RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Transaxillary approach to first rib resection and scalenectomy (TAFRRS) is a well-established technique for treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Although anatomic features encountered during TAFRRS are in general constant, vascular anomalies may be encountered but have not been described to date. Herein we describe vascular abnormalities encountered during TAFRRS. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of a prospective practice database of 224 operations for TOS performed in 172 patients from March 2000 to March 2014. We excluded 10 patients with missing operative reports, 3 reoperations on the same patient, and 8 non-transaxillary resections. We recorded vascular anomalies identified in operative reports and reviewed computed tomography imaging to delineate the nature of these abnormalities. RESULTS: The overall incidence of vascular anomalies was 11% (22 of 203 TAFRRS). Most patients with anomalies had venous TOS (vTOS) (9 patients, 41%), followed by 7 (32%) with neurogenic TOS (nTOS). The remainder of the patients had arterial TOS (aTOS) (6 patients, 27%). Seven patients (32%) had an abnormal subclavian artery (SCA) with 5 (23%) having an abnormal arterial course in the anterior scalene muscle (ASM); 6 patients (27%) had an abnormal internal mammary artery (IMA) originating from distal SCA; 4 (18%) had abnormalities in the supreme thoracic artery (bifurcation or duplication); 2 (9%) had an abnormal branch from the SCA with anomalous location in the operative field; and 3 (14%) had an abnormal large venous branch penetrating the ASM. In the 19 patients with arterial anomalies, 8 (42%) were recognized as arterial branches penetrating the ASM, and 11 (58%) were noticed as they had anomalous arterial locations within the operative field. Most arterial anomalies were seen in vTOS (9, 45%), followed by nTOS (7, 35%). No intraoperative vascular complications occurred. Perioperative complications included 1 occurrence of postoperative transfusion for bleeding following axillary drain discontinuation and 2 Horner's syndromes. One aberrant IMA was electively ligated to allow complete thoracic outlet decompression. CONCLUSIONS: Arterial anomalies during TAFRRS are encountered in 11% of operations, and may present with vessel locations in unusual areas within the operative field, or as abnormal vessels penetrating the ASM, thus making scalenectomy precarious. Careful attention must be paid to possible abnormal locations of vessels in the thoracic outlet to avoid bleeding complications.
Assuntos
Achados Incidentais , Osteotomia , Costelas/cirurgia , Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico/cirurgia , Malformações Vasculares/epidemiologia , Adulto , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica , Colorado/epidemiologia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Osteotomia/efeitos adversos , Hemorragia Pós-Operatória/etiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Costelas/diagnóstico por imagem , Fatores de Risco , Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico/epidemiologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Malformações Vasculares/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a blanket term encapsulating many different clinical entities. Neurologic or neurogenic TOS (NTOS) is its main contributor, but it remains a complicated and sometimes controversial entity. NTOS incorporates numerous types, etiologies, clinical presentations, diagnostic findings, and therapeutic modalities. This article reviews the spectrum of disease within the thoracic outlet that affects the brachial plexus, with a special emphasis on the commonly afflicted sports medicine patient.
Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas/diagnóstico , Traumatismos em Atletas/terapia , Medicina Esportiva/tendências , Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico/diagnóstico , Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico/terapia , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Plexo Braquial/patologia , Humanos , Medicina Esportiva/métodos , Síndrome do Desfiladeiro Torácico/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Se revisa la experiencia de la Caja Nacional de Prevision en el Sindrome del Operculo Toracico de 1974 a 1984, haciendo una revision de los conceptos fisiopatologicos actuales, basados en las relaciones anatomicas del paquete vasculo-nervioso a la salida del torax con la primera costilla. Entre los procedimientos diagnosticos se enfatiza la utilidad de la conduccion nerviosa de los miembros superiores, lo que define la conducta terapeutica a seguir. Como tratamiento definitivo se recomienda la extirpacion de la primera costilla, aconsejando la via axial. Se informa sobre la poca morbilidad y los resultados optimos con este proceder