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BACKGROUND: Traditionally, technical proficiency for spinal anesthesia has been assessed using observational scales such as global rating scales or task specific checklists. However more objective metrics are required in order to improve novice's training programs. The aim of this study is to validate the hand motion analysis of the Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device (ICSAD) in a simulated model of spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Three groups of physicians with different levels of experience were video recorded performing a spinal anesthesia in a simulated lumbar puncture torso. Participants' technical performance was assessed with ICSAD, a Global Rating Scale (GRS) and a specific Checklist. Differences between the 3 groups were determined by Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn's correction for multiple comparisons. Spearman correlation coefficient between ICSAD variables and the scores of the observational scales were calculated to establish concurrent validity. RESULTS: Thirty subjects participated in the study: ten novice (first year residents), 10 intermediate (third year residents) and 10 experts (attending anesthesiologists). GRS scores were significantly higher in experts, than intermediates and novices. Regarding total path length, number of movements and procedural time measured with ICSAD, all groups had significant differences between them (p = 0.026, p = 0.045 and p = 0.005 respectively). Spearman correlation coefficient was -0,46 (p = 0.012) between total path length measured with ICSAD and GRS scores. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first validation study of ICSAD as an assessment tool for spinal anesthesia in a simulated model. Using ICSAD can discriminate proficiency between expert and novices and correlates with previously validated GRS. Its use in the assessment of spinal anesthesia proficiency provides complementary data to existing tools. Our results could be used to design future training programs with reliable goals to accomplish.

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Introducción: la anestesia raquídea está asociada a una menor incidencia de complicaciones respiratorias y una más rápida recuperación en relación a la anestesia general en lactantes exprematuros (menos de 37 semanas) sometidos a cirugía de reparación de hernia inguinal antes de las 60 semanas. Objetivo: presentar la experiencia de implementación de un protocolo en 15 niños con estas características. Material y método: los pacientes no presentaban comorbilidades, la paraclínica preoperatoria fue normal y la saturación periférica de oxígeno (SpO2) al aire entre 98% y 99%. La punción se realizó con agujas 25G Quincke 2,5 cm de longitud en posición sentada. Se administraron 0,5 ml de bupivacaína, 0,5% hiperbárica. Resultados: la técnica fue exitosa en 11 casos; de los cuatro fracasos, en tres no se accedió al espacio subaracnoideo y en un paciente el tiempo de bloqueo fue insuficiente para finalizar la cirugía requiriendo sedación adicional; promedio de intentos 1,6 ± 0,9 con 66,7% en el primer intento (n = 15); latencia del bloqueo motor 56,7 ± 13,5 seg (n = 12). Para una duración quirúrgica promedio de 46,2 ± 14,8 min, la duración del bloqueo fue de 63,2 ± 8,2 min, lográndose condiciones quirúrgicas adecuadas para finalizar el procedimiento en 11 pacientes. No hubo modificaciones hemodinámicas ni respiratorias significativas, salvo respiración paradojal sin desaturación arterial en dos casos. En sala de recuperación anestésica (SRA) se reinstaló la alimentación habitual junto a la madre, permaneciendo internados 24 horas sin presentar complicaciones. Conclusiones: la evaluación de la aplicación de este protocolo de anestesia raquídea mostró que es seguro, eficaz, y de rápida recuperación en este grupo de pacientes. (AU)

Introduction: spinal anesthesia is associated to a lower incidence of respiratory complications and a faster recovery when compared to general anesthesia in extremely preterm breastfed babies (younger than 37 weeks) who undergo an inguinal hernia repair surgery before week 60.Objectives: the study aims to present the experience when a protocol was implemented in 15 children who met these criteria.Method: the patients did not evidence comorbility factors, the preoperative paraclinical studies were normal and the peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) on room air was between 98% and 99%. Puncture was done with 2.5 cm long 25G Quincke needle on a sitting down position. The patient was given 0.5 cc of hyperbaric bupivacaine, 0.5%.Results: the technique was successful in 11 cases, in three out of the four failures the subarachnoid space could not be accessed and in one patient the anesthetic time was not enough to complete the surgery and additional sedation was needed. Average number of attempts was 1.6 ± 0,9 with 66.7% in the first case (n = 15); motor anesthetic latency 56.7 ± 13.5 sec (n = 12). For an average length of surgery of 46.2 ± 14.8 min, anesthesia lasted 63.2 ± 8.2 min, achieving adequate surgical conditions to complete the procedure in 11 patients. There were no significant hemodynamic or respiratory modifications, except for the paradoxical breathing with no arterial desaturation in two cases. Regular feeding was reinitiated in the anesthesia recovery room along with the mother, and they stayed 24 hours hospitalized without evidencing complications.Conclusions: the evaluation of the application of this protocol for spinal anesthesia showed it is a safe and effective technique with a fast recovery for this group of patients.

Introdução: a anestesia raquidiana está associada a uma menor incidência de complicações respiratórias e recuperação mais rápida em comparação com a anestesia geral em lactantes ex-prematuros (menos de 37 semanas) submetidos à cirurgia de reparação de hérnia inguinal antes da idade pós conceptual de 60 semanas.Objetivos: apresentar a experiência de implementação de um protocolo em 15 crianças com estas características.Material e método: os pacientes não apresentavam comorbidades, os exames complementares pré-operatórios eram normais e a saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2) em ar entre 98% e 99%. A punção foi feita com agulhas 25G Quincke 2,5 cm de longitude com o paciente sentado. Foram administradas 0,5 cc de bupivacaína, 0,5% hiperbárica.Resultados: a técnica foi bem sucedida em 11 casos; dos quatro fracassos, em três não foi possível chegar ao espaço subaracnóideo e em um paciente o tempo de bloqueio não foi suficiente para terminar a cirurgia requerendo sedação adicional; a média de tentativas foi de 1,6 ± 0,9 com 66,7% na primeira tentativa (n = 15); latência do bloqueio motor 56,7 ± 13,5 seg (n = 12). Para uma cirurgia com duração média de 46,2 ± 14,8 min, a duração do bloqueio foi de 63,2 ± 8,2 min, obtendo-se condições cirúrgicas adequadas para finalizar o procedimento em 11 pacientes. Não foram observadas modificações hemodinâmicas nem respiratórias significativas, exceto respiração paradoxal sem dessaturação arterial em dois casos. Na sala de recuperação anestésica (SRA) a alimentação habitual junto com a mãe foi reinstituída, permanecendo internadas 24 horas sem apresentar complicações.Conclusões: a avaliação da aplicação deste protocolo de anestesia raquidiana mostrou que é seguro, eficaz, e com rápida recuperação neste grupo de pacientes.

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Introducción: la anestesia raquídea está asociada a una menor incidencia de complicaciones respiratorias y una más rápida recuperación en relación a la anestesia general en lactantes exprematuros (menos de 37 semanas) sometidos a cirugía de reparación de hernia inguinal antes de las 60 semanas. Objetivo: presentar la experiencia de implementación de un protocolo en 15 niños con estas características. Material y método: los pacientes no presentaban comorbilidades, la paraclínica preoperatoria fue normal y la saturación periférica de oxígeno (SpO2) al aire entre 98% y 99%. La punción se realizó con agujas 25G Quincke 2,5 cm de longitud en posición sentada. Se administraron 0,5 ml de bupivacaína, 0,5% hiperbárica. Resultados: la técnica fue exitosa en 11 casos; de los cuatro fracasos, en tres no se accedió al espacio subaracnoideo y en un paciente el tiempo de bloqueo fue insuficiente para finalizar la cirugía requiriendo sedación adicional; promedio de intentos 1,6 ± 0,9 con 66,7% en el primer intento (n = 15); latencia del bloqueo motor 56,7 ± 13,5 seg (n = 12). Para una duración quirúrgica promedio de 46,2 ± 14,8 min, la duración del bloqueo fue de 63,2 ± 8,2 min, lográndose condiciones quirúrgicas adecuadas para finalizar el procedimiento en 11 pacientes. No hubo modificaciones hemodinámicas ni respiratorias significativas, salvo respiración paradojal sin desaturación arterial en dos casos. En sala de recuperación anestésica (SRA) se reinstaló la alimentación habitual junto a la madre, permaneciendo internados 24 horas sin presentar complicaciones. Conclusiones: la evaluación de la aplicación de este protocolo de anestesia raquídea mostró que es seguro, eficaz, y de rápida recuperación en este grupo de pacientes...

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Taking the outcome of mortality into consideration, there is controversy about the beneficial effects of neuraxial anesthesia for orthopedic surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of neuraxial anesthesia versus general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review at Universidade Federal de Alagoas. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 10, 2012), PubMed (1966 to November 2012), Lilacs (1982 to November 2012), SciELO, EMBASE (1974 to November 2012) and reference lists of the studies included. Only randomized controlled trials were included. RESULTS: Out of 5,032 titles and abstracts, 17 studies were included. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality (risk difference, RD: -0.01; 95% confidence interval, CI: -0.04 to 0.01; n = 1903), stroke (RD: 0.02; 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.08; n = 259), myocardial infarction (RD: -0.01; 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.02; n = 291), length of hospitalization (mean difference, -0.05; 95% CI: -0.69 to 0.58; n = 870), postoperative cognitive dysfunction (RD: 0.00; 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.05; n = 479) or pneumonia (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% CI: 0.25 to 1.49; n = 167). CONCLUSION: So far, the evidence available from the studies included is insufficient to prove that neuraxial anesthesia is more effective and safer than general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery. However, this systematic review does not rule out clinically important differences with regard to mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, length of hospitalization, postoperative cognitive dysfunction or pneumonia.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Taking the outcome of mortality into consideration, there is controversy about the beneficial effects of neuraxial anesthesia for orthopedic surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of neuraxial anesthesia versus general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review at Universidade Federal de Alagoas. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 10, 2012), PubMed (1966 to November 2012), Lilacs (1982 to November 2012), SciELO, EMBASE (1974 to November 2012) and reference lists of the studies included. Only randomized controlled trials were included. RESULTS: Out of 5,032 titles and abstracts, 17 studies were included. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality (risk difference, RD: -0.01; 95% confidence interval, CI: -0.04 to 0.01; n = 1903), stroke (RD: 0.02; 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.08; n = 259), myocardial infarction (RD: -0.01; 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.02; n = 291), length of hospitalization (mean difference, -0.05; 95% CI: -0.69 to 0.58; n = 870), postoperative cognitive dysfunction (RD: 0.00; 95% CI: -0.04 to 0.05; n = 479) or pneumonia (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% CI: 0.25 to 1.49; n = 167). CONCLUSION: So far, the evidence available from the studies included is insufficient to prove that neuraxial anesthesia is more effective and safer than general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery. However, this systematic review does not rule out clinically important differences with regard to mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, length of hospitalization, postoperative cognitive dysfunction or pneumonia. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Considerando o desfecho de mortalidade, existe controvérsia acerca dos efeitos benéficos da anestesia neuroaxial (AN) para cirurgias ortopédicas. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar efetividade e segurança da AN versus anestesia geral (AG) para cirurgias ortopédicas. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Revisão sistemática na Universidade Federal de Alagoas. MÉTODOS: Buscamos em Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2012, volume 10), PubMed (1966 até novembro de 2012), Lilacs (1982 até novembro de 2012), SciELO, EMBASE (1974 até novembro de 2012) e listas de referências dos estudos incluídos. Apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados foram incluídos. RESULTADOS: Dentre 5.032 títulos e resumos, 17 estudos foram incluídos. Não houve diferença estatística em mortalidade (diferença de risco, DR: -0,01; intervalo de confiança de 95%, IC: -0,04 a 0.01; n = 1903), em acidente vascular encefálico (DR: 0,02; IC 95%: -0,04 a 0,08; n = 259, em infarto miocárdico (DR: -0.01; IC 95%: -0,04 a 0.02; n = 291), tempo de hospitalização (diferença média, -0,05; IC 95%: -0,69 a 0,58; n = 870), em disfunção cognitiva pós-operatória (DR: 0,00; IC 95%: -0,04 a 0,05; n = 479) e pneumonia (razão de chances, 0,61; IC 95%: 0,25 a 1,49; n = 167). CONCLUSÃO: Até o momento, as evidências são insuficientes nos estudos incluídos para provar que AN é mais efetiva e segura do que AG para cirurgias ortopédicas. Esta revisão sistemática não descartou diferenças clínicas importantes para mortalidade, acidente vascular encefálico, infarto miocárdico, tempo de internação, disfunção cognitiva pós-operatória e pneumonia. .

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As mucopolissacaridoses são grupo heterogêneo de doenças hereditárias que ocorrem devido à deficiência enzimática lisossomal com acúmulo de mucopolissacárides ácidos nos tecidos. A mortalidade perioperatória é de 20 por cento e deve-se principalmente à dificuldade no manuseio das vias aéreas. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar a conduta anestésica adotada diante de paciente portador de mucopolissacaridose que se apresentou ao centro cirúrgico para realização de intervenção cirúrgica de urgência. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente de 15 anos, sexo masculino, com diagnóstico de mucopolissacaridose, deu entrada no centro cirúrgico para tratamento de hérnia umbilical encarcerada. Após monitorização, foi submetido à anestesia subaracnóidea com bupivacaína hiperbárica na posição sentada. Após identificar falha na raquianestesia, o paciente foi submetido à anestesia geral. A indução anestésica foi realizada com clonidina, fentanil e propofol por via venosa, seguida de intubação sem intercorrências. Após 45 minutos de procedimento cirúrgico, o paciente foi extubado e encaminhado à sala de recuperação pós-anestésica. Lá permaneceu por 12 horas sob observação, recebendo alta para enfermaria sem ter havido intercorrências durante esse período. CONCLUSÕES: No caso em questão, não houve dificuldade no manuseio das vias aéreas. Entretanto, esse é o principal problema encontrado nesse grupo de pacientes, cabendo ao anestesiologista escolher a melhor técnica para garantir adequado manuseio das vias aéreas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mucopolysaccharidosis are a group of heterogenous disorders secondary to the deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, with accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides in the tissues. It carries a 20 percent perioperative mortality rate due mainly to difficulties on handling the airways. The objective of this report was to present the anesthetic approach of a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis who presented in the operating room for emergency surgery. CASE REPORT: A 15 year-old male patient with a diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis was admitted to the operating room for treatment of an incarcerated umbilical hernia. After monitoring, a subarachnoid block with hyperbaric bupivacaine was performed with the patient in the sitting position. After identifying failure of the spinal block it was changed to general anesthesia. Anesthetic induction consisted of intravenous clonidine, fentanyl and propofol, followed by endotracheal intubation without intercurrences. After a 45-minute surgery, the patient was extubated and transferred to the postanesthetic care unit where he remained under observation for 12 hours, being discharged to the regular ward without intercurrences. CONCLUSIONS: In the case presented here we did not have any difficulties handling the airways. However, this is the main problem in this group of patients and it is up to the anesthesiologist to choose the better technique to guarantee adequate handling of the airways.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las mucopolisacaridosis son un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades hereditarias que ocurren debido a la deficiencia enzimática lisosomal con acumulación de muco polisacáridos ácidos en los tejidos. La mortalidad perioperatoria es de un 20 por ciento y se debe principalmente a la dificultad en el manejo de las vías aéreas. El objetivo de este relato fue el de presentar la conducta anestésica adoptada con paciente portador de muco polisacaridosis que se presentó en el centro quirúrgico para la realización de intervención quirúrgica de urgencia. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente de 15 años, sexo masculino, con diagnóstico de muco polisacaridosis, llegó al centro quirúrgico para tratamiento de hernia umbilical encarcelada. Después de la monitorización, se sometió a la anestesia subaracnoidea con bupivacaina hiperbárica en la posición sentado. Después de identificar la falla en la anestesia raquidea, el paciente fue sometido a la anestesia general. La inducción anestésica fue realizada con clonidina, fentanil y propofol por vía venosa, seguida de intubación sin intercurrencias. Después de 45 minutos de procedimiento quirúrgico, el paciente fue extubado y llevado a recuperación anestésica. Allá estuvo por 12 horas bajo observación, recibiendo alta para enfermería sin haber tenido intercurrencias durante ese período. CONCLUSIONES: En el caso en cuestión, no hubo dificultad en el manejo de las vías aéreas. Sin embargo, ese es el principal problema encontrado en ese grupo de pacientes, cabiéndole al anestesiólogo escoger la mejor técnica para garantizar un adecuado manoseo de las vías aéreas.

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UNLABELLED: This study aimed at constructing learning curves for basic procedural skills in anesthesiology using the cumulative sum method. We recorded 1234 peripheral venous cannulations, 895 orotracheal intubations, 688 spinals, and 344 epidurals performed by residents during the first 10 mo of training. Learning curves for each procedure were constructed by using the cusum method. The number of procedures performed until attainment of acceptable failure rates was calculated. All residents mastered peripheral venous cannulation after 79 +/- 47 procedures. Four of 7 residents attained acceptable failure rates at orotracheal intubation after 43 +/- 33 proce- dures. Seven of 11 residents attained acceptable failure rates at spinal anesthesia after 36 +/- 20 procedures. At epidural anesthesia, 5 of 11 residents attained acceptable failure rates after 21 +/- 11 procedures. The cusum method is a useful tool for objectively measuring performance during the learning phase of basic procedures. The wide interindividual variability in the number of procedures required to be performed before attaining acceptable failure rates suggests that performance should be followed on an individual basis. IMPLICATIONS: Learning curves for peripheral venous cannulation, tracheal intubation, and spinal and epidural anesthesia were constructed using the cumulative sum (cusum) method. There was a wide variability in the number of procedures performed until attainment of acceptable failure rates. The cusum method may improve our means of evaluating residents' technical skills.

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Background and objectives - Recent studies in the USA and Finland in three large university affiliated hospitals and in a small community hospital showed the incidence of failures in spinal anesthesia to vary between 3 an 17 per cent. Considering the lack of similar studies in the Brazilian literature, we decided to study the incidence of and the factors associated with failures in spinal anesthesia in a private hospital. Methods - This prospective stdy involved 778 consecutive spinal anesthetics performed along 18 months by experienced anesthesiologists. The anesthetics were performed with 25G, 27G or 29G needles, with plain or glucose containing anesthetic solutions. The following local anesthetics, from different laboratories, were used: 5 per cent hyperbaric lidocaine (laboratories A and B), 2 per cent lidocaine (laboratory A), 0.5 per cent hyperbaric bupivacaine (laboratories A and B) and 0.5 per cent isobaric bupivacaine (laboratory A). Anesthetic failures were classified as follows: 1) no analgesia; 2) insufficient level of analgesia; 3) pain during peritoneum traction; 4) insufficient duration of analgesia. Anesthetic failures were also related to the puncture site and to the patient's position during injection. Results - The overall failure rate was 8.3 per cent. The failure rate was higher with 29G needles and lower with 25G needles and higher when the puncture was performed in the sitting position. No significant differences were observed regarding different laboratories, plain or glucose containing solutions and puncture site (L2-L3,L3-L4). A significant lower incidence of failure was observed with isobaric colutions. Conclusions - Various causes may have contributed to the failures of spinal anesthesia observed in this study. Most of them, however, were associated with technical factors

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