RESUMO
The article is the product of the study "Development of innovative resources to improve logical-mathematical skills in primary school, through educational robotics", developed during the 2019 school year in three public schools in the province of Chiriquí, Republic of Panama. The teaching-learning process in students is influenced by aspects inside and outside the classroom, since not all schools have the necessary resources to deliver content or teaching material. The general objective of the project is to design, develop and implement educational robotics to improve logical-mathematical skills aimed at preschool and first grade students in public schools, using programmable educational robots. For this, a set of resources and activities were developed to improve the logical-mathematical skills of the initial stages, in public schools, obtaining significant results. Playful activities favor the teaching-learning process. Considering the analysis of the results made on the data obtained through the applied collection instruments, it can be argued that in general terms the values indicate that the students obtained a favorable level of performance in the different challenges proposed. The project has allowed the academic community to have an application of great value that allows teaching about the conservation of natural sites. The project only covers the area of mathematics in preschool and first grade.
Assuntos
Aprendizagem , Matemática/tendências , Robótica/tendências , Ensino/tendências , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Educação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Instituições Acadêmicas , EstudantesRESUMO
Artificial intelligence permits cerebral processes to be analyzed like computing processes. We can recognize two disturbing lines we can call: The Robot Project, android when is anthropomorphic, and The Cyborg Project. Robots are destined to perform repetitive, risky or accurate tasks in which they can surpass human limitations. No ethical conflicts are perceived here but there are new challenges to be faced as far as the social organization is concerned. As regards androids, apart from their robotic capabilities, their effect on the human being during interaction should be considered, as the impact of mimic's android on the emotion. The cyborgs are creatures composed by biological and cybernetic elements whose goal is to improve the capabilities of their biological parts. There has been no evidence of conflict in their use for rehabilitation or to supply impaired or non-existing functions. It would be different if they were used for manipulative activities. Another application of the cyborg project to consider is the term "enhancement", used to describe the increase of neurocognitive or sensory faculties through transcranial/intracranial stimulation. The ethical conflict here lies in the fact that the focus is not so much on healing but on seeking perfectibility or new modalities of perception. Health professionals must act in a new and constantly changing environment that transcends neurosciences and public health. Progress never stops; so, society have to be informed, anticipate dilemmas, and make room for reflection to help decision-making processes that involve individuals as well as the whole human species.
La inteligencia artificial permite que los procesos cerebrales sean analizados como procesos computacionales. Presenta dos líneas inquietantes: el Proyecto Robot, llamado androide cuando es antropomórfico, y el Proyecto Cyborg. Los robots están destinados a tareas repetitivas, riesgosas o de precisión, en las que pueden superar las limitaciones humanas, no percibiéndose conflictos éticos aunque sí nuevos desafíos en la organización social. Respecto de los androides, más allá de sus capacidades, habrá que considerar los efectos que puedan ocurrir en el ser humano durante la interacción con la máquina, como el impacto de la mímica androide sobre la emoción y estado de ánimo. Los cyborgs son criaturas compuestas por elementos orgánicos y cibernéticos cuya finalidad es emular o mejorar las capacidades de la parte orgánica. No se reconoce conflicto en su empleo para rehabilitación o para suplir funciones alteradas o ausentes; aspectos negativos serían su uso para la manipulación. Otra aplicación del proyecto cyborg a considerar es el enhancement, término utilizado en la literatura anglosajona para definir el aumento de facultades neurocognitivas o sensoriales mediante la estimulación transcraneal o intracraneal. El conflicto neuroético surge porque el objetivo no es curar sino la perfectibilidad, o nuevas modalidades de percepción. Los profesionales de la salud deben actuar en un entorno nuevo y cambiante que trasciende las neurociencias y la salud pública. El progreso continúa; por lo que se debe informar a la sociedad, anticipar dilemas, y ofrecer espacios de reflexión para la toma de decisiones individuales y para la especie humana.
Assuntos
Inteligência Artificial/tendências , Neurociências/tendências , Robótica/tendências , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Cibernética/tendências , HumanosRESUMO
La inteligencia artificial permite que los procesos cerebrales sean analizados como procesos computacionales. Presenta dos líneas inquietantes: el Proyecto Robot, llamado androide cuando es antropomórfico, y el Proyecto Cyborg. Los robots están destinados a tareas repetitivas, riesgosas o de precisión, en las que pueden superar las limitaciones humanas, no percibiéndose conflictos éticos aunque sí nuevos desafíos en la organización social. Respecto de los androides, más allá de sus capacidades, habrá que considerar los efectos que puedan ocurrir en el ser humano durante la interacción con la máquina, como el impacto de la mímica androide sobre la emoción y estado de ánimo. Los cyborgs son criaturas compuestas por elementos orgánicos y cibernéticos cuya finalidad es emular o mejorar las capacidades de la parte orgánica. No se reconoce conflicto en su empleo para rehabilitación o para suplir funciones alteradas o ausentes; aspectos negativos serían su uso para la manipulación. Otra aplicación del proyecto cyborg a considerar es el enhancement, término utilizado en la literatura anglosajona para definir el aumento de facultades neurocognitivas o sensoriales mediante la estimulación transcraneal o intracraneal. El conflicto neuroético surge porque el objetivo no es curar sino la perfectibilidad, o nuevas modalidades de percepción. Los profesionales de la salud deben actuar en un entorno nuevo y cambiante que trasciende las neurociencias y la salud pública. El progreso continúa; por lo que se debe informar a la sociedad, anticipar dilemas, y ofrecer espacios de reflexión para la toma de decisiones individuales y para la especie humana.
Artificial intelligence permits cerebral processes to be analyzed like computing processes. We can recognize two disturbing lines we can call: The Robot Project, android when is anthropomorphic, and The Cyborg Project. Robots are destined to perform repetitive, risky or accurate tasks in which they can surpass human limitations. No ethical conflicts are perceived here but there are new challenges to be faced as far as the social organization is concerned. As regards androids, apart from their robotic capabilities, their effect on the human being during interaction should be considered, as the impact of mimic's android on the emotion. The cyborgs are creatures composed by biological and cybernetic elements whose goal is to improve the capabilities of their biological parts. There has been no evidence of conflict in their use for rehabilitation or to supply impaired or non-existing functions. It would be different if they were used for manipulative activities. Another application of the cyborg project to consider is the term "enhancement", used to describe the increase of neurocognitive or sensory faculties through transcranial/intracranial stimulation. The ethical conflict here lies in the fact that the focus is not so much on healing but on seeking perfectibility or new modalities of perception. Health professionals must act in a new and constantly changing environment that transcends neurosciences and public health. Progress never stops; so, society have to be informed, anticipate dilemmas, and make room for reflection to help decision-making processes that involve individuals as well as the whole human species.
Assuntos
Humanos , Robótica/tendências , Neurociências/tendências , Inteligência Artificial/tendências , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Cibernética/tendênciasRESUMO
This work discusses the dominant models and tensions within the health field regarding the conceptualization of the human body (as a machine), the process of health work (industrial and artisanal models), institutions (hospitals and health centers) and primary agents (the medical corporation and the medical industrial complex). The context of analysis is the United States from the end of the 19th century to the present. Economic-political, ideological-cultural, and scientific-technical dimensions are discussed, which permeate the historicity of the field. The purpose is to illustrate how the health field has transformed over time, as well as the role instrumental reason and financial capital has played in this process, to the detriment of relational aspects.
Este trabajo discute los modelos dominantes y las tensiones, al interior del campo de la salud, entre la concepción del cuerpo humano (máquina); el proceso de trabajo médico (modelos industriales o artesanales); las institucionalidades (hospitales y centros de salud) y los principales agentes (corporación médica y complejo médico industrial). El análisis se contextualiza en EEUU desde fines del siglo XIX a la actualidad. Se discuten dimensiones económico-políticas, ideológico-culturales y científico-técnicas, que atraviesan la historicidad del campo. El propósito es elucidar cómo se viene transformando el campo de la salud, y qué peso tiene la razón instrumental y el capital financiero en ese proceso, en detrimento de lo relacional.
Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/história , Pessoal de Saúde/história , Corpo Humano , Indústrias/história , Medicina Tradicional/história , Filosofia Médica/história , Atenção à Saúde/métodos , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Atenção à Saúde/tendências , Instalações de Saúde/história , Instalações de Saúde/tendências , Pessoal de Saúde/organização & administração , Pessoal de Saúde/tendências , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Indústrias/métodos , Indústrias/tendências , Medicalização/história , Medicalização/métodos , Medicalização/tendências , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Medicina Tradicional/tendências , Robótica/história , Robótica/tendências , Estados UnidosRESUMO
RESUMEN Este trabajo discute los modelos dominantes y las tensiones, al interior del campo de la salud, entre la concepción del cuerpo humano (máquina); el proceso de trabajo médico (modelos industriales o artesanales); las institucionalidades (hospitales y centros de salud) y los principales agentes (corporación médica y complejo médico industrial). El análisis se contextualiza en EEUU desde fines del siglo XIX a la actualidad. Se discuten dimensiones económico-políticas, ideológico-culturales y científico-técnicas, que atraviesan la historicidad del campo. El propósito es elucidar cómo se viene transformando el campo de la salud, y qué peso tiene la razón instrumental y el capital financiero en ese proceso, en detrimento de lo relacional.
ABSTRACT This work discusses the dominant models and tensions within the health field regarding the conceptualization of the human body (as a machine), the process of health work (industrial and artisanal models), institutions (hospitals and health centers) and primary agents (the medical corporation and the medical industrial complex). The context of analysis is the United States from the end of the 19th century to the present. Economic-political, ideological-cultural, and scientific-technical dimensions are discussed, which permeate the historicity of the field. The purpose is to illustrate how the health field has transformed over time, as well as the role instrumental reason and financial capital has played in this process, to the detriment of relational aspects.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Filosofia Médica/história , Pessoal de Saúde/história , Corpo Humano , Atenção à Saúde/história , Indústrias/história , Medicina Tradicional/história , Estados Unidos , Robótica/história , Robótica/tendências , Atenção à Saúde/métodos , Atenção à Saúde/tendências , Medicalização/história , Instalações de Saúde/históriaRESUMO
The idea of reproducing himself with the use of a mechanical robot structure has been in man's imagination in the last 3000 years. However, the use of robots in medicine has only 30 years of history. The application of robots in surgery originates from the need of modern man to achieve two goals: the telepresence and the performance of repetitive and accurate tasks. The first "robot surgeon" used on a human patient was the PUMA 200 in 1985. In the 1990s, scientists developed the concept of "master-slave" robot, which consisted of a robot with remote manipulators controlled by a surgeon at a surgical workstation. Despite the lack of force and tactile feedback, technical advantages of robotic surgery, such as 3D vision, stable and magnified image, EndoWrist instruments, physiologic tremor filtering, and motion scaling, have been considered fundamental to overcome many of the limitations of the laparoscopic surgery. Since the approval of the da Vinci(®) robot by international agencies, American, European, and Asian surgeons have proved its factibility and safety for the performance of many different robot-assisted surgeries. Comparative studies of robotic and laparoscopic surgical procedures in general surgery have shown similar results with regard to perioperative, oncological, and functional outcomes. However, higher costs and lack of haptic feedback represent the major limitations of current robotic technology to become the standard technique of minimally invasive surgery worldwide. Therefore, the future of robotic surgery involves cost reduction, development of new platforms and technologies, creation and validation of curriculum and virtual simulators, and conduction of randomized clinical trials to determine the best applications of robotics.
Assuntos
Laparoscopia/tendências , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos/tendências , Robótica/tendências , Humanos , Laparoscopia/instrumentação , Laparoscopia/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos/instrumentação , Robótica/métodosRESUMO
Vein access can be challenging for a variety of patients. The development of robots-assisted central or peripheral veins puncture would facilitate life of health professionals and patients. New robots are under development for this purpose and probably they will become available for practical use in the near future. These techniques may decrease significantly the cost of medicine, which currently uses less informatics resources than other industries.
O acesso venoso pode ser difícil em muitos pacientes. O desenvolvimento de robôs com capacidade de puncionar veias centrais ou periféricas pode facilitar a vida dos profissionais de saúde e dos pacientes. Novos robôs estão sendo desenvolvidos para essa finalidade e, provavelmente, entrarão em uso na prática clínica em um futuro próximo. Técnicas como estas poderão baixar progressivamente o custo em medicina, que, atualmente, tem usado menos recursos de informática que outras áreas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Cateterismo/instrumentação , Agulhas/tendências , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos , Robótica/tendências , Cateterismo Venoso Central/economia , Cateterismo Venoso Central/instrumentação , Cateterismo/economia , Punções/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Vein access can be challenging for a variety of patients. The development of robots-assisted central or peripheral veins puncture would facilitate life of health professionals and patients. New robots are under development for this purpose and probably they will become available for practical use in the near future. These techniques may decrease significantly the cost of medicine, which currently uses less informatics resources than other industries.
Assuntos
Cateterismo/instrumentação , Agulhas/tendências , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Robóticos , Robótica/tendências , Cateterismo/economia , Cateterismo Venoso Central/economia , Cateterismo Venoso Central/instrumentação , Humanos , Punções/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Revascularização coronariana híbrida combina pontede artéria mamária esquerda para artéria descendente anterior, realizada de modo minimamente invasivo(inclusive com assistência robótica), com intervenção coronariana percutânea para outros alvos. Em doença coronariana multivascular, essa abordagem oferece uma alternativa segura e eficaz quando comparada à opção convencional de cirurgia por esternotomia ou a stenting multiarterial.
Hybrid coronary revascularization blends a by-pass between the left internal mammary artery and the anterior descending artery performed in aminimally invasive manner (including robótic assistance), with percutaneous coronary intervention for other targets. In multivessel coronary artery disease, this approach offers a safe and effective alternative to conventional sternotomies or multiple stenting.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Revascularização Miocárdica/métodos , Robótica/tendências , Artéria Torácica Interna , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/terapia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/métodosRESUMO
Neurological rehabilitation arose as formal method in the 60's, for the therapeutic treatment of patients with stroke or spinal cord injury, which develop severe sequelae that affect their motor and sensory abilities. Although the Central Nervous System has plasticity mechanisms for spontaneous recovery, a high percentage of patients should receive specialized therapies to regain motor function, such as Constraint Induced Movement Therapy or Upright physical Therapy. The neurorehabilitation has undergone drastic changes over the last two decades due to the incorporation of computer and robotic electronic devices, designed to produce positive changes in cortical excitability of the cerebral hemisphere damaged and so to improve neuroplasticity. Among equipment, we can mention those for electrotherapy devices, apparatus for transcranial magnetic stimulation, the robotic lower limb orthoses, robot for upper limb training, systems for functional electrical stimulation, neuroprosthesis and brain computer interfaces. These devices have caused controversy because of its application and benefits reported in the literature. The aim of Neurorehabilitation technologies is to take advantage of the functional neuromuscular structures preserved, and they compensate or re-learn the functions that previously made the damaged areas. The purpose of this article is to mention some clinical applications and benefits that these technologies offer to patients with neuronal injury.
Assuntos
Modalidades de Fisioterapia/tendências , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Humanos , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Robótica/tendências , Terapia Assistida por Computador/tendênciasRESUMO
A cirurgia robótica do tórax encontra-se ao final da sua primeira década de existência; apesar disso, os seus resultados iniciais são compatíveis com as técnicas videoassistidas das praticadas nos grandes centros acadêmicos nos últimos 20 anos. A evolução tecnológica constante dos instrumentos de imagem, miniaturização dos sistemas robóticos econsequente aprimoramento da relação homem-máquina com dispositivos interativos mais precisos apontam umcaminho promissor para a robótica em cirurgia. Neste artigo, revisamos alguns dos principais elementos da cirurgia robótica, as suas atuais vantagens edesvantagens comparadas a outras técnicas minimamenteinvasivas, trazendo perspectivas sobre o seu presente efuturo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cirurgia Torácica Vídeoassistida/tendências , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Robótica/instrumentação , Robótica/tendênciasAssuntos
Cirurgia Geral/tendências , Robótica/tendências , Telemedicina/tendências , Simulação por Computador , Humanos , Miniaturização , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/instrumentação , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/métodos , Robótica/instrumentação , Instrumentos CirúrgicosRESUMO
Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, que objetivou identificar evidências científicas relacionadas ao emprego de sistemas robóticos em cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE E CINAHL, nos idiomas Inglês, Português e Espanhol, com recorte temporal de dez anos, utilizando-se os descritores: Robótica, procedimentos cirúrgicos cardíacos e Procedimentos cirúrgicos minimamente invasivos; na classificação do nível de evidência, foram considerados os níveis I a IV...
Assuntos
Humanos , Bases de Dados como Assunto , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/tendências , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/enfermagem , Revascularização Miocárdica/enfermagem , Revascularização Miocárdica/tendências , Robótica/tendênciasRESUMO
Los avances en la tecnología nos han llevado a descubrimientos científicos importantes, a descubrir causas y tratamientos de enfermedades que antiguamente solo eran mitos y suposiciones y en las últimas décadas hemos tenido en el campo de la otorrinolaringología nuevos elementos que nos llevan a mejores desempeños en el campo laboral, no es futurista hablar de robots, de cirugía de telepresencia, y cibernética es lo que actualmente estamos viviendo, es el hoy y el mañana de la medicina. Es por ello que en el presente artículo hemos querido plasmar un campo desconocido aun por muchos y por otros realmente exaltado es el campo de la robótica, la nanotecnología y la singularidad, su aplicaciones en la otorrinolaringología, algunas de sus ventajas y desventajas. Puede que para nosotros sea el comienzo pero para nuestros hijos y futuros colegas sea la base fundamental de su vida profesional...
Advances in technology have led to important scientific discoveries, to discover causes and treatments of diseases that formerly were only myths and assumptions and in recent decades we have had in the field of otolaryngology new elements that lead to better performances in the workforce, not to mention futuristic robots, telepresence surgery, and cybernetics is what we are currently experiencing, is the present and the future of medicine. That is why in this article we want to express an unknown field and even by many others really excited is the field of robotics, nanotechnology and the singularity, its applications in otolaryngology, some of the advantages and disadvantages. It may be the start for us but for our children and future colleagues is the foundation of his professional life...