main toxic component of the S. occidentalis seed is a dianthrone, an anthraquinone-derived compound that affects mitochondrial function. This study evaluated the effects on egg production of low-level contamination of the S. occidentalis in the laying hens' diet. Forty-eight one-day-old pullets were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: control, birds that received no experimental treatment; and external and internal tegument (ET/IT), birds that received a diet containing 0.2% of ET/IT of S. occidentalis seeds throughout their life cycle (42 weeks). The birds were monitored for clinical signs of poisoning, and the production and quality of eggs were recorded. Necropsies were conducted at the end of the experimental period. None of the layers showed any clinical signs of poisoning, decreases in feed intake or alterations of the body weight gain. A marked reduction in egg production and, consequently, a lower feed efficiency in ET/IT group were measured. Ovaries were the most affected organ in birds from the ET/IT group, and yolk leaking and dysplasia of the inner layer of the vitelline membrane were observed. S. occidentalis was shown to be toxic for laying hens. Considering these results, it is feasible to assume that the constant presence of low concentrations of S. occidentalis seeds in rations represents a threat to the poultry industry.
Assuntos
Galinhas/fisiologia , Sementes/toxicidade , Senna/toxicidade , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Ovos , Feminino , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
Joannesia princeps is a plant commonly used in folk medicine as laxative for menstrual discomfort and as antihelminthic and antimicrobial to reduce edema and improve tissue healing. The seeds are used in many regions of Brazil as laxative; however, studies are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of using seeds of this plant on intestinal motility of Wistar rats, evaluate the effects and acute toxicity of its management, as well as determine its phytochemical profile. The evaluation of the effect on the intestinal motility was performed according to the model described by Michelin and Salgado (2004) with modifications. For the evaluation of acute toxicity, we used the model described by Craveiro et al. (2008) and Goloni et al. (2005), and for the analysis of the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, and other components, we used the method described by Carvalho et al. (2006). The results showed that J. princeps exhibits laxative effects similar to those of Senna species such as Cassia angustifolia and the phytochemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes, and/or steroids compounds. Acute toxicity showed in the first 12 h: piloerection, contortion, decreased respiratory rate, diarrhea, and weight loss. After this period, these changes were no longer observed. It was concluded that the seeds of this plant have potential laxative activity, confirming the popular use and that the dose of 5 g/kg can be considered safe for consumption.
Assuntos
Euphorbiaceae/química , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Euphorbiaceae/toxicidade , Laxantes/química , Laxantes/farmacologia , Laxantes/toxicidade , Masculino , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sementes/química , Sementes/toxicidadeRESUMO
Uma cadela sem raça definida, de cinco anos de idade, deu entrada para atendimento apresentando sintomatologia neurológica aguda caracterizada por ataxia, rigidez muscular de membros torácicos, marcante depressão, letargia, fraqueza, incoordenação, midríase e diminuição bilateral de reflexo pupilar. A paciente foi internada, sendo observada uma evolução do quadro para tetraparesia com sialorreia e prostração após 12 horas. Houve dois episódios de vômito 24 horas após o internamento, evidenciando-se grande quantidade de sementes de Talisia esculenta inteiras e trituradas. A literatura cita casos de intoxicação por ingestão de folhas e frutos da T. esculenta em bovinos e ovinos com sintomatologia semelhante. O objetivo do presente relato é registrar o referido caso, uma vez que não foram encontradas referências abordando tal tema em animais de companhia na literatura consultada.(AU)
A five-year-old mongrel bitch was admitted for acute care presenting neurological symptoms such as ataxia, muscular stiffness on forelimbs, pronounced depression, lethargy, weakness, incoordination, mydriasis and bilaterally decreased pupillary reflex. Twelve hours post-admittance, the patient developed tetraparesis, salivation and prostration; 24 hours post-admittance, the patient vomited both crushed and intact seeds of Talisia esculenta. Literature reports cases of sheep and cattle poisoning with similar symptoms by ingestion of fruits and leaves of T. esculenta. The aim of this article is to report this case, since no such records in companion animals are available.(AU)
Una perra mestiza de cinco años fue atendida presentando sintomatología neurológica aguda caracterizada por ataxia, rigidez muscular en miembros anteriores, marcada depresión, letargia, debilidad, incoordinación, midriasis y disminución bilateral del reflejo pupilar. La paciente fue internada y se pudo observar una evolución del cuadro a una tetraparesia com sialorrea y postración después de 12 horas. Veinticuatro horas después de internada, la paciente vomitó, momento en el cual se hizo evidente la presencia de una gran cantidad de semillas enteras y trituradas de Talisia esculenta. La literatura cita casos de intoxicación por ingesta de hojas y frutos de T. esculenta en bovinos y ovinos, que presentan una sintomatología similar. El objetivo del presente relato es registrar el caso referido, ya que no se encontraron trabajos en la literatura consultada, relacionados con este tema en animales de compañía.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/veterinária , Sementes/toxicidade , Plantas Tóxicas , Frutas/toxicidade , Lectinas de Plantas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Uma cadela sem raça definida, de cinco anos de idade, deu entrada para atendimento apresentando sintomatologia neurológica aguda caracterizada por ataxia, rigidez muscular de membros torácicos, marcante depressão, letargia, fraqueza, incoordenação, midríase e diminuição bilateral de reflexo pupilar. A paciente foi internada, sendo observada uma evolução do quadro para tetraparesia com sialorreia e prostração após 12 horas. Houve dois episódios de vômito 24 horas após o internamento, evidenciando-se grande quantidade de sementes de Talisia esculenta inteiras e trituradas. A literatura cita casos de intoxicação por ingestão de folhas e frutos da T. esculenta em bovinos e ovinos com sintomatologia semelhante. O objetivo do presente relato é registrar o referido caso, uma vez que não foram encontradas referências abordando tal tema em animais de companhia na literatura consultada.
A five-year-old mongrel bitch was admitted for acute care presenting neurological symptoms such as ataxia, muscular stiffness on forelimbs, pronounced depression, lethargy, weakness, incoordination, mydriasis and bilaterally decreased pupillary reflex. Twelve hours post-admittance, the patient developed tetraparesis, salivation and prostration; 24 hours post-admittance, the patient vomited both crushed and intact seeds of Talisia esculenta. Literature reports cases of sheep and cattle poisoning with similar symptoms by ingestion of fruits and leaves of T. esculenta. The aim of this article is to report this case, since no such records in companion animals are available.
Una perra mestiza de cinco años fue atendida presentando sintomatología neurológica aguda caracterizada por ataxia, rigidez muscular en miembros anteriores, marcada depresión, letargia, debilidad, incoordinación, midriasis y disminución bilateral del reflejo pupilar. La paciente fue internada y se pudo observar una evolución del cuadro a una tetraparesia com sialorrea y postración después de 12 horas. Veinticuatro horas después de internada, la paciente vomitó, momento en el cual se hizo evidente la presencia de una gran cantidad de semillas enteras y trituradas de Talisia esculenta. La literatura cita casos de intoxicación por ingesta de hojas y frutos de T. esculenta en bovinos y ovinos, que presentan una sintomatología similar. El objetivo del presente relato es registrar el caso referido, ya que no se encontraron trabajos en la literatura consultada, relacionados con este tema en animales de compañía.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/veterinária , Plantas Tóxicas , Sementes/toxicidade , Frutas/toxicidade , Lectinas de Plantas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Senna occidentalis (S. occidentalis) is a toxic leguminous plant that contaminates crops and has been shown to be toxic to several animal species. All parts of the plant are toxic, but most of the plant's toxicity is due to its seeds. Despite its toxicity, S. occidentalis is widely used for therapeutic purposes in humans. The aim of the present work was to investigate, for the first time, the effects of the chronic administration of S. occidentalis seeds on hematopoietic organs, including the bone marrow and spleen. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of 10 animals. Rats were treated with diets containing 0% (control), 0.5% (So0.5), 1% (So1), or 2% (So2) S. occidentalis seeds for a period of 90 days. Food and water were provided ad libitum, except to pair-fed (PF) group which received the same amount of ration to those of So2 group, however free of S. occidentalis seeds. It was verified that rats treated with 2% S. occidentalis seeds presented changes in hematological parameters. The blood evaluation also showed a significant decrease of the Myeloid/Erythroid (M/E) ratio. Chronic treatment with S. occidentalis promoted a reduction in the cellularity of both the bone marrow and spleen. Additionally, we observed changes in bone marrow smears, iron stores and spleen hemosiderin accumulation. Histological analyses of bone marrow revealed erythroid hyperplasia which was consistent with the increased reticulocyte count. These findings suggest that the long-term administration of S. occidentalis seeds can promote blood toxicity.
Assuntos
Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Senna/toxicidade , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Toxinas Biológicas/toxicidade , Animais , Medula Óssea/patologia , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Sementes/química , Sementes/toxicidade , Senna/química , Baço/patologia , Testes de Toxicidade CrônicaRESUMO
The castor bean (Ricinus communis) is a bush from Euphorbiacea family cultivated for obtaining oil from the seeds. This oil has broad industrial employment, particularly for biodiesel. However, castor bean seeds exhibit a potent toxin, ricin. It is a glycoprotein with highly toxic action of inactivating ribosomes. The toxic action of ricin is due to inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, causing cell death. Only one molecule of ricin that enters the cytosol is able to inactivate ribosomes over 1500 per minute. Clinical signs associated with castor bean poisoning often occur in animals in a few hours after ingestion of the seeds. This paper reviews the literature on the toxic effects of ricin and techniques for preventing the poisoning.(AU)
A mamona (Ricinus communis) é um arbusto da família Euforbiacea cultivada para a obtenção do óleo das sementes. Este óleo apresenta amplo emprego industrial, com destaque para o biodiesel. No entanto, as sementes de mamona apresentam uma potente toxina, a ricina. Trata-se de uma glicoproteína altamente tóxica com ação inativadora de ribossomos. A ação tóxica da ricina é decorrente da inibição da síntese proteica nas células eucarióticas, ocasionando a morte celular. Apenas uma molécula de ricina que entra no citosol é capaz de inativar mais de 1500 ribossomos por minuto. Os sinais clínicos associados com a intoxicação de mamona em animais frequentemente ocorrem em algumas horas após a ingestão das sementes. Este trabalho faz uma revisão da literatura sobre os efeitos tóxicos da ricina e as técnicas para a prevenção da intoxicação.(AU)
Assuntos
Ricina/toxicidade , Sementes/toxicidade , Ricinus communis/toxicidade , Proteínas de Armazenamento de SementesRESUMO
The castor bean (Ricinus communis) is a bush from Euphorbiacea family cultivated for obtaining oil from the seeds. This oil has broad industrial employment, particularly for biodiesel. However, castor bean seeds exhibit a potent toxin, ricin. It is a glycoprotein with highly toxic action of inactivating ribosomes. The toxic action of ricin is due to inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, causing cell death. Only one molecule of ricin that enters the cytosol is able to inactivate ribosomes over 1500 per minute. Clinical signs associated with castor bean poisoning often occur in animals in a few hours after ingestion of the seeds. This paper reviews the literature on the toxic effects of ricin and techniques for preventing the poisoning.
A mamona (Ricinus communis) é um arbusto da família Euforbiacea cultivada para a obtenção do óleo das sementes. Este óleo apresenta amplo emprego industrial, com destaque para o biodiesel. No entanto, as sementes de mamona apresentam uma potente toxina, a ricina. Trata-se de uma glicoproteína altamente tóxica com ação inativadora de ribossomos. A ação tóxica da ricina é decorrente da inibição da síntese proteica nas células eucarióticas, ocasionando a morte celular. Apenas uma molécula de ricina que entra no citosol é capaz de inativar mais de 1500 ribossomos por minuto. Os sinais clínicos associados com a intoxicação de mamona em animais frequentemente ocorrem em algumas horas após a ingestão das sementes. Este trabalho faz uma revisão da literatura sobre os efeitos tóxicos da ricina e as técnicas para a prevenção da intoxicação.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Armazenamento de Sementes , Ricina/toxicidade , Ricinus communis/toxicidade , Sementes/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Brazil, coffee (Coffea arabica) husks are reused in several ways due to their abundance, including as stall bedding. However, field veterinarians have reported that horses become intoxicated after ingesting the coffee husks that are used as bedding. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether coffee husk consumption causes intoxication in horses. RESULTS: Six horses fed coast cross hay ad libitum were given access to coffee husks and excitability, restlessness, involuntary muscle tremors, chewing movements and constant tremors of the lips and tongue, excessive sweating and increased respiration and heart rates were the most evident clinical signs. Caffeine levels were measured in the plasma and urine of these horses on two occasions: immediately before the coffee husks were made available to the animals (T0) and at the time of the clinical presentation of intoxication, 56 h after the animals started to consume the husks (T56). The concentrations of caffeine in the plasma (p < 0.001) and urine (p < 0.001) of these animals were significantly greater at T56 than at T0. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that consumption of coffee husks was toxic to horses due to the high levels of caffeine present in their composition. Therefore, coffee husks pose a risk when used as bedding or as feed for horses.
Assuntos
Coffea/toxicidade , Doenças dos Cavalos/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Cafeína/sangue , Cafeína/química , Cafeína/urina , Coffea/química , Feminino , Cavalos , Sementes/química , Sementes/toxicidadeRESUMO
An attempt to find out the male contraceptive molecule of plant origin, the extracts of seeds of Momordica charantia were tested in male mice. Petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of Momordica charantia were administered at the dose level of 25mg/100gm body weight to the albino mice for 48 days intraperitoneally. All the extracts showed antispermatogenic effect as the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa were decreased. The increase in the weight of epididymis, prostate gland, seminal vesicle and vas deferens indicates clearly the androgenic property of these extracts. After subjecting to preliminary phytochemical screening ethanol extract showed positive tests for alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, oils and fats. Out of the three extracts tested, the ethanol extract seems to be more potent in its contraceptive and androgenic activities.
En un intento por descubrir la molécula de anticoncepción masculina de origen vegetal, fueron probados los extractos de semillas de Momordica charantia en ratones machos. Extractos de éter de petróleo, cloroformo y etanol de Momordica charantia fueron administrados en dosis de 25mg/100g de peso corporal a ratones albinos de 48 días por vía intraperitoneal. Todos los extractos mostraron un efecto antiespermatogénicos, con reducción del número de espermatogonias, espermatocitos, espermátidas y espermatozoides. El aumento de peso del epidídimo, próstata, vesículas seminales y conductos deferentes indica claramente la propiedad androgénica de estos extractos. Después de someter el extracto de etanol a la detección preliminar fitoquímica se observaron resultados positivos para alcaloides, flavonoides, glucósidos, fenoles, taninos, aceites y grasas. De los tres extractos probados, el extracto de etanol parece ser más potente en sus actividades de anticonceptivas y androgénicas.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Espermatozoides , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Momordica charantia/toxicidade , Sementes/toxicidade , Androgênios , Antiespermatogênicos/farmacologia , Etanol , Espermatogênese , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Genitália MasculinaRESUMO
Seed ethanolic extracts of 21 Brazilian plants were evaluated for ovicidal, larvicidal, and pupicidal activities against insecticide-susceptible (SS) and field-collected (FC) strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), as well as for their effects on nontarget organisms. Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allemao extract was highly toxic to both mosquito strains. Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler extract showed low toxicity and was 38-68 times less toxic to Ae. aegypti larvae than was M. urundeuva extract. The pupicidal activity (LC50) of 14 plant seed extracts ranged between 9 and 433/g/ml, and toxicities were comparable to both mosquito strains. Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. and Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemao) Ducke extracts showed the highest activities against pupae of FC and SS strains. None of the extracts showed 100% ovicidal activity. In addition, the active extracts did not show high acute toxicity to mice (LD50 > 1.5 g/kg), except that of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. Most of the active extracts exhibited low toxicity against brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) nauplii. The extracts of M. urundeuva, P. moniliformis, and L. auriculata are promising sources of recognized classes of insecticidal compounds with good selectivity against immature stages of Ae. aegypti.
Assuntos
Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Plantas/toxicidade , Animais , Artemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Variação Genética , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dose Letal Mediana , Camundongos , Óvulo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plantas/classificação , Pupa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade AgudaRESUMO
Senna occidentalis is a weed toxic to different animal species. Very little is known about the effects of prolonged exposure to low doses of S. occidentalis on developmental toxicology. Thus, the present study proposes an approach to evaluate the perinatal toxicity of S. occidentalis seeds in goats. Twenty-one pregnant goats were fed rations containing 0% (control), 1% (So1 group), 2% (So2 group) and 4% (So4 group) mature S. occidentalis seeds from pregnancy detection on day 27 after mating until parturition; weight gains and serum biochemistry were evaluated. Fetuses were evaluated using ultrasonographic measurements; neonates were evaluated by body morphometry, weight gains, and serum biochemistry. Fetal resorption occurred in 2 So4 dams and one dam died. Only a few minor alterations in serum biochemistry occurred in dams and kids; even so one So4 group dam had tissue lesions as vacuolations in hepatocytes and kidneys; necrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscles and for the first time lesions were observed in sciatic nerve cells. No relevant alterations in body morphometry were observed. This study suggests that 4% S. occidentalis seeds is toxic for pregnant goats, but levels of seeds less than 4% have little impact on fetal and post birth body development.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/toxicidade , Cabras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Senna/toxicidade , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Feminino , Morte Fetal/patologia , Idade Gestacional , Cabras/sangue , Cabras/embriologia , Frequência Cardíaca Fetal , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/sangue , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/patologia , Sementes/toxicidade , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
C. spectabilis belongs to Crotalaria genus of the Leguminosae family, and is used as "green manuring". In that manner, its seeds may be harvested along with corn and soy beans contaminating animal foods. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of C. spectabilis seeds present in the diet fed to laying hens. Eighty "Hisex White" fowls were divided into four groups G1, G2, G3 and G4. The laying hens were fed diets containing 0.00, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06% of crushed seeds of C. spectabilis for 28 days. Every day, fowls were monitored clinically. The fowls that died in the course of the experiment and the fowls euthanized at the end, were necropsied and fragments of liver, kidney, proventricle, lungs and heart were collected for histopathology. Macroscopic examination of poisoned fowls revealed ascites, cachexia, liver volume increased or reduced with fibrin or subcapsule hematomas. Histopathology showed steatosis, congestion, hemorrhage, megalocytosis and necrosis of hepatocytes. Therefore, the C. spectabilis seeds incorporated into diets at levels of 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% were hepato-toxic for laying hens.
A C. spectabilis pertence ao gênero Crotalaria, família Leguminosae e é utilizada como adubação verde. Desta forma, suas sementes podem ser colhidas juntamente com os grãos de milho e soja contaminando alimentos para animais. Para avaliar a toxicidade das sementes de C. spectabilis para galinhas poedeiras, foram utilizadas 80 galinhas "Hisex White", distribuídas nos grupos G1, G2, G3 e G4, que receberam durante 28 dias, rações contendo respectivamente: 0,00, 0,02, 0,04 e 0,06% de sementes trituradas de C. spectabilis. As aves que morreram durante o experimento, e as, sacrificadas ao final do mesmo foram necropsiadas colhendo-se fragmentos de fígado, rim, pró-ventrículo, pulmão e coração para histopatologia. Macroscopicamente verificou-se ascite, caquexia, fígado reduzido ou aumentado de volume com presença de fibrina e/ou hematomas subcapsulares. Microscopicamente, encontrou-se esteatose, congestão, hemorragia, megalocitose e necrose de hepatocitos. Assim, conclui-se que as sementes de C. spectabilis incorporadas na ração aos níveis de 0,02%, 0,04% e 0,06% são hepatotóxicas para galinhas poedeiras.
Assuntos
Animais , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Sementes/toxicidade , Galinhas/fisiologia , Crotalaria/toxicidade , Alcaloides de Pirrolizidina/análise , Monocrotalina/análise , Fígado Gorduroso/veterináriaRESUMO
We evaluated the toxicity of a semipurified extract (EPA fraction, containing caffeine and several flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins) of seeds of the native Amazon plant Paullinia cupana (guaraná) in rodents. Acute toxicity was tested in male Swiss mice, which received different doses orally (OR) and intraperitoneally (ip); control groups received water. These tests produced acute mortality, with LD(50) of 1.825 g/kg (OR) and 0.827 g/kg (ip), and a significant weight decrease in lungs of mice receiving a dose of 0.1g/kg. In the repeated-dose toxicity test, the EPA was administered OR daily to male and female Wistar rats at doses of 30, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day/90 days. Their behavior, mortality, weight changes, laboratory tests, and the weights and histopathology of organs were evaluated. No rats died during the tests. Males dosed at 150 or 300 mg/kg gained weight more slowly and lost kidney weight (absolute and relative weights, compared to the control group). Hematological and biochemical tests showed few changes, differing somewhat between males and females; the histopathological evaluation indicated no significant changes. These results indicate that the EPA fraction of guaraná caused no toxicity in rats at the smallest dose evaluated (30 mg/kg). No other species was evaluated.