RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) contributes to cancer cell proliferation, survival and migration, playing crucial roles in tumor development. ROR1 has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. This study aimed to develop novel humanized ROR1 monoclonal antibodies and investigate their anti-tumor effects. METHODS: ROR1 expression in tumor tissues and cell lines was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Antibodies from mouse hybridomas were humanized by the complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting technique. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, ELISA assay and flow cytometry were employed to characterize humanized antibodies. In vitro cellular assay and in vivo mouse experiment were conducted to comprehensively evaluate anti-tumor activity of these antibodies. RESULTS: ROR1 exhibited dramatically higher expression in lung adenocarcinoma, liver cancer and breast cancer, and targeting ROR1 by short-hairpin RNAs significantly inhibited proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Two humanized ROR1 monoclonal antibodies were successfully developed, named h1B8 and h6D4, with high specificity and affinity to ROR1 protein. Moreover, these two antibodies effectively suppressed tumor growth in the lung cancer xenograft mouse model, c-Myc/Alb-cre liver cancer transgenic mouse model and MMTV-PyMT breast cancer mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: Two humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting ROR1, h1B8 and h6D4, were successfully developed and exhibited remarkable anti-tumor activity in vivo.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Proliferação de Células , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/imunologia , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologiaRESUMO
Androgen-receptor-negative, androgen-independent (ARneg-AI) prostate cancer aggressively proliferates and metastasizes, which makes treatment difficult. Hence, it is necessary to continue exploring cancer-associated markers, such as oncofetal Receptor Tyrosine Kinase like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR1), which may serve as a form of targeted prostate cancer therapy. In this study, we identify that Penta-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucose (PGG), a plant-derived gallotannin small molecule inhibitor, modulates ROR1-mediated oncogenic signaling and mitigates prostate cancer phenotypes. Results indicate that ROR1 protein levels were elevated in the highly aggressive ARneg-AI PC3 cancer cell line. PGG was selectively cytotoxic to PC3 cells and induced apoptosis of PC3 (IC50 of 31.64 µM) in comparison to normal prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells (IC50 of 74.55 µM). PGG was found to suppress ROR1 and downstream oncogenic pathways in PC3 cells. These molecular phenomena were corroborated by reduced migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression of PC3 cells. PGG minimally and moderately affected RWPE-1 and ARneg-AI DU145, respectively, which may be due to these cells having lower levels of ROR1 expression in comparison to PC3 cells. Additionally, PGG acted synergistically with the standard chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel to lower the IC50 of both compounds about five-fold (combination index = 0.402) in PC3 cells. These results suggest that ROR1 is a key oncogenic driver and a promising target in aggressive prostate cancers that lack a targetable androgen receptor. Furthermore, PGG may be a selective and potent anti-cancer agent capable of treating ROR1-expressing prostate cancers.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Taninos Hidrolisáveis , Neoplasias da Próstata , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/farmacologia , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células PC-3 , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Docetaxel/farmacologiaRESUMO
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: ROR2 expression in primary TNBC and metastatic TNBC tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and PCR. ROR2 expression in TNBC cell lines was detected by PCR and Western blot analysis. The migration, invasion and chemosensitivity of TNBC cells with overexpression or knockdown of ROR2 were examined. Results: ROR2 expression was high in metastatic TNBC tissues. ROR2 knockdown suppressed the migration, invasion and chemoresistance of TNBC cells. ROR2 overexpression in MDA-MB-435 cells promoted the migration, invasion, and chemoresistance. Moreover, ROR2 knockdown in HC1599 and MDA-MB-435 adriamycin-resistant cells enhanced chemosensitivity to adriamycin. ROR2 could activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in TNBC cells. Conclusion: ROR2 is upregulated and promotes metastatic phenotypes of TNBC by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Invasividade Neoplásica , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Transdução de Sinais , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Feminino , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Doxorrubicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in western societies, recognized by clinical and molecular heterogeneity. Despite the success of targeted therapies, acquired resistance remains a challenge for relapsed and refractory CLL, as a consequence of mutations in the target or the upregulation of other survival pathways leading to the progression of the disease. Research on proteins that can trigger such pathways may define novel therapies for a successful outcome in CLL such as the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1). ROR1 is a signaling receptor for Wnt5a, with an important role during embryogenesis. The aberrant expression on CLL cells and several types of tumors, is involved in cell proliferation, survival, migration as well as drug resistance. Antibody-based immunotherapies and small-molecule compounds emerged to target ROR1 in preclinical and clinical studies. Efforts have been made to identify new prognostic markers having predictive value to refine and increase the detection and management of CLL. ROR1 can be considered as an attractive target for CLL diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. It can be clinically effective alone and/or in combination with current approved agents. In this review, we summarize the scientific achievements in targeting ROR1 for CLL diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
Assuntos
Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/metabolismo , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/patologia , Humanos , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismoRESUMO
Wnt-5a is a protein encoded by the WNT5A gene and is a ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2). However, its biological impact on clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. In this study, the prognostic significance of concurrent WNT5A and ROR2 expression levels was observed to predict unfavorable overall survival and disease-specific survival. High Wnt-5a expression was detected in a ccRCC cell line panel but not in HK-2 cells, a normal proximal tubular cell line. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase by 5-azacytidine in 786-O and Caki-2 cells resulted in Wnt-5a up-regulation, indicating potential epigenetic modification. Furthermore, there was a repression of cell movement in vitro and metastatic colonization in vivo on WNT5A and ROR2 knockdown. Suppressions of angiogenesis in vivo and tubular-like structure formation in endothelial cells in vitro were also observed after silencing WNT5A and ROR2 expression. In addition, alteration in the downstream gene signature of the Wnt-5a-ROR2 signaling was similar to that in metastasis-associated gene 1-ß-catenin axis. Moreover, prunetin treatment reversed the gene signature derived from Wnt-5a-ROR2 signaling activation and to abolish ccRCC cell migration and proliferation. Overall, this study demonstrates the clinical and functional significance of the Wnt-5a-ROR2 axis and identifies prunetin as a potential precision medicine for patients with ccRCC harboring aberrant Wnt-5a-ROR2 signaling pathways.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais , Neoplasias Renais , Neovascularização Patológica , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Proteína Wnt-5a , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Proteína Wnt-5a/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Neovascularização Patológica/metabolismo , Neovascularização Patológica/patologia , Animais , Camundongos , Masculino , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Metástase Neoplásica , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , AngiogêneseRESUMO
Wnt (wingless-type) signaling pathway (WSP) alterations have been identified in patients with prostate cancer and are implicated in disease progression and hormonal resistance. In this study, we utilized a multi-institutional dataset to characterize molecular alterations in the canonical and noncanonical WSPs in prostate cancer. Patients with prostate cancer who underwent tissue-based genomic sequencing were investigated. Tumors with somatic activating mutations in CTNNB1 or RSPO2 or inactivating mutations in either APC or RNF43 were characterized as having aberrant canonical Wnt signaling (WSP-activated). Overall survival analyses were restricted to microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors lacking RNF43 G659fs* mutations. We also investigated noncanonical WSP by evaluation of ROR1, ROR2, and WNT5 in WSP-activated versus WSP wild-type (WSP-WT) tumors. Of 4,138 prostate cancer samples, 3,684 were MSS. Among MSS tumors, 42.4% were from metastatic sites, of which 19.1% were WSP activated, and 57.6% were from the prostate, of which 10.1% were WSP activated. WSP-activated tumors were more prevalent in metastatic sites than in primary prostate cancer. WSP-activated prostate cancer exhibited more SPOP mutations and higher expression of canonical WSP activators than WSP-WT tumors. ROR1 gene expression was elevated in WSP-activated tumors from both primary and metastatic sites. M2 macrophages predominated the tumor microenvironment in WSP-activated tumors. There was no significant difference in overall survival between patients with WSP-activated and WSP-WT prostate cancer. WSP-activated prostate cancer demonstrated a more immunosuppressed tumor microenvironment and a pronounced upregulation of ROR1 gene expression, underscoring its potential involvement in the crosstalk between canonical and noncanonical WSPs. Implications: Our findings may provide a rationale for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting Wnt-activated prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Masculino , Humanos , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Via de Sinalização Wnt/genética , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Mutação , Metástase Neoplásica , IdosoRESUMO
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer and peritoneal dissemination is one major cause for this poor prognosis. Exosomes have emerged as promising biomarkers for gastrointestinal cancers and can be found in all kinds of bodily fluids, also in peritoneal fluid (PF). This is a unique sample due to its closeness to gastrointestinal malignancies. The receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) has been identified as a potential biomarker in human cancers and represents a promising target for an immunotherapy approach, which could be considered for future treatment strategies. Here we prospectively analyzed the exosomal surface protein ROR1 (exo-ROR1) in PF in localized PDAC patients (PER-) on the one hand and peritoneal disseminated tumor stages (PER+) on the other hand followed by the correlation of exo-ROR1 with clinical-pathological parameters. Methods: Exosomes were isolated from PF and plasma samples of non-cancerous (NC) (n = 15), chronic pancreatitis (CP) (n = 4), localized PDAC (PER-) (n = 18) and peritoneal disseminated PDAC (PER+) (n = 9) patients and the surface protein ROR1 was detected via FACS analysis. Additionally, soluble ROR1 in PF was analyzed. ROR1 expression in tissue was investigated using western blots (WB), qPCR, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Exosome isolation was proven by Nano Tracking Analysis (NTA), WB, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BCA protein assay. The results were correlated with clinical data and survival analysis was performed. Results: PDAC (PER+) patients have the highest exo-ROR1 values in PF and can be discriminated from NC (p <0.0001), PDAC (PER-) (p <0.0001), and CP (p = 0.0112). PDAC (PER-) can be discriminated from NC (p = 0.0003). In plasma, exo-ROR1 is not able to distinguish between the groups. While there is no expression of ROR1 in the exocrine pancreatic tissue, PDAC and peritoneal metastasis show expression of ROR1. High exo-ROR1 expression in PF is associated with lower overall survival (p = 0.0482). Conclusion: With exo-ROR1 in PF we found a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker possibly discriminating between NC, PDAC (PER-) and PDAC (PER+) and might shed light on future diagnostic and therapeutic concepts in PDAC.
Assuntos
Líquido Ascítico , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Exossomos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Humanos , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Exossomos/metabolismo , Masculino , Líquido Ascítico/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Feminino , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/mortalidade , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Idoso , Neoplasias Peritoneais/secundário , Neoplasias Peritoneais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Peritoneais/metabolismo , Adulto , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Cell polarity mechanisms allow the formation of specialized membrane domains with unique protein compositions, signalling properties, and functional characteristics. By analyzing the localization of potassium channels and proteins belonging to the dystrophin-associated protein complex, we reveal the existence of distinct planar-polarized membrane compartments at the surface of C. elegans muscle cells. We find that muscle polarity is controlled by a non-canonical Wnt signalling cascade involving the ligand EGL-20/Wnt, the receptor CAM-1/Ror, and the intracellular effector DSH-1/Dishevelled. Interestingly, classical planar cell polarity proteins are not required for this process. Using time-resolved protein degradation, we demonstrate that -while it is essentially in place by the end of embryogenesis- muscle polarity is a dynamic state, requiring continued presence of DSH-1 throughout post-embryonic life. Our results reveal the unsuspected complexity of the C. elegans muscle membrane and establish a genetically tractable model system to study cellular polarity and membrane compartmentalization in vivo.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans , Caenorhabditis elegans , Polaridade Celular , Distrofina , Músculos , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Distrofina/metabolismo , Distrofina/genética , Músculos/metabolismo , Proteínas Desgrenhadas/metabolismo , Proteínas Desgrenhadas/genética , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Complexo de Proteínas Associadas Distrofina/metabolismo , Complexo de Proteínas Associadas Distrofina/genética , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is an oncogenic membrane protein in several malignancies and has been considered an attractive target for the treatment of human cancers. In this study, structure-based virtual screening and structure optimization were conducted to identify novel ROR1 inhibitors. Based on hit compound 2, 45 novel ROR1 inhibitors were designed and synthesized, and the detailed structure-activity relationship was investigated. Representative compound 19h potently binds ROR1 with a KD value of 0.10 µM, exhibiting antitumor activity in lung cancer and breast cancer cell lines (IC50: 0.36-1.37 µM). Additionally, a mechanism investigation demonstrated that compound 19h induces the apoptosis of tumor cells. Importantly, compound 19h significantly suppressed tumor growth in a mouse model without obvious toxicity. Overall, this work identified compound 19h as a new ROR1 inhibitor, providing a novel lead compound for the treatment of lung cancer and breast cancer.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Humanos , Animais , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Descoberta de Drogas , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Camundongos Nus , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Estrutura Molecular , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Targeting ferroptosis is a potential strategy for cancer treatment. Activated cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can affect the progression of lung cancer through exosomes. This study investigated the mechanism by which exosomal lncRNA ROR1-AS1 derived from CAFs affects ferroptosis of lung cancer cells. METHODS: CAFs were identified by western blot and immunofluorescence. Exosomes derived from CAFs (CAF-exo) were analyzed by transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot. The expression levels of ROR1-AS1, IGF2BP1 and SLC7A11 in lung cancer were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis and detected by qPCR and western blot. The lung cancer cells were treated with Erastin and/or CAF-exo, then cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8, and the ferroptosis-related indicators were detected by corresponding kits. The relationship between IGF2BP1 and ROR1-AS1 or SLC7A11 was determined by RNA pull down and RNA immunoprecipitation, and their effects on cell ferroptosis were confirmed by rescue experiments. Xenotransplantation experiment was used to determine the effect of CAF-exo on tumor growth and ferroptosis in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the Ki-67 and 4-HNE expression. RESULTS: ROR1-AS1, IGF2BP1 and SLC7A11 were upregulated in lung cancer and indicated poor prognosis. LncRNA ROR1-AS1 increased the stability of SLC7A11 mRNA by interacting with IGF2BP1. Exosomal ROR1-AS1 from CAFs inhibited ferroptosis of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The effect of ROR1-AS1 overexpression or IGF2BP1 overexpression on ferroptosis of lung cancer cells was partially reversed by IGF2BP1 silencing or SLC7A11 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: CAFs secrete exosomal ROR1-AS1 to promote the expression of SLC7A11 by interacting with IGF2BP1, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis of lung cancer cells.
Assuntos
Sistema y+ de Transporte de Aminoácidos , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer , Exossomos , Ferroptose , Neoplasias Pulmonares , RNA Longo não Codificante , Ferroptose/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Exossomos/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/patologia , Animais , Camundongos , Sistema y+ de Transporte de Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Sistema y+ de Transporte de Aminoácidos/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transdução de Sinais , Camundongos Nus , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
The receptor tyrosine kinase ROR2 mediates noncanonical WNT5A signaling to orchestrate tissue morphogenetic processes, and dysfunction of the pathway causes Robinow syndrome, brachydactyly B, and metastatic diseases. The domain(s) and mechanisms required for ROR2 function, however, remain unclear. We solved the crystal structure of the extracellular cysteine-rich (CRD) and Kringle (Kr) domains of ROR2 and found that, unlike other CRDs, the ROR2 CRD lacks the signature hydrophobic pocket that binds lipids/lipid-modified proteins, such as WNTs, suggesting a novel mechanism of ligand reception. Functionally, we showed that the ROR2 CRD, but not other domains, is required and minimally sufficient to promote WNT5A signaling, and Robinow mutations in the CRD and the adjacent Kr impair ROR2 secretion and function. Moreover, using function-activating and -perturbing antibodies against the Frizzled (FZ) family of WNT receptors, we demonstrate the involvement of FZ in WNT5A-ROR signaling. Thus, ROR2 acts via its CRD to potentiate the function of a receptor super-complex that includes FZ to transduce WNT5A signals.
Assuntos
Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Conformação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/química , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Proteínas Wnt/genética , Proteína Wnt-5a/metabolismo , Proteína Wnt-5a/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy target receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is broadly expressed in hematologic and solid tumors, however clinically-characterized ROR1-CAR T cells with single chain variable fragment (scFv)-R12 targeting domain failed to induce durable remissions, in part due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, we describe the development of an improved ROR1-CAR with a novel, fully human scFv9 targeting domain, and augmented with TGFßRIIDN armor protective against a major TME factor, transforming growth factor beta (TGFß). METHODS: CAR T cells were generated by lentiviral transduction of enriched CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and the novel scFv9-based ROR1-CAR-1 was compared with the clinically-characterized ROR1-R12-scFv-based CAR-2 in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: CAR-1 T cells exhibited greater CAR surface density than CAR-2 when normalized for %CAR+, and produced more interferon (IFN)-γ tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-2 in response to hematologic (Jeko-1, RPMI-8226) and solid (OVCAR-3, Capan-2, NCI-H226) tumor cell lines in vitro. In vivo, CAR-1 and CAR-2 both cleared hematologic Jeko-1 lymphoma xenografts, however only CAR-1 fully rejected ovarian solid OVCAR-3 tumors, concordantly with greater expansion of CD8+ and CD4+CAR T cells, and enrichment for central and effector memory phenotype. When equipped with TGFß-protective armor TGFßRIIDN, CAR-1 T cells resisted TGFß-mediated pSmad2/3 phosphorylation, as compared with CAR-1 alone. When co-cultured with ROR-1+ AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer line in the presence of TGFß1, armored CAR-1 demonstrated improved recovery of killing function, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 secretion. In mouse AsPC-1 pancreatic tumor xenografts overexpressing TGFß1, armored CAR-1, in contrast to CAR-1 alone, achieved complete tumor remissions, and yielded accelerated expansion of CAR+ T cells, diminished circulating active TGFß1, and no apparent toxicity or weight loss. Unexpectedly, in AsPC-1 xenografts without TGFß overexpression, TGFß1 production was specifically induced by ROR-1-CAR T cells interaction with ROR-1 positive tumor cells, and the TGFßRIIDN armor conferred accelerated tumor clearance. CONCLUSIONS: The novel fully human TGFßRIIDN-armored ROR1-CAR-1 T cells are highly potent against ROR1-positive tumors, and withstand the inhibitory effects of TGFß in solid TME. Moreover, TGFß1 induction represents a novel, CAR-induced checkpoint in the solid TME, which can be circumvented by co-expressing the TGßRIIDN armor on T cells.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ovarianas , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Apoptose , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta , Microambiente Tumoral , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis for a Chinese pedigree affected with Brachydactyly type B1 (BDB1) through whole exome sequencing (WES). METHODS: A BDB1 pedigree admitted to the Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Qingdao University on June 25, 2021 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the pedigree was collected with informed consent. WES was carried out for the proband, and candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: WES and Sanger sequencing had identified a heterozygous c.2257delT variant in the ROR2 gene of the proband and his affected father, which has conformed to an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), the variant was classified to be likely pathogenic (PVS1_Strong+PM2 Supporting+PP4). CONCLUSION: The c.2257delT variant of the ROR2 gene was unreported previously and is strongly correlated with the BDB1-like phenotype in this pedigree. Above finding has enriched the mutational spectrum of the ROR2 gene and facilitated the diagnosis and genetic counseling for this pedigree.
Assuntos
Braquidactilia , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Braquidactilia/genética , China , População do Leste Asiático/genética , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Mutação , Linhagem , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genéticaRESUMO
In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), identifying a component with certain molecular targets can aid research on cancer treatment. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin which induced the anti-cancer effects via the STAT3 signaling pathway, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still elusive. In this study, we first proved that DHA prohibits the growth of tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Data from transcriptomics showed that DHA reduced the expression level of the genes involved in cell cycle-promoting and anti-apoptosis, and most importantly, DHA restricted the expression level of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) which has been reported to have abnormal expression on tumor cells and had close interaction with STAT3 signaling. Then, we performed comprehensive experiments and found that DHA remarkably decreased the expression of ROR1 at both mRNA and protein levels and it also diminished the phosphorylation level of STAT3 in NSCLC cell lines. In addition, our data showed that exogenously introduced ROR1 could significantly enhance the phosphorylation of STAT3 while blocking ROR1 had the opposite effects indicating that ROR1 plays a critical role in promoting the activity of STAT3 signaling. Finally, we found that ROR1 overexpression could partially reverse the decreased activity of STAT3 induced by DHA which indicates that DHA-induced anti-growth signaling is conferred, at least in part, through blocking ROR1-mediated STAT3 activation. In summary, our study indicates that in NSCLC, ROR1 could be one of the critical molecular targets mediating DHA-induced STAT3 retardation.
Assuntos
Artemisininas , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Fator de Transcrição STAT3 , Artemisininas/farmacologia , Artemisininas/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Camundongos Nus , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células A549 , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
Ror-family receptors, Ror1 and Ror2, are type I transmembrane proteins that possess an extracellular cysteine-rich domain, which is conserved throughout the Frizzled-family receptors and is a binding site for Wnt ligands. Both Ror1 and Ror2 function primarily as receptors or co-receptors for Wnt5a to activate the ß-catenin-independent, non-canonical Wnt signaling, thereby regulating cell polarity, migration, proliferation, and differentiation depending on the context. Ror1 and Ror2 are expressed highly in many tissues during embryogenesis but minimally or scarcely in adult tissues, with some exceptions. In contrast, Ror1 and Ror2 are expressed in many types of cancers, and their high expression often contributes to the progression of the disease. Therefore, Ror1 and Ror2 have been proposed as potential targets for the treatment of the malignancies. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulatory mechanisms of Ror1/Ror2 expression and discuss how Wnt5a-Ror1/Ror2 signaling is mediated and regulated by their interacting proteins.
Assuntos
Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Proteína Wnt-5a , Humanos , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Proteína Wnt-5a/metabolismo , Proteína Wnt-5a/genética , Animais , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patologiaRESUMO
Medulloblastoma (MB), a prevalent pediatric central nervous system tumor, is influenced by microRNAs (miRNAs) that impact tumor initiation and progression. However, the specific involvement of miRNAs in MB tumorigenesis remains unclear. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified ROR2 expression in normal human fetal cerebellum. Subsequent analyses, including immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blot, assessed ROR2 expression in MB tissues and cell lines. We investigated miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p and their regulatory role in ROR2 expression through the dual-luciferase reporter, qRT-PCR, and western blot assays. Mechanistic insights were gained through functional assays exploring the impact of miR-124-3p, miR-194-5p, and ROR2 on MB growth in vitro and in vivo. We observed significantly reduced miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p expression and elevated ROR2 expression in MB tissues and cell lines. High ROR2 expression inversely correlated with overall survival in WNT and SHH subgroups of MB patients. Functionally, overexpressing miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p and inhibiting ROR2 suppressed in vitro malignant transformation and in vivo tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p synergistically regulated the ROR2/PI3K/Akt pathway, influencing MB progression. Our findings indicate that miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p function as tumor suppressors, inhibiting MB progression via the ROR2/PI3K/Akt axis, suggesting a key mechanism and therapeutic targets for MB patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Cerebelares , Meduloblastoma , MicroRNAs , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias Cerebelares/genética , Neoplasias Cerebelares/patologia , Neoplasias Cerebelares/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Meduloblastoma/genética , Meduloblastoma/patologia , Meduloblastoma/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Non-canonical WNT family (WNT5A pathway) signaling via WNT5A through ROR1 and its partner, ROR2, or Frizzled2 (FZD2) is linked to processes driving tumorigenesis and therapy resistance. We utilized a large dataset of urothelial carcinoma (UC) tumors to characterize non-canonical WNT signaling through WNT5A, ROR1, ROR2, or FZD2 expression. METHODS: NextGen Sequencing of DNA (592 genes or WES)/RNA (WTS) was performed for 4125 UC tumors submitted to Caris Life Sciences. High and low expression of WNT5A, ROR1, ROR2, and FZD2 was defined as ≥ top and Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição
, Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária
, Humanos
, Proteínas Wnt/genética
, Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo
, Via de Sinalização Wnt/genética
, Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética
, Proteína Wnt-5a/genética
, Proteína Wnt-5a/metabolismo
RESUMO
Cytoskeletal and microtubule atrophy are major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A method to investigate endogenous proteins that can interact/stabilize the cytoskeleton (under pathological cues) is rare. Here, we describe how receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1), a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), can act as a neuroprotective molecule by promoting neurite outgrowth, stabilizing cytoskeletal components, and altering the dynamics of actin assembly in a cell culture model of AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Availability of multimodal treatment strategies, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies, have improved the survival of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, some patients still progress or respond poorly due to inherent resistance, acquired resistance, or lack of druggable driver mutations. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR1/2) signaling pathways are activated during lung carcinogenesis. METHODS: In this study, we have evaluated the crosstalk of S1P and ROR1/2 signaling pathways in lung cancer cells. RESULTS: S1P treatment of lung cancer cells decreases ROR1 and ROR2 transcript levels. While treatment with PF-543, a pharmacological SphK1 inhibitor or genetic knockdown of SPHK1 by shRNA, raises ROR1 and ROR2. Furthermore, simultaneous inhibition of SphK1 along with ROR1 reduced the migration of lung cancer cells. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the reciprocal regulation of both pathways, suggesting that both pathways have an inverse relation i.e, in the absence of one pathway, another pathway may take charge of the other pathway. Therefore, simultaneously targeting both pathways could serve as a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Lisofosfolipídeos , Esfingosina/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Pulmão/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/genética , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/metabolismoRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most refractory cancers with the worst prognosis. Although several molecules are known to be associated with the progression of PDAC, the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of PDAC remain largely elusive. The Ror-family receptors, Ror1 and Ror2, which act as a receptor(s) for Wnt-family ligands, particularly Wnt5a, are involved in the progression of various types of cancers. Here, we show that higher expression of Ror1 and Wnt5b, but not Ror2, are associated with poorer prognosis of PDAC patients, and that Ror1 and Wnt5b are expressed highly in a type of PDAC cell lines, PANC-1 cells. Knockdown of either Ror1 or Wnt5b in PANC-1 cells inhibited their proliferation significantly in vitro, and knockout of Ror1 in PANC-1 cells resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we show that Wnt5b-Ror1 signaling in PANC-1 cells promotes their proliferation in a cell-autonomous manner by modulating our experimental setting in vitro. Collectively, these findings indicate that Wnt5b-Ror1 signaling might play an important role in the progression of some if not all of PDAC by promoting proliferation.