RESUMO
Phoxim, extensively utilized in agriculture as an organothiophosphate insecticide, has the potential to cause neurotoxicity and pose human health hazards. In this study, an electrochemical enzyme biosensor based on Ti3C2 MXene/MoS2@AuNPs/AChE was constructed for the sensitive detection of phoxim. The two-dimensional multilayer structure of Ti3C2 MXene provides a robust framework for MoS2, leading to an expansion of the specific surface area and effectively preventing re-stacking of Ti3C2 MXene. Additionally, the synergistic effect of self-reduced grown AuNPs with MoS2 further improves the electrical conductivity of the composites, while the robust framework provides a favorable microenvironment for immobilization of enzyme molecules. Ti3C2 MXene/MoS2@AuNPs electrochemical enzyme sensor showed a significant response to phoxim in the range of 1 × 10-13 M to 1 × 10-7 M with a detection limit of 5.29 × 10-15 M. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and stability, thereby showing its promising potential for real sample detection.
Assuntos
Técnicas Biossensoriais , Técnicas Eletroquímicas , Frutas , Ouro , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Nanocompostos , Compostos Organotiofosforados , Titânio , Ouro/química , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/instrumentação , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/métodos , Nanocompostos/química , Frutas/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Técnicas Biossensoriais/instrumentação , Compostos Organotiofosforados/análise , Titânio/química , Limite de Detecção , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Molibdênio/química , Inseticidas/análise , Inseticidas/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/químicaRESUMO
A modified QuEChERS method was developed to determine multi-class pesticide and veterinary residues in aquatic products. Chitosan microspheres were conveniently synthesized and utilized as the cleanup adsorbent in the QuEChERS procedure, showcasing rapid filtration one-step pretreatment ability for the determination of drug multi-residues in aquatic products. Compared to conventional synthetic sorbents, chitosan microspheres not only have good purification performance, but also have renewable and degradable properties. This novel sorbent worked well in the simultaneous determination of 95 pesticides and veterinary drug residues in aquatic products after being combined with an improved one-step vortex oscillating cleanup method. We achieved recoveries ranging from 64.0% to 115.9% for target drugs in shrimp and fish matrix. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.5-1.0 and 1.0-2.0 µg kg-1, respectively. Notably, hydrocortisone was detected with considerable frequency and concentration in the tested samples, underscoring the necessity for stringent monitoring of this compound in aquatic products.
Assuntos
Quitosana , Peixes , Microesferas , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Drogas Veterinárias , Animais , Quitosana/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Drogas Veterinárias/análise , Drogas Veterinárias/isolamento & purificação , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Resíduos de Drogas/isolamento & purificação , Resíduos de Drogas/química , Praguicidas/isolamento & purificação , Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/isolamento & purificação , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/química , Adsorção , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Extração em Fase Sólida/instrumentação , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificação , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Frutos do Mar/análise , Espectrometria de Massa com Cromatografia LíquidaRESUMO
The mechanism by which an organism can adapt to subtle environmental changes is predicated on modifications to biochemical processes within the cellular metabolism in response to such changes. Changes in these processes have the potential to induce alterations in cellular structures and tissue organization, as well as establish a causal link between fluctuations in these parameters and stressors exposure. This investigation's main goal and innovation is to evaluate the environmental stress indicators in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Qarun. Pesticide residues in freshwater fish should be the primary focus of evaluation of environmental stressor concentrations, since they serve as bioindicators at different times and places on a spatiotemporal scale. A thorough analysis of suggestive biochemical biomarker reactions should also be conducted. The effects of environmental stressors, specifically pesticide contamination in Qarun Lake, have been observed and investigated in relation to two fish species: Solea aejabtiaca and Oreochronis niloticus. The results of a hazard assessment conducted at six sampling sites using spatio-temporal data revealed elevated mean values for the pesticides, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids that were detected. A multi biomarker approach facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of stress responses induced by exposure to pollutants. As a result, the activities of the biochemical biomarkers CYP-450, GST, GSH, and LDH in the blood and liver of fish samples were found to be notably elevated. The suitability of the identified variables for biomonitoring of aquatic pollution was validated, and the data unveiled variations in sensitivity among species, implying that Nile tilapia could potentially function as a bioindicator with high sensitivity. The findings were correlated with the concentrations of detrimental organochlorines, organophosphorus, and pyrethroids in the muscles and gills. The data indicates that pollutants linked to agricultural wastes, runoff, and municipal effluent may be discharged into the lake ecosystem. Consequently, to safeguard the environment, it is essential to enforce and implement policies, acts, and regulations that already exist. Assessing the effects of additional environmental stressors on aquatic ecosystems is another way in which biomarker screening with an integrative approach improves our comprehension of how toxicants impact various levels of biological organization and is particularly useful in realistic environmental exposure scenarios.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Lagos , Peixes/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Doce , Ciclídeos/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Resíduos de Praguicidas/toxicidade , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análiseRESUMO
Spinetoram is one of the most extensively used insecticides globally and is a new spinosyn-based insecticide registered for direct treatment of Egyptian grapes. This work established and validated a developed method for determining spinetoram in grape berries and leaves using the QuEChERS coupled LC-MS/MS technique. The average recoveries ranged between 98.52-101.19% and 100.53-104.93%, with RSDs of 2.74-6.21% and 2.79-7.26% for grape berries and leaves, respectively. Spinetoram residues degraded in grape berries and leaves through a first-order kinetic, with an estimated half-life (t1/2) of 4.3 and 2.8 days in grape berries and leaves, respectively, and significant degradation (91.4-97.5%, respectively) after 14 days. Besides, the terminal residues of spinetoram detected in grape berries and leaves samples ranged between 0.017-0.077 mgâ§kg-1 and 0.79-0.023 mg·kg-1, respectively, when applied two to three times at a single recommended rate, while it was varied between 0.026-0.44mgâ§kg-1 and 0.79-0.023mgâ§kg-1 when applied two to three times at a double recommended rate, respectively. A dietary risk assessment was conducted using scientific data from field trials, acceptable daily intake (ADI), and food consumption. It was determined that no noteworthy health hazards were connected to eating grape berries and leaves that had been treated with spinetoram since the risk quotients (RQs) were ≤ 0.4.
Assuntos
Inseticidas , Vitis , Vitis/química , Egito , Medição de Risco , Inseticidas/análise , Humanos , Estrobilurinas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Frutas/química , Exposição Dietética/estatística & dados numéricos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Monitoramento Ambiental , MacrolídeosRESUMO
As people's living standards and awareness of health care are increasing in recent years, the demand for the medicinal and food homologous substances is rising. Promoting the healthy development of this industry to meet people's growing demand and popularizing the TCM concept of preventive treatment of diseases are essential for building a healthy China. The abuse of pesticides by some growers in the one-sided pursuit of economic benefits causes serious pesticide residue, which affects the safety and effectiveness of the medicinal and food homologous substances. Since pesticide residues has received increasing attention, the reasonable control of pesticide residues becomes an important part of the research on these herbs, which, however, is rarely studied. This paper reviewed the publications involving pesticide residues in the cultivation of medicinal and food homologous substances that were published in the last two decades, and put forward the problems faced by the cultivation. According to the current situation of this industry, this paper proposed the management suggestions for the control of pesticide residues in the cultivation. This review will provide the government with data and references for formulating relevant policies and standards to promote the high-quality development of the industry of medicinal and food homologous substances and guarantee the development of TCM and the building of a healthy China.
Assuntos
Resíduos de Praguicidas , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , China , Plantas Medicinais/química , Plantas Medicinais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Praguicidas/análise , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/normas , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/análise , Humanos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Scientific risk assessment of exogenous and endogenous toxic substances in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is of great significance. The present review comprises a comprehensive summary of progress in the health risk assessment of harmful exogenous substances in TCMs. Such substances include heavy metals, pesticide residues, biotoxins, and endogenous toxic components involving pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The review also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of various bioaccessibility and bioavailability models, and their applications in risk assessment. Future avenues of risk assessment research are highlighted, including further exploration of risk assessment parameters, innovation of bioaccessibility and bioavailability techniques, enhancement of probabilistic risk assessment combined with bioavailability, improvement of cumulative risk assessment strategies, and formulation of strategies for reducing relative bioavailability (RBA) values in TCMs. Such efforts represent an attempt to develop a risk assessment system that is capable of evaluating the exogenous and endogenous toxic substances in TCMs to ensure its safe use in clinics, and to promote the sustainable development of the TCM industry.
Assuntos
Disponibilidade Biológica , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Medição de Risco , Humanos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacocinética , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/toxicidade , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/efeitos adversos , Animais , Resíduos de Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Resíduos de Praguicidas/toxicidade , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Metais PesadosRESUMO
The extensive use of neonicotinoids (NEOs) in agricultural production has led to their pervasive presence in various environmental matrices, including human samples. Given the central role of fruits and vegetables in daily human diets, it is crucial to evaluate the levels of NEOs residues and their potential health risks. In this study, 3104 vegetable samples and 1567 fruit samples from the Shenzhen city were analyzed. Using the relative potency factor (RPF) method, the residue levels of six representative neonicotinoids, including imidacloprid (IMI), acetamiprid (ACE), thiamethoxam (THM), dinotefuran (DIN), clothianidin (CLO), thiacloprid (THI), were systematically evaluated. The estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) for both children and adults were calculated to gauge the prevalence and potential health risks of NEOs in fruits and vegetables. Acetamiprid (ACE) was the most frequently detected NEO in vegetables (69.4%) and fruits (73.9%), making it the predominant contributor to total residues. Further analyses indicated notably higher levels of imidacloprid-equivalent total neonicotinoids (IMIRPF) in root and tuber vegetables (3025 µg/kg) and other fruits (243 µg/kg). A significant strong positive correlation (r = 0.748, P < 0.05) was observed between thiamethoxam (THM) and clothianidin (CLO), possibly due to their shared metabolic pathways. Although the mean HI values for adults and children from daily fruit (adults: 0.02, children: 0.01) and vegetable (adults: 0.02, children: 0.03) intake were generally below safety thresholds, some maximum HI values exceeded these limits, indicating that the potential health risks associated with NEOs exposure should not be overlooked.
Assuntos
Frutas , Neonicotinoides , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Verduras , Neonicotinoides/análise , Humanos , Verduras/química , Frutas/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , China , Medição de Risco , Nitrocompostos/análise , Guanidinas/análise , Inseticidas/análise , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Tiametoxam/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Tiazinas , TiazóisRESUMO
Healthy dietary habits encourage vegetable consumption. Although pesticide use in crops may negatively affect human health through food intake, it can also contaminate aquatic and terrestrial environments. Thus, monitoring pesticides in high-consumption matrices is crucial. This study conducted a complete workflow of analysis, including a step of target analysis of 30 widely used pesticides and a subsequent step of suspect screening. A validated QuEChERS method was employed to analyze 61 samples of fruiting vegetables and cucurbits, packaged leafy greens, and root and tuber vegetables, commercially distributed across Greece. The method proved to be highly efficient for all validation characteristics. After target analysis, the change in the residue levels detected during sample processing was evaluated as a case study using available literature data. A health risk assessment based on diet indicated acute and chronic hazard quotients (aHQ and cHQ) and chronic hazard index (cHI) values below 1. Concerning suspect screening, 53 additional identifications of pesticides and transformation products (TPs) were revealed, totaling 86 detections. Overall, 18 parent pesticide compounds and 5 TPs were identified. Ultimately, this approach is expected to provide added value in pesticide and TPs analysis of food matrices without prior data, minimizing experimental time and costs.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos , Praguicidas , Verduras , Grécia , Verduras/química , Medição de Risco , Praguicidas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Humanos , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodosRESUMO
Pesticide residues pose a significant threat to food safety and human health, necessitating the development of novel detection tools. Pesticides can inhibit the activity of certain biological enzymes, so enzyme inhibition is one of the methods of pesticide detection. In this study, we developed a novel near-infrared fluorescent probe named TCFCl-CES based on the tricyanofuran structure, for ultrasensitive detection of carboxylesterase (CES). TCFCl-CES exhibits strong and stable fluorescence, excellent specificity. Notably, the fluorescence intensity of TCFCl-CES shows a linear relationship with CES concentration, achieving an exceptionally low detection limit of 4.41 × 10-5 u/mL. This ultrasensitive probe can also effectively detect pesticide residues in vegetables and monitor CES activity in cells and liver tissues. TCFCl-CES stands out for its rapid and accurate detection capabilities, making it an essential tool for accurately monitoring pesticide residue. It also has great potential for tracking CES activity in biological systems. Additionally, it offers a robust solution for food safety and improving pesticide residue analysis.
Assuntos
Carboxilesterase , Corantes Fluorescentes , Contaminação de Alimentos , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Verduras , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Humanos , Carboxilesterase/metabolismo , Carboxilesterase/química , Verduras/química , Limite de Detecção , Animais , Imagem Óptica/métodosRESUMO
Kuttanad is a unique wetland agriculture system featuring polder-based rice cultivation below sea level. Facing increasing pollution threats from agrochemicals, this FAO-recognized Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) needs constant monitoring and risk assessment. The present study investigated the seasonal dynamics of agricultural pesticide residues in fish cultured in the wetland system. A total of 217 fish samples were analyzed, spanning three different sampling stations of Kuttanad, viz., Vaikom, Ramankari, and Edathua, during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The results revealed the presence of 14 pesticides across locations and seasons. The pesticides found in the highest concentrations were propetamphos (54.64 mg L-1), thiacloprid (46.78 mg L-1), and diphenylamine (24.70 mg L-1). The most frequently detected pesticides were propoxur, fenuron, and thiacloprid. Contaminants were detected more frequently during the post-monsoon season (49%) compared to the monsoon (38%) and pre-monsoon (13%) seasons, with imidacloprid being present in all three seasons. The target hazard quotients (THQ) for propetamphos, thiacloprid, and diphenylamine were determined to be 0.04, 0.004, and 0.0002, respectively. The hazard index (HI) calculated as the sum of THQ of quantified pesticides was 0.056, indicating a low to moderate risk. However, consistent monitoring of pesticides in the Kuttanad wetland agriculture system is important to ensure timely intervention to protect biodiversity and human health.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Monitoramento Ambiental , Peixes , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Áreas Alagadas , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Medição de Risco , Animais , Peixes/metabolismo , Humanos , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análiseRESUMO
Analysis of trapped honey bee pollen for pesticide residues is the most widely used method of monitoring the amount of pesticide entering colonies and its change over time. In this study, we collected and analyzed pollen from 70 sites across four bee-pollinated crops over two years to characterize the variation in pesticide detection across sites, crops and at different periods during bloom. Hazard Quotient, HQ, is the most common way that pesticide residues are aggregated into a single pesticide hazard value in the current literature. Therefore, change in pesticide hazard (HQ) was quantified in composite pollen samples collected from pollen traps and in pollen color subsamples separated into pollen from the target crop being pollinated and pollen from other plant species. We used our estimates of the variation in HQ to calculate the number of sample location sites needed to detect a 5% annual change in HQ across all crops or within specific crops over a 5-year period. The number of sites required to be sampled varied by crop and year and ranged between 139 and 7194 sites, costing an estimated $129,548 and $3.35 million, respectively. The HQ values detectable for this cost would be 575 and 154. We identified additional factors that complicate the interpretation of the results as a way to evaluate changes in pest management practices at a state level. First, in all but one crop (meadowfoam), the pollen collected from outside the crop honey bee colonies were pollinating comprised a major percentage of the total pollen catch. Moreover, we found that when the overall quantity of pollen from different pollen sources was taken into account, differences in HQ among crops widened. We also found that while HQ estimates remain consistent across the bloom period for some crops, such as cherry, we observed large differences in other crops, notably meadowfoam. Overall, our results suggest the current practice of interpreting pesticides levels in pollen may come with limitations for agencies charged with improving pesticide stewardship due to the high variation associated with HQ values over time and across crops. Despite the limitations of HQ for detecting change in pesticide hazard, there remains a potential for HQ to provide feedback to regulators and scientists on field-realistic pesticide hazard within a landscape.
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas , Monitoramento Ambiental , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Pólen , Pólen/química , Abelhas/fisiologia , Animais , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , PolinizaçãoRESUMO
The fungicide pyraclostrobin is the main measure used to control apple alternaria blotch in production. To evaluate the potential dietary risks for consumers, the dissipation and terminal residues of pyraclostrobin were investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Pyraclostrobin in apples was extracted by acetonitrile with 2% ammonia and then purified using primary secondary amine (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB). The method showed good linearity within the concentration range of 0.005-0.1 mg L-1, with a coefficient of determination (R2) ≥ 0.9958. The recoveries ranged from 96.0% to 103.8%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.8% and 2.3%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 mg kg-1. Pyraclostrobin dispersible oil suspension was applied in 12 apple fields across China according to good agricultural practices (GAPs). In Beijing and Shandong, the dissipation of pyraclostrobin followed first-order kinetic equations, with a half-life of 11 days. The terminal residues ranged from <0.01 to 0.09 mg kg-1. The national estimated daily intake (NEDI) of pyraclostrobin was compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI), resulting in risk quotient (RQc) of 80.8%. These results suggest that pyraclostrobin poses a low health risk to consumers under GAP conditions and according to recommended dosages.
Assuntos
Fungicidas Industriais , Malus , Estrobilurinas , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Estrobilurinas/análise , Malus/química , Fungicidas Industriais/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Medição de Risco , Carbamatos/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Espectrometria de Massa com Cromatografia LíquidaRESUMO
The effect of pesticide residues on non-target microorganisms in multi-contaminated soils remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the dissipation of commonly used pesticides in a multi-contaminated vineyard soil and its effect on bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities. We conducted laboratory soil microcosm experiments under varying temperature (20°C and 30°C) and water content (20â¯% and 40â¯%) conditions. Pesticide dissipation half-lives ranged from 27 to over 300 days, depending on the physicochemical properties of the pesticides and the soil conditions. In both autoclaved and non-autoclaved soil experiments, over 50â¯% of hydrophobic pesticides (dimethomorph > isoxaben > simazine = atrazine = carbendazim) dissipated within 200 days at 20°C and 30°C. However, the contribution of biodegradation to the overall dissipation of soluble pesticides (rac-metalaxyl > isoproturon = pyrimethanil > S-metolachlor) increased to over 75â¯% at 30°C and 40â¯% water content. This suggests that soluble pesticides became more bioavailable, with degradation activity increasing with higher temperature and soil water content. In contrast, the primary process contributing to the dissipation of hydrophobic pesticides was sequestration to soil. High-throughput amplicon sequencing analysis indicated that water content, temperature, and pesticides had domain-specific effects on the diversity and taxonomic composition of bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities. Soil physicochemical properties had a more significant effect than pesticides on the various microbial domains in the vineyard soil. However, pesticide exposure emerged as a secondary factor explaining the variations in microbial communities, with a more substantial effect on protists compared to bacterial and fungal communities. Overall, our results highlight the variability in the dissipation kinetics and processes of pesticides in a multi-contaminated vineyard soil, as well as their effects on bacterial, fungal, and protistan communities.
Assuntos
Biodegradação Ambiental , Fungos , Praguicidas , Microbiologia do Solo , Poluentes do Solo , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fazendas , Solo/química , Temperatura , Pirimidinas , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Eucariotos/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de FenilureiaRESUMO
Continuous cropping is a common obstacle limiting the high quality and yield of Lycium barbarum ï¼wolfberryï¼. To clarify the response of soil characteristics of the wolfberry root zone to continuous cropping years, we systematically determined the physicochemical properties and pesticide residues of soils in the wolfberry root zone with different continuous cropping years. In addition, soil bacterial and fungal communities were characterized using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results were as followsï¼ The content of total salt and imidacloprid in the root zone of wolfberry increased with increasing years of continuous cropping. Compared to that with 2 and 9 years, the total salt content in the root zone of wolfberry with 15 years of continuous cropping increased by 51.97% and 54.33%, respectively, and the imidacloprid content increased by 39.58% and 36.61%, respectively. Alkaline nitrogen and available potassium showed an increasing and then decreasing trend. Compared to that with 2 and 15 years, alkaline nitrogen and available potassium in the root-soil of wolfberry with 9 years of continuous cropping increased by 16.94%-28.09% and 18.31%-18.34%, respectively. The diversity and abundance of bacterial communities and the abundance of fungal communities were higher in the root-soil of wolfberry with 9 years of continuous cropping compared to that with 15 years of continuous cropping. In addition, the increase in continuous cropping years also increased the accumulation of harmful plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Actinomucor, and Trichoderma in the root zone of L. barbarum. Soil total salinity, organic matter, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available potassium were the main factors influencing the distribution of bacterial communities. Soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium, and ammonium nitrogen were the main factors influencing the distribution of fungal communities. In addition, the soil bacteria in the root zone of L. barbarum were dominated by metabolic functionsï¼ in particular, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism were most abundant in the root soil of wolfberry with 9 years of continuous cropping, whereas the highest abundance of functional genes related to membrane translocation was found in the root-soil of wolfberry with 15 years of continuous cropping. The soil fungi were all dominated by saprophytic trophic types, followed by pathogenic cross-nutrients in the root zone of L. barbarum. In conclusion, long-term continuous cropping induced changes in the soil microenvironment in the root zone of L. barbarum, increased soil residues of harmful pesticides and the enrichment of plant pathogens, and reduced the diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities. Therefore, it is necessary to control the rate of application of soil nutrients and pesticides in the management of L. barbarum and to carry out deep ploughing and deep tilling in good time, and the turnover of old plants in the cultivation of L. barbarum.
Assuntos
Lycium , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Raízes de Plantas , Microbiologia do Solo , Solo , Lycium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solo/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Agricultura/métodos , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Neonicotinoides , Microbiota , Nitrocompostos , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fungos/metabolismo , Produção Agrícola/métodos , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/análiseRESUMO
A field experiment was conducted to study the persistence and reduction of quinalphos residues in cauliflower curd by applying quinalphos 25 EC twice at 250 g a.i./ha at 10 days intervals. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.05 µg/g, recovery ranged from 97 to 113%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 7%. The initial deposition of quinalphos residues in cauliflower curd was 1.72 µg/g and reached below LOQ level after 15 days of application. Dissipation of the residue followed first-order kinetics with a half-life of 2.32 days. The reduction of quinalphos residue was evaluated using various household processes. The greatest reduction (82%) was observed when washing was followed by cooking or boiling, while the smallest reduction (55.8%) was found when washing alone was performed. A waiting period of 9 days is recommended for safe consumption of cauliflower based on the FSSAI MRL value of 0.1 µg/g.
Assuntos
Brassica , Descontaminação , Contaminação de Alimentos , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Brassica/química , Descontaminação/métodos , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Cinética , Compostos Organotiofosforados/análise , Inseticidas/análiseRESUMO
The widespread application of pesticides in China has led to the accumulation of residues in soil. However, few regional studies have fully elucidated the characteristics of pesticide residues in soil (PRS) and the associated risks to the ecosystem and human health on a national level. Therefore, this study aims to compile a dataset on PRS in China from 2006 to 2020 and analyze the interactions and impacts between PRS and the environment. The average concentration of PRS in China was 243.96 µg/kg which was lower than the levels reported in Euro-Americans and other nations. This study revealed PRS in China predominantly originates from organochlorine pesticide residues, with DDTs and HCHs being significant contributors. Despite the high intensity of pesticide application in the Southeast China, PRS concentrations were comparable to those in the Northeast, due to environmental factors that favor pesticide degradation in the Southeast. Both legacy and in-use pesticides were transported by surface runoff or air current, resulting in their accumulation in soil of the lower Yangtze River basin or the piedmont soil of Qinling Mountains, respectively. The average soil environment carrying capacity of PRS in China was -69.5 kg. The ecological risk contributed by PRS in China was mainly at a negligible level. Carcinogenic risks of PRS to adults (4.6 ×10-4) and children (6 ×10-4) exceeded the tolerable thresholds (10-5) by a small margin.
Assuntos
Resíduos de Praguicidas , Poluentes do Solo , China , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Medição de Risco , Humanos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Solo/química , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análiseRESUMO
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is the world's most widely consumed salad vegetable, and it is frequently treated with pesticides to prevent pest and disease outbreaks. Pesticide residues in food commodities impede trade and pose a major health risk. Prior to residue estimation, the QuEChERS approach was validated utilising criteria such as limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The residues of carbendazim, cypermethrin, ethion, profenofos, quinalphos, and triazophos were examined using a Gas Chromatograph equipped with an Electron Capture Detector or a Flame Photometric Detector and a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photo diode array. The initial deposits of carbendazim, cypermethrin, ethion, profenofos, quinalphos, and triazophos at the prescribed dose were 1.235, 0.407, 0.817, 0.960, 0.628, and 0.985 mg/kg, respectively, with a pre-harvest interval of 5.58-11.30 days. According to the consumer risk evaluation data, the Hazard Quotient is less than one, and the Theoretical Maximum Dietary Intake is less than the Maximum Permissible Intake and Maximum Residue Limit, both of which are considered safe for human consumption at the authorised dose.
Assuntos
Cucumis sativus , Contaminação de Alimentos , Organotiofosfatos , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Cucumis sativus/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Medição de Risco , Organotiofosfatos/análise , Triazóis/análise , Carbamatos/análise , Piretrinas/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Humanos , Exposição Dietética/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Benzimidazóis , Compostos OrganotiofosforadosRESUMO
Thiacloprid is one of the first generation of neonicotinoid insecticide with a chloropyridine structure like imidacloprid and acetamiprid. Recent studies have revealed its environmental and non-target organism toxicity, leading to restrictions on its use in many countries and regions. Despite limitations, thiacloprid has been detected in various environmental samples, food sources, and biological specimens, posing a significant threat to human health, necessitating advanced detection methods for monitoring. In this study, a highly specific monoclonal antibody against thiacloprid via a multi-immunogen strategy was prepared and a rapid and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of thiacloprid residues in honey and medicinal herbs was established. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of this method was 0.38â¯ng/mL, improving the sensitivity by 1.2-480.6 times compared to existing reports, and the limit of detection (IC20) was 0.097â¯ng/mL. The method was successfully applied to the determination of thiacloprid residues in honey and medicinal herbs (Crataegi fructus, Citri reticulatae pericarpium), achieving recovery rates ranging from 87.50â¯% to 116.11â¯%. The obtained results were verified using the LC-MS/MS method. The multi-immunogen strategy proposed in this study provides an approach for the preparation of highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibodies, and immunoassay established based on it has good application prospects in complex matrices.
Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Mel , Inseticidas , Plantas Medicinais , Plantas Medicinais/química , Mel/análise , Inseticidas/análise , Inseticidas/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/química , Análise de Alimentos/métodosRESUMO
Grapes are among the most popular fruits globally, and insecticides are commonly used on grape farms. Sulfoxaflor, a novel sulfoximine insecticide that works against various insect pests, is extensively used in Egypt. Our field trials assessed the dynamics and final residues of sulfoxaflor in grapes and grape leaves grown in Egyptian environments with different application rates, including worst-case scenarios. A QuEChERS-based method with LC-MS/MS was used to analyze residues of sulfoxaflor in grapes and grape leaves. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was validated at 0.01 mgâ§kg-1. Sulfoxaflor residues are degraded in grapes and grape leaves according to a first-order kinetic model, with an estimated half-life (t1/2) of 7.04 and 7.7 days, respectively, and considerable degradation (74.68 and 72.16%, respectively) after 14 days. The final residues in grapes and grape leaves were below the Codex or EU maximum residue limit (MRL) (2 mgâ§kg-1) after 3 days of the recommended and high application rates. The findings showed that grapes and leaves treated with sulfoxaflor at the recommended rate are safe for humans 3 days after two or three consecutive treatments with intervals of 14 days. The current study should pave the way for implementing safe and appropriate sulfoxaflor use in grapes and grape leaves in Egypt.
Assuntos
Compostos de Enxofre , Vitis , Vitis/química , Egito , Medição de Risco , Compostos de Enxofre/análise , Piridinas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Inseticidas/análise , HumanosRESUMO
Pesticide residues may enter the human body through the food chain when livestock and poultry consume pesticide-contaminated feed. Therefore, monitoring and limiting pesticide residues in animal feed and animal-origin foods is necessary. Carbendazim is one of the most frequently detected pesticides in food and feed and has various toxic effects on non-target animals. This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of carbendazim contamination in feed on broiler chicken growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, histopathology, and carbendazim residues in broiler muscles and livers. The results demonstrated that contamination of 5-100 mg/kg carbendazim in feed did not affect broiler growth performance or health. Carbendazim contamination in feed at 200-800 mg/kg slightly reduced growth performance. Broiler kidneys showed minor histopathological alterations after 400 mg/kg carbendazim exposure. Furthermore, when the carbendazim content in feed was less than 25 mg/kg, the residual carbendazim in the muscles and livers of broilers did not exceed the maximum residue level set by the European Union and China. Based on the above findings, carbendazim residues in the feed of less than 25 mg/kg can be considered safe for chicken products.