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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rates of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and growth of preterm and/or low birth weight newborns during the third stage of the Kangaroo Method (TSKM), at discharge. METHODS: Retrospective study in a reference public maternity hospital between Jan/2014 and Dec/2017, including the preterm (less than 37 weeks) and/or low birth weight (less than 2500 g) newborn infants. Information was collected from medical records. Statistics analysis was done in SPSS software. RESULTS: 482 infants were included and followed up at the TSKM ambulatory. The average gestational age was 33 weeks (variation: 24-39 weeks) and birth weight, 1715g (variation: 455-2830 g). EBF occurred in 336 (70.1%) infants at hospital discharge, and in 291 (60.4%) at TSKM discharge. Each additional day of hospital stay increased the chance of infant formula (IF) use by 9.3% at hospital discharge and by 10.3% at TSKM discharge. Staying in the Kangaroo Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit (KNICU) favored EBF at hospital discharge and TSKM discharge (p<0.001). Not performing the kangaroo position increased the chance formula administration to the newborn infant at hospital discharge by 11%. Weight gain and head circumference growth were higher in infants using formula (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The length of hospital stay and not performing the kangaroo position favored the use of infant formula at hospital and TSKM discharge. Staying in the KNICU favored exclusive breastfeeding at hospital and TSKM discharge. Weight gain and HC growth were higher in newborns receiving infant formula.

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Introducción: en Uruguay, la proporción de nacimientos con bajo peso al nacer (BPN) se mantiene cercana al 8%. En este grupo resulta un desafío conseguir un adecuado crecimiento y desarrollo enfocado a prevenir enfermedades a mediano y largo plazo. Objetivo: analizar la velocidad de crecimiento y los aspectos nutricionales de una cohorte de recién nacidos (RN) con BPN desde su egreso hospitalario y hasta los 12 meses de edad corregida (EC). Metodología: estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de los RN con BPN de la unidad neonatal de la Maternidad del Hospital de Clínicas Dr. Manuel Quintela, entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2015. Se excluyeron los portadores de malformaciones congénitas y patología quirúrgica al nacer. Se evaluó peso, longitud y perímetro craneano al egreso, y a los 5, 9 y 12 meses de EC. La velocidad del crecimiento fue analizada mediante z-score y Δz-score ajustado a EC en curvas de la OMS. Se estimó aporte nutricional en cada control y se exploraron asociaciones entre cambios en la curva de crecimiento y el grado de adecuación de la ingesta calórica estimada. Resultados: ingresaron al estudio 31 recién nacidos: con peso al nacer <1.500 g hubo 7 neonatos y ≥1.500 g 24. Edad gestacional (EG) media 32,5 semanas (rango 25-39), un término y 30 prematuros: extremos 2, muy prematuros 9, y moderados 19. En relación al peso al nacer para la EG 21 fueron adecuados (AEG), 7 pequeños (PEG) y 3 grandes (GEG). Completaron los tres controles programados 26 niños. En el primer control mantuvieron el carril de crecimiento 15 niños, descendieron 8 y aceleraron 8; en el segundo mantuvieron 9, desaceleraron 8 y aceleraron 12; y en el tercero mantuvieron 9, desaceleraron 7 y aceleraron 10. El número de niños que al final del seguimiento mantenían el mismo carril de crecimiento que al nacer, descendió a expensas de un aumento de aquellos que aceleraron el crecimiento. Al llegar al tercer control se encontró que sólo 9 niños mantuvieron el carril de crecimiento al nacer y el resto (17) cambiaron de carril, lo cual resultó en una diferencia significativa. En los 10 pacientes que aceleraron su crecimiento durante el primer año de vida, no se encontraron asociaciones entre la velocidad de crecimiento y las características energéticas de la alimentación complementaria que recibían. Conclusiones: se observaron problemas en el crecimiento de los niños con BPN durante el primer año de vida. Una proporción significativa presentaron crecimiento acelerado lo cual es un factor de riesgo para obesidad y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Es necesario profundizar en las causas de estas alteraciones, en especial relacionadas con las prácticas de alimentación, para desarrollar estrategias que contribuyan a la prevención.

Introduction: in Uruguay, the proportion of low weight births (LBW) remains close to 8%. It is a challenge to achieve adequate growth and development focused on preventing diseases in the medium and long term for the case of this group. Objective: analyze the growth rate and nutritional aspects of a cohort of newborns (NB) with LBW since they were discharged from the hospital and until 12 months of corrected age (CA). Methodology: descriptive, prospective study of NBs with LBW of the neonatal ward of the Manuel Quintela Maternity Hospital, between January 1 and December 31, 2015. We excluded carriers of congenital malformations and surgical pathology at birth and assessed weight, length and cranial perimeter at discharge, and at 5, 9 and 12 months of CA. The growth rate was analyzed using z-score and Δz-score adjusted to CA in WHO curves. Nutritional contribution was estimated in each check-up and associations were explored between changes in the growth curve and the degree of adequacy of the estimated caloric intake. Results: 31 newborns participated in the test: 7 newborns had a birth weight of <1.500 g and ≥1.500 g: 24. Mean Gestational Age (GA) 32.5 weeks (range 25-39), one term and 30 preterm newborns: extreme 2, very premature 9, and moderate 19. Regarding birth weight according to gestational age, 21 were appropiate for gestational age (AGA), 7 small for gestational age (SGA) and 3 large for gestational age (LGA). The 26 children completed the 3 scheduled check-ups. In the 1st check-up, 15 children had been able to maintain the growth trend, in 8 of them it had decreased and in 8 it had accelerated; in the 2nd check-up 9 of them maintained their growth rate, 9 decreased it and 12 of the newborns increased it; and in the 3rd check-up, the trend remained steady for 9 of them , it decreased for 7 of them and it increased for 10 of them. The number of children who at the end of the follow-up maintained the same growth trend they had at birth decreased, despite the increase in the growth trend of those with a more accelerated growth. At the time of the 3rd check-up it was found that only 9 children maintained the growth trend they had at birth and the rest, (17), changed trends, which resulted in a significant gap. We did not find links life between the growth rate and the energy characteristics of the supplementary food they received in the 10 patients who had increased their growth rate in their first year of life. Conclusions: we observed problems regarding the growth rate of children with LBW during the first year of life. A significant proportion showed accelerated growth, which is a risk factor for obesity and chronic non-communicable diseases. It is necessary to research the causes of these alterations, especially regarding their feeding practices in order to develop strategies for their prevention.

Introdução: no Uruguai, a proporção de recém-nascidos com baixo peso ao nascer (LBW) permanece próxima de 8%. É um desafio alcançar um crescimento e desenvolvimento adequados focados na prevenção de doenças a médio e longo prazo nesse grupo de crianças. Objetivo: analisar a taxa de crescimento e aspectos nutricionais de uma coorte de recém-nascidos (RN) com LBW no momento da alta hospitalar e até 12 meses de idade corrigida (EC). Metodologia: estudo prospectivo de RNs com LBW da unidade neonatal da Maternidade do Hospital Dr. Manuel Quintela, entre 1º de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2015. Foram excluídos portadores de malformações congênitas e patologia cirúrgica ao nascer. Peso, comprimento e perímetro craniano foram avaliados no momento da alta hospitalar e aos 5, 9 e 12 meses de EC. A velocidade de crescimento foi analisada utilizando-se pontuação z e pontuação Δz ajustada ao EC das curvas da OMS. A contribuição nutricional foi estimada em cada controle e as associações entre mudanças na curva de crescimento e o grau de adequação da ingestão calórica estimada foram exploradas. Resultados: 31 recém-nascidos entraram no estudo: com peso ao nascer <1500 g havia 7 recém-nascidos e ≥1500 g: 24. Idade Gestacional Média (EG) 32,5 semanas (faixa 25-39), um termo e 30 prematuros: extremos 2, muito prematuros 9 e moderados 19. Em relação ao peso ao nascer para EG, 21 foram adequados (AEG), 7 pequenos (PEG) e 3 grandes (GEG). As 26 crianças completaram os 3 controles programados. No 1º controle, 15 crianças mantiveram a faixa de crescimento, 8 desceram e 8 aceleraram; no 2º mantiveram 9, desaceleraram 8 e aceleraram 12; e no 3º mantiveram 9, desaceleraram 7 e aceleraram 10. O número de crianças que, ao final do seguimento, manteve a mesma faixa de crescimento do que ao nascer diminuiu mesmo que houve um aumento daqueles que aceleraram o crescimento. No 3º controle foi constatado que apenas 9 crianças mantiveram a faixa de crescimento que tinham ao nascer e o resto (17) mudou de faixa, resultando numa diferença significativa. Nos 10 pacientes que aceleraram seu crescimento durante o primeiro ano de vida, não foram encontradas associações entre a velocidade de crescimento e as características energéticas da alimentação complementar que receberam. Conclusões: foram observados problemas no crescimento de crianças com LBW durante o primeiro ano de vida. Uma proporção significativa delas mostrou crescimento acelerado, que é um fator de risco para obesidade e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. É necessário aprofundar nas causas dessas alterações, especialmente aquelas relacionadas às práticas alimentares para poder desenvolver estratégias que contribuam para a prevenção.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare perinatal outcomes in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes using the one-step and the two-step test. METHODS: Meta-analysis of observational studies pregnancies women with gestational diabetes from January 2014 to February 2019. The outcomes studied were induction of labor and delivery, preterm delivery, fetal macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, low birth weight, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. RESULTS: Eight studies were included with a population of 108,609 pregnancies. Statistical differences were obtained for fetal macrosomia RR0.9 (95%CI0.85-0.97; I20%) and neonatal hypoglycemia RR1.1 (95%CI1.01-1.40; I248.5%). CONCLUSION: Neonatal macrosomia appears to be less present when the one-step diagnostic test is used and neonatal hypoglycemia was lower with the two-step test. Register PROSPERO CRD42020215062.

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Preterm birth is the major contributor for neonatal and under-five years mortality rates and also accounts for a short- and long-term adverse consequences up to adulthood. Perinatal outcomes may vary according to lots of factors as preterm subtype, late prematurity, which account for the vast majority of cases, country and population characteristics. An under-recognition of the perinatal outcomes and its associated factors might have underpowered strategies to provide adequate care and prevent its occurrence. We aim to estimate the frequency of maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with different categories of preterm and term births, factors associated with poorer perinatal outcomes and related management interventions. A multicentre prospective cohort in five maternities in Brazil between 2015 and 2018. Nulliparous low-risk women with singletons were included. Comprehensive data were collected during three antenatal visits (at 19-21weeks, 27-29 weeks and 37-39 weeks). Maternal and perinatal outcomes were also collected according to maternal and neonatal medical records. Women who had spontaneous (sPTB) and provider-initiated (pi-PTB) preterm birth were compared to those who had term birth. Also, late preterm birth (after 34 weeks), and early term (37-38 weeks) were compared to full term birth (39-40 weeks). Bivariate analysis estimated risk ratios for maternal and adverse outcomes. Finally, a multivariate analysis was conducted to address factors independently associated with any adverse perinatal outcome (APO). In total, 1,165 women had outcome data available, from which 6.7% had sPTB, 4.0% had pi-PTB and 89.3% had a term birth. sPTB and pi-PTb were associated with poorer perinatal outcomes, as well as late sPTB, late pi-PTB and early term neonates. pi-PTB (RRadj 8.12, 95% CI [2.54-25.93], p-value 0.007), maternal weight gain between 20 and 27 weeks

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Mode of delivery, preterm birth, and low birth weight (LBW) are hypothesized to be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the offspring. Using data from 343 ASD cases (2-8 years) and their age- and sex-matched typically developing controls in Jamaica we investigated these hypotheses. Our statistical analyses revealed that the parish of residence could modify the association between cesarean delivery and ASD, with a difference found in this relationship in Kingston parish [matched odds ratio (MOR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) 2.30 (1.17-4.53)] and other parishes [MOR (95% CI) 0.87 (0.48-1.59)]. Although the associations of LBW and preterm birth with ASD were not significant, we observed a significant interaction between LBW and the household socioeconomic status. These findings require replication.

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Introducción: La displasia broncopulmonar es la secuela más común relacionada con los recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer, derivada de la inmadurez pulmonar y en algunos casos del tratamiento. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo maternos y neonatales asociados a displasia broncopulmonar en recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer. Métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 205 recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer en el Hospital Belén de Trujillo, durante el período 2008-2015. El grupo de casos y el de controles fueron 41 pacientes con diagnóstico de displasia broncopulmonar y 164 pacientes sin diagnóstico de este trastorno respiratorio y que se ajustaran a los criterios de exclusión. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo asociados a displasia broncopulmonar fueron dos o más episodios de sepsis tardía (OR= 5,12; IC95 por ciento: 1,87-14,06), la prematuridad extrema (OR= 4,86; IC95 por ciento: 1,71-13,80), el peso extremadamente bajo al nacer (OR= 2,72; IC95 por ciento: 0,93- 7,94) y la reanimación neonatal (OR= 2,28; IC95 por ciento: 0,89-5,87). Conclusiones: La prematuridad extrema y dos episodios o más de sepsis tardía fueron los factores de riesgo que más se relacionan con la aparición de displasia broncopulmonar en recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer(AU)

Introduction: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is the most common sequelae related to very low birth weight premature infants, and it is derived from pulmonary immaturity and in some cases from treatment. Objective: To identify maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight premature infants. Methods: The sample was composed of 205 very low birth weight premature infants at Belén of Trujillo Hospital during the period 2008-2015. The group of cases and controls were 41 patients with diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and 164 patients with no diagnosis of this respiratory disorder, respectively, and that both groups adjusted with exclusion criteria. Results: Risk factors associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia were 2 or more episodes of late onset sepsis (OR=5.12; IC95 percent: 1,87-14,06), extreme prematurity (OR= 4.86; IC95 percent: 1.7-13.80), extremely low birth weight (OR= 2.72; IC95 percent: 0.9-7.94) and neonatal resuscitation (OR= 2.28; IC95 percent: 0.89-5.87). Conclusions: Extreme prematurity and 2 or more episodes of late onset sepsis were the most associated risk factors to the onset of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight premature infants(AU)

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Introdução: Recém-nascidos prematuros e de baixo peso representam, entre a população neonatal, os grupos mais suscetíveis ao óbito. Objetivos: relacionar as faixas de peso menor ou igual a 1.500g, com o tempo de permanência nas UTI's e identificar a relação entre tempo de permanência e as complicações adquiridas durante a internação. Métodos: A pesquisa realizada é descritiva, de caráter quantitativo e de campo. Utilizou-se uma ficha de coleta de dados para preenchimento dos achados obtidos em prontuários. Foram incluídos os prontuários de recém-nascidos provenientes do centro cirúrgico ou da sala de parto (da própria instituição), com peso menor ou igual a 1.500g (de ambos os sexos). E que necessitaram de internação nas UTI's Neonatais no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2014. Resultados: Verificou-se que quanto menor o peso, menor o tempo de internação. A grande maioria dos recém-nascidos que ficaram internados apresentou algum tipo de complicação, sendo os principais relatos os de choque hipovolêmico seguido de sepse. Conclusão: A taxa de mortalidade se relacionou com o peso, tempo de permanência e uso de medicamentos e a alta desses RN revelou uma evidente relação de baixo peso e o menor tempo de internação nas UTI's com o desfecho óbito; quanto menor peso, mais recursos foram utilizados, não aumentando o tempo de permanência nas unidades e /ou diminuindo a taxa de mortalidade dos recém-nascidos. A maioria dos pacientes de baixo peso utilizou algum suporte ventilatório. Porém, o recurso não aumentou o tempo de permanência dos neonatos. (AU)

Introduction: Preterm and low birth weight infants represent the groups most susceptible to death among the neonatal population. Objectives: to relate the bands of weight less than or equal to 1,500 g, with the length of stay in the ICUs and to identify the relationship between length of stay and complications acquired during hospitalization. Methods: The research is descriptive, quantitative and field. A data collection form was used to fill out the findings obtained in medical records. The records of newborns from the surgical center or the delivery room (of the institution), weighing less than or equal to 1,500 g (of both sexes), were included. And who needed hospitalization in the Neonatal ICUs from January to December 2014. Results: It was verified that the lower the weight, the shorter the hospitalization time. The vast majority of newborns who were hospitalized presented some type of complication, being the main reports those of hypovolemic shock followed by sepsis. Conclusion: The mortality rate was related to weight, length of stay and medication use, and discharge from these NBs revealed an evident low weight ratio and the shorter ICU stay with the death outcome; and lower weight, more resources were used, not increasing the time spent in the units and / or decreasing the mortality rate of newborns. Most lowweight patients used some ventilatory support. However, the resource did not increase the length of stay of the neonates. (AU)

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Purpose Measure the intervention time required for transition from gavage to exclusive oral feeding, comparing newborns exposed exclusively to the mother's breast with those who, in addition to breastfeeding, received supplementation using a cup or baby bottle. Methods Analytical, longitudinal, cohort study conducted with 165 newborns (NB) divided into groups according to severity of medical complications (G1-with no complications; G2-with significant complications), and into subgroups according to feeding mechanism (A and B). All NBs were low birth weight, on Kangaroo Mother Care, and breast stimulated according to medical prescription and hospital routine. Regarding feeding pattern, subgroup A comprised NBs exclusively breastfed at hospital discharge, whereas subgroup B was composed of NBs fed through cup/bottle at some time during hospitalization. The number of days spent in each stage of transition was recorded for each NB. Results History of clinical complications significantly influenced total intervention time. Study participants in subgroups G1-A (10 days), G1-B (9 days), and G2-A (12 days) displayed greater chances of early discharge compared with those in subgroup G2-B (16 days). Conclusion NBs with no important history of clinical complications displayed greater chances of early hospital discharge. NBs with significant history of clinical complications that underwent gavage to exclusive breastfeeding transition presented smaller intervention time than those that required supplementation using cup/bottle. Feeding transition using the gavage-to-exclusive oral feeding technique is recommended for Speech-language Pathology practice in Neonatology.

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RESUMO Objetivo Verificar o tempo despendido na transição da alimentação por gavagem para via oral exclusiva, na técnica sonda-peito, comparando RNs baixo peso, considerando suas intercorrências clínicas/médicas, submetidos ao peito exclusivo com aqueles que, além do peito, receberam complemento por copo/mamadeira. Método Estudo de coorte, analítico e longitudinal, com 165 RNs, divididos quanto à gravidade de intercorrências clínicas (G1 e G2) e quanto à via de dieta (A e B). Todos RNs eram baixo peso, do Método Canguru, estimulados no peito, conforme prescrição médica e rotina hospitalar. Pertenciam ao subgrupo A: RNs estimulados exclusivamente no peito, que mantiveram peito exclusivo no momento da alta, e ao subgrupo B: RNs que utilizaram copo/mamadeira em algum momento da internação hospitalar em complementação ao peito. Foi registrado o número de dias que o RN permaneceu em cada etapa da transição. Resultados O histórico de intercorrências médicas influenciou significativamente o tempo total de transição. Subgrupos G1-A (10 dias), G1-B (9 dias) e G2-A (12 dias), quando comparados ao grupo G2-B(16 dias), evidenciaram maior chance de alta antecipada. Conclusão RNs sem intercorrências clínicas importantes apresentaram chance de alta mais breve. RNs com intercorrências clínicas, que fizeram a transição da gavagem exclusivamente no peito, tiveram tempo de transição menor que aqueles que utilizaram complementação por copo/mamadeira. A transição alimentar pela técnica sonda-peito é importante para ser preconizada na atuação fonoaudiológica em Neonatologia.

ABSTRACT Purpose Measure the intervention time required for transition from gavage to exclusive oral feeding, comparing newborns exposed exclusively to the mother's breast with those who, in addition to breastfeeding, received supplementation using a cup or baby bottle. Methods Analytical, longitudinal, cohort study conducted with 165 newborns (NB) divided into groups according to severity of medical complications (G1-with no complications; G2-with significant complications), and into subgroups according to feeding mechanism (A and B). All NBs were low birth weight, on Kangaroo Mother Care, and breast stimulated according to medical prescription and hospital routine. Regarding feeding pattern, subgroup A comprised NBs exclusively breastfed at hospital discharge, whereas subgroup B was composed of NBs fed through cup/bottle at some time during hospitalization. The number of days spent in each stage of transition was recorded for each NB. Results History of clinical complications significantly influenced total intervention time. Study participants in subgroups G1-A (10 days), G1-B (9 days), and G2-A (12 days) displayed greater chances of early discharge compared with those in subgroup G2-B (16 days). Conclusion NBs with no important history of clinical complications displayed greater chances of early hospital discharge. NBs with significant history of clinical complications that underwent gavage to exclusive breastfeeding transition presented smaller intervention time than those that required supplementation using cup/bottle. Feeding transition using the gavage-to-exclusive oral feeding technique is recommended for Speech-language Pathology practice in Neonatology.

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BACKGROUND: Little is known about the interaction between gender and low birth weight (LBW) and lifelong social mobility as an explanation of the etiology of obesity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate total and central obesity according to gender, LBW and social mobility, within the context of the epidemiological transition in middle-income countries. We hypothesize that there are more pronounced metabolic consequences of social mobility for women born with LBW. METHODS: We used data from a birth cohort study conducted in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Data regarding anthropometric measurements, schooling and smoking status were collected at 23-25 years of age. Social mobility was determined based on maternal and adult offspring schooling and categorized as Low-Low, Low-High and High-High. Analysis of covariance was performed to assess the association between social mobility and body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) in adulthood, stratified by LBW and gender. RESULTS: Data on 6827 singleton pregnancies were collected at birth in 1978/79 and a sample was followed up in 2002/04. A total of 2063 subjects were included in the study. Mean age was 23.9 ± 0.7 years, 51.8% (n = 1068) were female and the LBW was 6.2% (n = 128). There was a triple interaction between social mobility, LBW and gender. Among women born without LBW, BMI and WC were higher in the Low-Low group compared to High-High schooling group. Among LBW women, BMI and WC were higher in the Low-Low group compared to the Low-High group. CONCLUSIONS: Women born with LBW belonging to the low schooling group in early adulthood had high BMI and WC, compared to the Low-High social mobility group.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although kangaroo mother care (KMC) has been shown to be safe and effective in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), there are no published complete economic evaluations including the three components of the full intervention. METHODS: A cost utility analysis performed on the results of an RCT conducted in Bogotá, Colombia between 1993 and 1996. Hospital and ambulatory costs were estimated by microcosting in a sample of preterm infants from a University Hospital in Bogotá in 2011 and at a KMC clinic in the same period. Utility scores were assigned by experts by means of (1) direct ordering and scoring discrete health states and (2) constructing a multi-attribute utility function. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CIs) for the incremental cost-utility ratios (ICURs) were computed by the Fiellers theorem method. One-way sensitivity analysis on price estimates for valuing costs was performed. RESULTS: ICUR at 1 year of corrected age was $ -1,546 per extra quality-adjusted life year gained using the KMC method (95% CI $ -7,963 to $ 4,910). CONCLUSION: In Bogotá, the use of KMC is dominant: more effective and cost-saving. Although results from an economic analysis should not be extrapolated to different systems and communities, this dominant result suggests that KMC could be cost-effective in similar low and middle income countries settings.

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Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a human-based care intervention devised to complement neonatal care for low birth weight and premature infants. Kangaroo position (skin-to-skin contact on the mother's chest) offers thermal regulation, physiological stability, appropriate stimulation, and enhances bonding and breastfeeding. Kangaroo nutrition is based on breastfeeding, and kangaroo discharge policy relies on family empowerment and early discharge in kangaroo position with close ambulatory follow-up. We describe how the evidence has been developed and how it has been put into practice by means of direct preterm infants care and dissemination of the method, including training of KMC excellence centers in many countries not only in Latin America but worldwide.

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Objectives The Kangaroo method helps promote maternal breastfeeding and adequate growth of low birthweight preterm infants. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between weight-gain velocity during use of the Kangaroo method and maternal and infant variables. Methods A nested cross-sectional study in a cohort of newborn infants managed using the Kangaroo method was carried out at a reference center for the method in Brazil. Data on low birthweight and preterm infants managed using the Kangaroo Method (n = 78) and on their respective mothers (n = 70) was collected between January and July 2014. Maternal and infant variables were associated and correlated with weight-gain velocity (g/kg/day) at each phase of the method (p < 0.05). Results Mean weight-gain velocity increased from 0.12 ± 11.11 g/kg/day in the first phase to 13.47 ± 4.84 g/kg/day in the third phase (p < 0.001), and percentage of adequate weight increased at phase 3 (p < 0.001). Birthweight was inversely correlated with weight-gain velocity at phases 1 and 2 of the Kangaroo method. Birthweight of under 1500 g was associated with a lower likelihood of inadequate weight-gain velocity of the newborn at phase 1 (OR = 0.1; 95 % CI 0.01-0.78; p = 0.012). In phase 3, maternal age was directly correlated with weight-gain velocity. Conclusions Weight-gain velocity was associated with maternal (age) and infant (gestational age at birth, birthweight, weight for gestational age at birth, length of hospital stay and five-minute Apgar score) variables. Knowledge of the factors influencing weight-gain velocity and its behavior at each phase of the method can help guide conduct toward potentializing factors that promote adequate weight-gain.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the initial Dornic acidity in raw human milk, after pasteurization and after heating and dilution of a dietary supplement for preterm infants. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, and experimental study was carried out with a convenience sample at the human milk bank at a Brazilian public maternity, with specialized care for pregnant women and newborns at risk. The eligibility criteria for the study sample included 93 frozen raw human milk in suitable containers with volumes ≥100 mL and initial Dornic acidity ≤8° Dornic (ºD). Milk acidity of human milk was measured in four stages: in raw human milk (initial); after pasteurization; after the heating of pasteurized milk and dilution of the supplement; and after thirty minutes of supplementation. Results: The initial acidity was 3.8° D ± 1.3 (95% CI: 3.56-4.09) with no significant difference in Dornic acidity in pasteurized milk, which was 3.6° D ± 1.2 (95% CI: 3.36-3.87). The dilution of the supplement in pasteurized milk that was heated significantly increased mean Dornic acidity to 18.6 °D ± 2.2 (95% CI: 18.18-19.11), which remained high after thirty minutes of supplementation at 17.8 °D ± 2.2 (95% CI: 17.36-18.27), considering p < 0.05. Conclusions: The study observed no significant differences in Dornic acidity of raw human milk and pasteurized human milk; however, the dilution of a human milk supplementation caused a significant increase in acidity. Further investigations are necessary on the influence of this finding on the quality of supplemented milk and its consequences on the health of preterm infants.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a acidez Dornic inicial no leite humano cru, após pasteurização, e aquecimento e diluição de um suplemento nutricional para recém-nascidos prematuros. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, experimental, com amostragem por conveniência, feito no Banco de Leite Humano de uma maternidade pública brasileira, com assistência especializada às gestantes e recém-nascidos de risco. Os critérios de elegibilidade das 93 amostras do estudo incluíram leites humanos crus congelados em embalagens apropriadas, com volumes ≥ 100 mL e acidez Dornic inicial ≤ 8°Dornic (°D). A acidez Dornic dos leites humanos foi mensurada em quatro momentos: no leite humano cru (inicial); após pasteurização; após aquecimento do leite pasteurizado e diluição do suplemento; e após transcorridos 30 minutos de suplementação. Resultados A acidez inicial foi de 3,8°D ± 1,3 (IC 3,56-4,09) e não apresentou diferença significativa em relação à acidez Dornic no leite pasteurizado, que foi de 3,6°D ± 1,2 (IC 3,36-3,87). A diluição do suplemento no leite pasteurizado e aquecido aumentou significativamente a média da acidez Dornic a 18,6°D ± 2,2 (IC 18,18-19,11), a qual se manteve elevada em 17,8°D ± 2,2 (IC 17,36-18,27) após 30 minutos da diluição, considerando p < 0,05. Conclusões O estudo demonstrou que a acidez Dornic do leite humano cru e a do leite humano pasteurizado não apresentaram diferenças significativas, porém a diluição do suplemento de leite humano promoveu elevação significativa da acidez. Maiores investigações da influência desse achado sobre a qualidade do leite suplementado e suas consequências na saúde de prematuros são necessárias.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the initial Dornic acidity in raw human milk, after pasteurization and after heating and dilution of a dietary supplement for preterm infants. METHODS: A quantitative, descriptive, and experimental study was carried out with a convenience sample at the human milk bank at a Brazilian public maternity, with specialized care for pregnant women and newborns at risk. The eligibility criteria for the study sample included 93 frozen raw human milk in suitable containers with volumes ≥100mL and initial Dornic acidity ≤8° Dornic (°D). Milk acidity of human milk was measured in four stages: in raw human milk (initial); after pasteurization; after the heating of pasteurized milk and dilution of the supplement; and after thirty minutes of supplementation. RESULTS: The initial acidity was 3.8°D±1.3 (95% CI: 3.56-4.09) with no significant difference in Dornic acidity in pasteurized milk, which was 3.6°D±1.2 (95% CI: 3.36-3.87). The dilution of the supplement in pasteurized milk that was heated significantly increased mean Dornic acidity to 18.6°D±2.2 (95% CI: 18.18-19.11), which remained high after thirty minutes of supplementation at 17.8°D±2.2 (95% CI: 17.36-18.27), considering p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The study observed no significant differences in Dornic acidity of raw human milk and pasteurized human milk; however, the dilution of a human milk supplementation caused a significant increase in acidity. Further investigations are necessary on the influence of this finding on the quality of supplemented milk and its consequences on the health of preterm infants.

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Low birth weight (LBW<2500), very low birth weight (VLBW<1500), extremely low birth weight (ELBW<1500) infants are at high risk for growth failure that result in delayed development. Africa is a continent that presents high rates of children born with LBW, VLBW and ELBW particularly sub-Saharan Africa. To review the existing literature that explores the repercussions of LBW, VLBW and ELBW on growth, neurodevelopmental outcome and mortality in African children aged 0-5 years old. A systematic review of peer-reviewed articles using Academic Search Complete in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus and Scholar Google. Quantitatives studies that investigated the association between LBW, VLBW, ELBW with growth, neurodevelopmental outcome and mortality, published between 2008 and 2015 were included. African studies with humans were eligible for inclusion. From the total of 2205 articles, 12 articles were identified as relevant and were subsequently reviewed in full version. Significant associations were found between LBW, VLBW and ELBW with growth, neurodevelopmental outcome and mortality. Surviving VLBW and ELBW showed increased risk of death, growth retardation and delayed neurodevelopment. Post-neonatal interventions need to be carried out in order to minimize the short-term effects of VLBW and ELBW.

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