RESUMO
São Paulo, the most populous Brazilian city, has been the main destination for refugees and it is home to the majority of Congolese, who are the second largest nationality to request refuge in Brazil. In the context of these migrations, previous experiences in displacement and in places of welcome can trigger illness and suffering. The purpose of this article was to analyse the therapeutic itineraries of refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo who reside in the city of São Paulo. The research followed an ethnographic approach and included focus group, ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews with 15 Congolese men in refuge in São Paulo between 2015 and 2016. The difficulties faced in the dignified reconstruction of lives include housing, precarious work and racism. Different systems are actuated in healthcare, treatment in health centres and hospitals regarding acute and chronic physical problems, in addition to self-care, identified in the preparation of teas for gastrointestinal ailments. When confronted by suffering, religious social networks, and those of friends and family are activated, in addition to alcohol consumption. The family is sought when facing financial and, principally, emotional problems. The itineraries include multiple therapeutic systems and a dialectic relationship with free, universal services perceived as inequitable.
Assuntos
Refugiados , Antropologia Cultural , Brasil , República Democrática do Congo/etnologia , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Masculino , Refugiados/psicologia , Refugiados/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The Palenque, a black community in rural Colombia, have an oral history of fugitive African slaves founding a free village near Cartagena in the seventeenth century. Recently, linguists have identified some 200 words in regular use that originate in a Kikongo language, with Yombe, mainly spoken in the Congo region, being the most likely source. The non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA were analysed to establish whether there was greater similarity between present-day members of the Palenque and Yombe than between the Palenque and 42 other African groups (for all individuals,n= 2799) from which forced slaves might have been taken. NRY data are consistent with the linguistic evidence that Yombe is the most likely group from which the original male settlers of Palenque came. Mitochondrial DNA data suggested substantial maternal sub-Saharan African ancestry and a strong founder effect but did not associate Palenque with any particular African group. In addition, based on cultural data including inhabitants' claims of linguistic differences, it has been hypothesized that the two districts of the village (Abajo and Arriba) have different origins, with Arriba founded by men originating in Congo and Abajo by those born in Colombia. Although significant genetic structuring distinguished the two from each other, no supporting evidence for this hypothesis was found.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Variação Genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , População Negra/genética , Colômbia , Congo/etnologia , República Democrática do Congo/etnologia , Efeito Fundador , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To investigate the genetic background of the black populations of Colombia and Jamaica, we determined HLA types of 78 Colombian and 98 Jamaican blacks from 2 different socioeconomic groups (Jamaican #1 and Jamaican #2) and estimated the frequencies of HLA genes and haplotypes. A phylogenetic tree based on the HLA gene frequencies revealed that Jamaican #1 and Jamaican #2 were distinct from each other, Jamaican #1 being closely related to the Colombian blacks and the Jamaican #2 being closely related to Senegalese and Zairean populations. Three-locus HLA haplotypes of Colombian and Jamaican #1 blacks were an admixture between Africans and Caucasians or South American Indians, while Jamaican #2 blacks were relatively homogeneous and appeared to conserve African lineages. The major five-locus HLA haplotypes were not shared among Colombian, Jamaican #1 and Jamaican #2 blacks. These results indicated that the black populations of Colombia and Jamaican were originated from African blacks and admixed variably with Caucasians and South American Indians to make genetic subpopulations in Colombia and Jamaica.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , Antígenos HLA/análise , Haplótipos/genética , Colômbia , República Democrática do Congo/etnologia , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Jamaica , Casamento , Filogenia , Senegal/etnologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
To investigate the genetic background of the black populations of Colombia and Jamaica, we determined HLA types of 78 Colombian and 98 Jamaican blacks from 2 different socioeconomic groups (Jamaican #1 and Jamaican #2) and estimated the frequencies of HLA genes and haplotypes. A phylogenetic tree based on the HLA gene frequencies revealed that Jamaican #1 and Jamaican #2 were distinct from each other, Jamaican #1 being closely related to Colombian blacks and the Jamaican #2 being closely related to Senegalese and Zairean populations. Three-locus haplotypes of Colombian and Jamaican #1 blacks were an admixture between Africans and Caucasians or South American Indians while Jamaican #2 blacks were relatively homogeneous and appeared to conserve African lineages. The major five-locus HLA haplotypes were not shared among Colombian, Jamaican #1 and Jamaican #2 blacks. These results indicated that the black populations of Colombia and Jamaica were originated from African blacks and admixed variably with Caucasians and South Americans Indians to make genetic subpopulations in Colombia and Jamaica. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Haplótipos/genética , Antígenos HLA/análise , /genética , Negro ou Afro-Americano , /genética , Frequência do Gene , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Casamento , Filogenia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Colômbia , Jamaica , Senegal/etnologia , República Democrática do Congo/etnologiaRESUMO
An abdominal computed tomographic examination was performed to 20 patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and to 5 patients with Lymphadenopathy Syndrome (LAS). Intraabdominal lymph nodes were seen in 18 out of 20 cases of AIDS and in 5 cases of LAS. Lymph nodes have a normal size or are slightly enlarged but they are too numerous. Splenomegaly was found in 17 patients. Rectal modifications secondary to a proctitis were seen in the homosexual patients.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Linfáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Radiografia Abdominal , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adulto , República Democrática do Congo/etnologia , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Feminino , Haiti/etnologia , Homossexualidade , Humanos , Linfonodos/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Paris , Doenças Retais/diagnóstico por imagem , Esplenomegalia/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
The authors present the results of a histopathological study on the lymph-nodes taken from 45 subjects suffering from either an AIDS or from a chronic adenopathy corresponding to the definition of AIDS related complex (ARC). The various aspects observed were classed as type I to type IV. The lymph-node modifications observed in the 29 patients with an ARC could be divided into three principle groups: an extensive follicular hyperplasia associated with other elementary lesions or type IA (25 lymph-nodes from 23 patients); changes resembling a multicentric Castleman syndrome or type IB (1 case); angioimmunoblastic-like (AIL) lesions or type II (2 cases) and an association of lesions of type II (7 lymph-nodes from 6 patients). During AIDS, the adenopathy usually disappears, and the small lymph-nodes removed, especially on autopsy, show an extensive lymphoid depletion (type III) with systematic sclerosis (15 lymph-nodes from 14 patients). When adenopathy persists, it is due to infections complications (tuberculosis, cryptococcosis, avian mycobacteriosis and Whipple's disease like lesions). Of the 10 patients in whom a Kaposi's sarcoma was observed, only 6 showed lymph-node involvement, or type IV. The different histopathological lesions seem to appear according to an evolving succession, proven by certain association of lesions and by successive biopsies. In our series, 17% of subjects with an ARC evolved to AIDS. Lymph-node biopsy allows a possible ARC to be implicated on the association of the following simple lesions: follicular hyperplasia with partial or total destruction of the perifollicular lymphocytic cisterna, infiltration of the germinative centres by streams of small lymphocytes, evolving to an aspect of a "burst" germinative centre and various sinusal reactions with, in particular, the presence of neutrophilic polynuclear cells. The biopsy also allows the forms with bad prognosis to be recognized: those with AIL-like aspect or multicentric Castleman-like syndrome, which seems to represent a particular evolutive form. Finally, it also detects, in certain cases, the localization of a Kaposi syndrome, signalling the passage to AIDS. The immunopathological studies present a double interest. Firstly, they offer arguments in favour of the diagnosis: increase in the number of T8 lymphocytes in the germinative centres with the formation of small clusters and disruption of the network of dendritic reticular cells, and the inversion of the T4/T8 ratio in the extra-follicular cortical regions, by either a decrease in T4 lymphocytes or by an increase in T8 lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)