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RESUMEN: En Terminologia Anatomica el término sacro es identificado con el número 1071. En el humano, es el hueso vertebral de mayor tamaño formado por la fusión de cinco vértebras. El origen del término sacro sigue en discusión y no está del todo claro, además, la pertinencia de esta denominación ha sido poco abordada en la literatura. Así, el objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el término sacro y luego proponer un término para la denominación de esta estructura anatómica siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). A este hueso se le llamó sacro, por considerarse sagrado, ya que tiene un profundo significado religioso, aunque también se le ha atribuido otras tradiciones como las místicas y los rituales. El término sacro no favorece el entendimiento, ya que no es descriptivo ni informativo, por lo que sugerimos su cambio a vértebra magna (vertebrae magna), ya que esta propuesta sigue las recomendaciones de la FIPAT, es decir, no solo ser unívoco, sino también preciso.

SUMMARY: In International Anatomical Terminology, the term sacrum is identified with the number 1071. In humans, it is the largest vertebral bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. The origin of the term sacrum is still under discussion and is not entirely clear, in addition, the relevance of this denomination has been little addressed in the literature. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the term sacrum and then propose a term for the denomination of this anatomical structure following the recommendations of the Federative International Program for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). This bone was called sacrum, because it is considered sacred, since it has a deep religious meaning, although other traditions such as mysticism and rituals have also been attributed to it. The term sacrum does not favor understanding, since it is neither descriptive nor informative, so we suggest changing it to vertebrae magna (vertebrae magna), since this proposal follows the FIPAT recommendations, that is, not only be unequivocal, but also accurate.

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The fusion of the sacrum occurs in the major dinosaur lineages, i.e. ornithischians, theropods, and sauropodomorphs, but it is unclear if this trait is a common ancestral condition, or if it evolved independently in each lineage, or even how or if it is related to ontogeny. In addition, the order in which the different structures of the sacrum are fused, as well as the causes that lead to this co-ossification, are poorly understood. Herein, we described the oldest record of fused sacral vertebrae within dinosaurs, based on two primordial sacral vertebrae from the Late Triassic of Candelária Sequence, southern Brazil. We used computed microtomography (micro-CT) to analyze the extent of vertebral fusion, which revealed that it occurred only between the centra. We also assessed the occurrence of sacral fusion in Dinosauria and close relatives. The degree of fusion observed in representatives of the major dinosaur lineages suggested that there may be a sequential pattern of fusion of the elements of the sacrum, more clearly observed in Sauropodomorpha. Our analyses suggest that primordial sacral vertebrae fuse earlier in the lineage (as seen in Norian sauropodomorphs). Intervertebral fusion is observed to encompass progressively more vertebral units as sauropodomorphs evolve, reaching up to five or more fully fused sacrals in Neosauropoda. Furthermore, the new specimen described here indicates that the fusion of sacral elements occurred early in the evolution of dinosaurs. Factors such as ontogeny and the increase in body size, combined with the incorporation of vertebrae to the sacrum may have a significant role in the process and in the variation of sacral fusion observed.

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Aoniraptor libertatem is a mid-sized megaraptoran that comes from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) Huincul Formation at Río Negro province, Patagonia, Argentina. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis of pneumaticity of the sacrum and tail of Aoniraptor. This shows a complex structure within these vertebrae, being composed by small diverticulae surrounding large pneumatic canals and a central chamber that opens outside through pleurocoels or pneumatic canals. Further, we carried out a histologic analysis which confirms the pneumatic nature of these anatomical features. Both analyses found that chevrons in Aoniraptor were invaded by pneumaticity, a feature that appears to be unique to this taxon. In addition, a comparative analysis between Aoniraptor and other theropods (e.g. Gualicho and other megaraptorans) was carried out. This resulted in the modification of previous schemes about the evolution of pneumaticity through Theropoda, the finding of some evolutionary pneumatic traits through Megaraptora, and the usefulness of pneumatic traits as a taxonomic tool.

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The epaxial muscles produce intervertebral rotation in the transverse, vertical and axial axes. These muscles also counteract the movements induced by gravitational and inertial forces and movements produced by antagonistic muscles and the intrinsic muscles of the pelvic limb. Their fascicles are innervated by the dorsal branch of the spinal nerve, which corresponds to the metamere of its cranial insertion in the spinous process. The structure allows the function of the muscles to be predicted: those with long and parallel fibres have a shortening function, whereas the muscles with short and oblique fibres have an antigravity action. In the horse, the multifidus muscle of the thoracolumbar region extends in multiple segments of two to eight vertebral motion segments (VMS). Functionally, the multifidus muscle is considered a spine stabiliser, maintaining VMS neutrality during spine rotations. However, there is evidence of the structural and functional heterogeneity of the equine thoracolumbar multifidus muscle, depending on the VMS considered, related to the complex control of the required neuromuscular activity. Osteoarticular lesions of the spine have been directly related to asymmetries of the multifidus muscle. The lateral (LDSM) and medial (MDSM) dorsal sacrocaudal muscles may be included in the multifidus complex, the function of which is also unclear in the lumbosacral region. The functional parameters of maximum force (Fmax ), maximum velocity of contraction (Vmax ) and joint moment (M) of the multifidus muscles inserted in the 4th, 9th, 12th and 17th thoracic and 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae of six horses were studied postmortem (for example: 4MT4 indicates the multifidus muscle that crosses four metameres with cranial insertion in the T4 vertebra). Furthermore, the structural and functional characteristics of LDSM and MDSM were determined. Data were analysed by analysis of variance (anova) in a randomised complete block design (P ≤ 0.05). For some muscles, the ordering of Vmax values was almost opposite to that of Fmax values, generally indicating antigravity or dynamic functions, depending on the muscle and VMS. The muscles 3MT12, 3ML3 and 4ML4 exhibited high Fmax and low Vmax values, indicating a stabilising action. The very long 7MT4 and 8MT4 multifidus had low Fmax and high Vmax values, suggesting a shortening action. However, some functional characteristics of interest did not fall within these general observations, also indicating a dual action. In summary, the results of the analysis of various structural and functional parameters confirm the structural and functional heterogeneity of the equine thoracolumbar multifidus complex, depending on the VMS, regardless of the number of metameres crossing each fascicle. To clarify the functions of the equine multifidus muscle complex, this study aimed to assess its functional parameters in thoracolumbar VMSs with different movement characteristics and in the MDSM and LDSM muscles, hypothesising that the functional parameters vary significantly when the VMS is considered.

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This study proposes the description of the development of the postcranial axial skeleton, including vertebrae, gastralium, ribs, sternum, and interclavicle, in Melanosuchus niger. Six nests were marked and two eggs removed from each nest at 24-hr intervals until hatching. For posthatching evaluation, 30 hatchlings were kept in captivity and one exemplar was euthanized at three-day intervals. Samples were diaphanized using potassium hydroxide (KOH), alizarin red S, and Alcian blue. A routinely generally used method was applied for histological evaluation. It was difficult to define in which vertebrae the development of cartilaginous centers began, but it was possible to observe that this condensation advanced in the craniocaudal direction. The condensation started in the vertebral arches and was visibly stronger in the cervical and dorsal regions, advancing to the lumbar, sacral and, last, to the caudal region. The atlas showed a highly different morphology compared with the other cervical vertebrae, with a short intercenter, two neural arches, and a proatlas. The ossification process began in the body of cervical vertebrae III to VIII and alizarin retention decreased in the last vertebrae, indicating a craniocaudal direction in bone development, similar to cartilage formation. In the histological sections of gastralium and interclavicles of M. niger at several development stages, it was possible to observe that these elements showed intramembranous development. Anat Rec, 301:607-623, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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OBJECTIVES: Both interspecific and intraspecific variation in vertebral counts reflect the action of patterning control mechanisms such as Hox. The preserved A.L. 288-1 ("Lucy") sacrum contains five fused elements. However, the transverse processes of the most caudal element do not contact those of the segment immediately craniad to it, leaving incomplete sacral foramina on both sides. This conforms to the traditional definition of four-segmented sacra, which are very rare in humans and African apes. It was recently suggested that fossilization damage precludes interpretation of this specimen and that additional sacral-like features of its last segment (e.g., the extent of the sacral hiatus) suggest a general Australopithecus pattern of five sacral vertebrae. METHODS: We provide updated descriptions of the original Lucy sacrum. We evaluate sacral/coccygeal variation in a large sample of extant hominoids and place it within the context of developmental variation in the mammalian vertebral column. RESULTS: We report that fossilization damage did not shorten the transverse processes of the fifth segment of Lucy's sacrum. In addition, we find that the extent of the sacral hiatus is too variable in apes and hominids to provide meaningful information on segment identity. Most importantly, a combination of sacral and coccygeal features is to be expected in vertebrae at regional boundaries. DISCUSSION: The sacral/caudal boundary appears to be displaced cranially in early hominids relative to extant African apes and humans, a condition consistent with the likely ancestral condition for Miocene hominoids. While not definitive in itself, a four-segmented sacrum accords well with the "long-back" model for the Pan/Homo last common ancestor. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:729-739, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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A sacrum with five pairs of foramina is an anatomical variant resulting from sacralisation of lumbar vertebra at cranial end or sacralisation of coccyx vertebra at caudal end. An unusual gross variation nurtures interest of anatomists and causes concern for clinicians when it mimics pathology. A sacrum with fifth anomalous pair of sacral foramina has been observed which prompted the author to examine the available sacra in the osteology lab of Department of Anatomy KG Medical University Lucknow, UP, India. Of the total sixty six observed sacra, those with five pairs of sacral foramina due to sacralisation of lumbar vertebra were found in eleven cases (16.6%) while those due to sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra were observed in nine cases (13.6%). These sacralisations were classified in five categories to systematise the anatomical study, causes and clinical complications. Sacralisation of lumbar vertebra may compress the fifth sacral nerve causing sciatica and back pain. It may also cause herniation of disc above sacralisation. Sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra may influence the caudal block anaesthesia in surgical procedures and also results in prolonged second stage of labor and perineal tears.

Un sacro con cinco pares de forámenes es una variante anatómica que resulta de la sacralización de la vértebra lumbar al extremo craneal o sacralización de la vértebra coxis al extremo caudal. Esta variación inusual es de interés para los anatomistas como también motivo de preocupación para los médicos al asemejar una patología. Un sacro con un quinto par anómalo de forámenes fue observado, por lo que se examinaron otros sacros del laboratorio de osteología del Departamento de Anatomía Médica de la Universidad de Lucknow, India. De un total de 66 sacros estudiados, en 11 casos (16,6%) se observaron cinco pares de forámenes sacros, debido a la sacralización de la vértebra lumbar; mientras que en 9 casos (13,6%), se observó la sacralización de la vértebra caudal. Estos fueron clasificados en cinco categorías para sistematizar el estudio anatómico, sus causas y complicaciones clínicas. La sacralización de la vértebra lumbar puede comprimir el quinto nervio, causando ciática sacra y dolor de espalda. También puede causar una hernia discal superior a la sacralización. La sacralización de la vértebra caudal, puede influir en la anestesia de bloqueo caudal en procedimientos quirúrgicos y también dar lugar a una prolongada etapa del trabajo de parto y desgarros perineales.

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This study aims to measure the anatomic parameters of the sacral 1 (S1) vestibule in Chinese adults and to discuss their clinical application during iliosacral screw fixation for pelvic posterior ring injury. Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) reconstructions were performed on 36 individuals, and the parameters of their S1 vestibules were measured. Vestibular width (VW) was 25.15±2.91 mm, vestibular height (VH) was 20.94±3.03 mm, and mean vestibular size (VS) was 400.23±85.11 mm2. The mean angle of superior inclination was 30.85°±9.22°, and the mean anterior inclination (AI) was 13.91°±6.25°. VW and VS were significantly smaller in females than in males (p<0.05), but no statistical differences were found between the left and right sides. The S1 vestibules of Chinese patients are smaller than those reported for Caucasians. Therefore, the placement of iliosacral screws should be considered carefully based on the size, gender, and ethnicity of the patient. The anatomic parameters of females were much smaller than those of males and close to the minimum requirement for fracture fixation. Therefore, female Chinese patients who need iliosacral screws should undergo preoperative CT scans to measure S1 vestibule parameters to make individual operational plans.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo medir los parámetros anatómicos del vestíbulo sacral 1 (S1) en individuos adultos chinos y discutir su aplicación clínica durante la fijación de tornillo iliosacral por lesiones del anillo pélvico posterior. Se realizaron reconstrucciones de tomografía computarizada tridimensional (TC) en 36 individuos y se midieron los parámetros de sus vestíbulos S1. El ancho vestibular (AV) fue 25,15±2,91 mm, la altura vestibular fue 20,94±3,03 mm y el tamaño medio vestibular (TV) fue 400,23±85,11 mm2. El ángulo medio de inclinación superior fue 30,85°±9,22° e inclinación anterior media fue 13,91°±6,25°. AV y TV fueron significativamente menores en las mujeres que en los hombres (p<0,05), sin embargo no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los lados izquierdo y derecho. Los vestíbulos S1 de pacientes chinos son más pequeños que los reportados para los caucásicos. Por lo tanto, la colocación de tornillos iliosacros debe ser considerada cuidadosamente basada en el tamaño, el sexo y origen étnico del paciente. Los parámetros anatómicos de las mujeres eran significativamente más pequeños que los de los hombres y cercanos al requerimiento mínimo para la fijación de fracturas. Por lo tanto, pacientes de sexo femenino chino que requieren tornillos iliosacros deben ser sometidos a tomografías computarizadas preoperatorias para medir los parámetros del vestíbulo S1 a con el objetivo de programar un plan operativo individual.

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Sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae and forms the lower part of vertebral column. The opening present at the lower end of sacral canal is known as sacral hiatus. Anatomical variations in morphology and morphometry of sacral hiatus are important clinically as well as surgically. 159 dry clean human Sacra were taken from Department of Anatomy, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Vallah (Amritsar). Various shapes of sacral hiatus were observed which included inverted U (42.95%), inverted V (27.51%), irregular (16.10%), dumbbell (11.40%) and bifid (2.01%). The apex of sacral hiatus was commonly found at the level of 4th sacral vertebra in 56.36%. The mean length of sacral hiatus was 22.69 mm. The mean anteroposterior diameter of sacral canal at the apex of sacral hiatus was 6.49 mm. Narrowing of sacral canal at the apex of sacral hiatus (diameter less than 3 mm) was observed to be high (5.36%). The knowledge of anatomical variations of dimensions of sacral hiatus is important while doing caudal epidural block and it may help to improve its success rate.

El sacro está conformado por la fusión de las cinco vértebras sacras, y forma la parte inferior de la columna vertebral. La abertura presente en el extremo inferior del canal sacro se conoce como hiato sacro. Las variaciones anatómicas en la morfología y la morfometría del hiato sacro son importantes clínica y quirúrgicamente. Fueron utilizados 159 sacros humanos, limpios y secos, del Departamento de Anatomía, Sri Guru Ram Das Instituto de Ciencias Médicas e Investigación Vallah (Amritsar). Fueron observadas varias formas de hiato sacro: U invertida (42,95%), V invertida (27,51%), irregular (16,10%), de pesa (11,40%) y bífida (2,01%). El ápice del hiato sacro se encuentra comúnmente a nivel de la cuarta vértebra sacra en el 56,36%. La longitud media de hiato sacro fue 22,69 mm. El diámetro medio anteroposterior del canal sacro en el ápice del hiato sacro fue 6,49 mm. El estrechamiento del canal sacro en el ápice del hiato sacro (diámetro inferior a 3 mm) fue alto (5,36%). El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas de las dimensiones del hiato sacro es importante para el bloqueo epidural caudal y puede ayudar a mejorar su tasa de éxito.

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OBJECT: The aim of this study was to describe the pelvic parameters in a sample of healthy Mexican volunteers and to compare them with previously reported data for Caucasian and Asian populations. METHODS: This was a transversal study that included a sample population of healthy Mexican volunteers. Age, sex, and lateral radiographs of the lumbosacral region with the individual standing to obtain the pelvic parameters of pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), pelvic incidence (PI), and lumbar lordosis (LL) were recorded in each volunteer. The data were compared with those previously published for Caucasian and Asian individuals. RESULTS: In total, 202 Mexican individuals (81 men and 121 women; mean age 46.5 years, range 18-85 years) were included. There were statistically significant differences between the Mexican and Caucasian control group with respect to PT (11.9° vs 15.78°, respectively) and PI (51.91° vs 56.68°, respectively). Comparison with the Asian population showed statistically significant differences in relation to the Mexican group in terms of the PT (11.5° vs 15.78°), PI (47.8° vs 56.68°), and SS (36.3° vs 40.89°). The mean LL was 60.17° for the Mexican group, 52.3° for the Asian group, and 61.3° for the Caucasian group. A significant difference in LL was found between the Mexican and Asian populations (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A comparison of the values for pelvic parameters and lumbar lordosis across the different population samples revealed statistically significant differences, which can be attributed to the ethnic origin of the individuals.

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BACKGROUND: the morphology and the morphometric characteristics of the sacrum and its components determine the size of pedicle implants in both width and length and the orientation of the screw at the time of implantation. The present study aimed to determine the morphometric characteristics of the sacrum in the Mexican population in order to establish safe approaches for the placement and orientation of the screws during lumbosacral instrumentation. METHODS: morphometric characteristics were determined for 50 dry sacra distributed in 44 measurement parameters (39 linear and 5 angular) divided in five categories: 1) anterior and posterior sacral foramina; 2) S1 vertebral pedicle and intermediate sacral crest; 3) vertebral bodies and the general parameters of the sacrum; 4) S1 superior articular process facet and sacral canal, and 5) S1 pedicle approaches. RESULTS: the S1 pedicle average length was 25.00 mm ± 2.41, the S1 pedicle anterior and posterior average height was 20.68 mm ± 3.40 and 24.64 mm ± 3.77 respectively, the sacral canal dimensions on its superior opening were 15.13 mm ± 2.40 in the sagital diameter and 31.07 mm ± 2.65 for the transverse diameter, in S1 the anteriomedial screw trajectory average distance was 50.08 mm ± 3.72 with an average angle of 34.30° ± 4.1 from the screw entry point. CONCLUSION: the results from this study are important for the correct screw placement and position in lumbosacral instrumentation, and also for other procedures that involve the sacral region as a surgical and diagnostic target.

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PURPOSE: To study the effects of percutaneous reconstruction plate internal fixation in the treatment of unstable sacral fractures. METHODS: Percutaneous reconstruction plate internal fixation was applied on 21 cases of unstable sacral fracture (15 males and six females, at age range of 16-65 years, mean 38.3 years) including four cases of Denis Zone I, 14 cases of Zone II and three cases of Zone III. In operation, an arc incision (about 3-5 cm long) was made along the iliac crest on the outside border of posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) on both sides, and then the plate was transported from the wounded side to the opposite one through the subcutaneous tunnel. RESULTS: The mean incision length, operation time, intraoperative blood loss was 4.3cm, 45.2min, and 160.8ml respectively. All these patients were followed up for 12-33 months (average 16.3 months), which showed no incision infection, intraoperative neurovascular injury, internal fixation loose or breakage, disunion, or obvious lower limb length inequality. The function result was rated as excellent in six cases, good in 12 and fair in 3, with excellence rate of 85.7%, according to the Majeed scoring system. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous reconstruction plate internal fixation is an ideal surgical approach to unstable sacral fractures, as it is easy, safe, causing less trauma and fewer complications, and conducive to quicker recovery.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos da reconstrução percutânea com fixação de placa interna no tratamento de fraturas sacrais instáveis. MÉTODOS: A reconstrução percutânea com fixação de placa interna foi aplicada em 21 casos de fratura sacral instável (15 homens e seis mulheres, com idade variando entre 16 e 65 anos, média de 38,3 anos) incluindo quatro casos de Zona I de Denis, 14 casos de Zona II e três casos de Zona III. No ato operatório, uma incisão arqueada (cerca de 3 a 5cm de comprimento) foi feita ao longo da crista ilíaca na borda externa da espinha ilíaca supero-posterior (PSIS) em ambos os lados, e então a placa foi transportada do lado da ferida para o lado oposto através do túnel subcutâneo. RESULTADOS: O comprimento médio da incisão, tempo operatório e perda sanguínea intra-operatória foram, respectivamente, 4,3cm, 45,2min e 160,8ml. Todos estes pacientes foram acompanhados por 12 a 33 meses (média 16,3 meses), o que mostrou nenhuma infecção de ferida operatória, lesão neurovascular intraoperatória, perda da fixação interna ou quebra, desunião ou desigualdade nos comprimentos dos membros inferiores. O resultado funcional foi excelente em seis casos, bom em doze e falho em três, com taxa excelente de 85,7%, de acordo com o sistema de escore de Majeed. CONCLUSÃO: Reconstrução percutânea com fixação de placa interna é uma abordagem cirúrgica ideal para fraturas sacrais instáveis, sendo fácil e segura, causando menos trauma e poucas complicações, conduzindo a uma recuperação mais rápida.(AU)

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It has commonly been thought that snakes underwent progressive loss of their limbs by gradual diminution of their use. However, recent developmental and palaeontological discoveries suggest a more complex scenario of limb reduction, still poorly documented in the fossil record. Here we report a fossil snake with a sacrum supporting a pelvic girdle and robust, functional legs outside the ribcage. The new fossil, from the Upper Cretaceous period of Patagonia, fills an important gap in the evolutionary progression towards limblessness because other known fossil snakes with developed hindlimbs, the marine Haasiophis, Pachyrhachis and Eupodophis, lack a sacral region. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the new fossil is the most primitive (basal) snake known and that all other limbed fossil snakes are closer to the more advanced macrostomatan snakes, a group including boas, pythons and colubroids. The new fossil retains several features associated with a subterranean or surface dwelling life that are also present in primitive extant snake lineages, supporting the hypothesis of a terrestrial rather than marine origin of snakes.

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La sacroplastía es el tratamiento que produce menor daño neurológico postoperatorio. Aquí se presenta el caso de una paciente de 35 años con diagnóstico de síndrome de cola de caballo, secundario a espondilosis con espondilolistesis grado III tratada con cirugía descompresiva mediante laminectomía, sacroplastía y corset lumbosacro. Los resultados mostraron la remisión del dolor, mejoría de la micción sin retención urinaria por lo que se recomienda este tratamiento

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El segmento lumbosacro del raquis puede ser afectado por varias afecciones que afectan su movilidad, la que puede ser medida indirectamente, registrando la elongación que experimenta la piel que cubre los segmentos lumbar y sacro durante el movimiento. En este informe se describen las mediciones de elongación de la piel en 300 niños (150 mujeres) de 6 a 15 años mediante métodos (prueba de Schober modificada por Macrae-Wright) y una modificación adicional, para niños, de la precedente (prueba Burgos-Vargas III). Se analizaron por separado las mediciones obtenidas en los segmentos lumbar y sacro, y su comportamiento con respecto a sexo, edad, talla y peso. El coeficiente de varaiación interobservador mostró mejor reproductibilidad con el método 1 para medir el segmento lumbar (prueba de Schober). El estiramiento del segmento lumbar resultó significativamente mayor en las niñas (5,24 ñ 0,88 cm) vs (4,73 ñ 0,89 cm) en varones (p< 0,01), por el contrario, en el segmento sacro, los resultados fueron significativamente mayores en los varones (2,66 ñ 0,67 vs 2,22 ñ 0,61). La edad, el peso y la talla tienden a influir sobre la elongación de la piel sólo en las mujeres. En los niños parece recomendable hacer estas mediciones sólo en el segmento lumbar, considerando normales para mujeres estiramientos entre 4,36 y 6,12 cm y para normales de 3,84 a 5,62 cm

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The authors have studied the right and left incidence of 30 non-metric infracranial variations in 2,103 dry bones of Brazilians and have concluded that the bilateral asymmetry is not significant in all but 2 traits: "The lateral tibial squatting facet" (X2 = 7.93) and "The peroneal tubercle present" (X2 = 20.35).

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Para estudiar la morfología de las superficies articulares del sacro, se examinaron 100 sacros adultos obtenidos de las 4 unidades de Anatomía Normal de la Facultad de Medicina de la U. de Chile; encontrándose un alto grado de dismorfismo de sus superficies articulares, lo que podría explicar la predisposición de algunas personas a sufrir patología lumbosacra y la alta prevalencia de la misma

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Para obtener los valores promedios normales de los diámetros del canal sacro y canal para la raíz L5 se estudiaron 100 sacros de adultos normales constituídos por 56 femeninos y 44 masculinos. Los resultados se expresan por sexo no encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellos

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