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Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de nódulos pulpares y agujas cálcicas en pacientes atendidos en la Cátedra de Endodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires (CEFOUBA). Se analizaron radiografías de 1866 piezas dentarias, con ápices maduros, de pacientes de ambos géneros, mayores de 15 años, tratados en CEFOUBA, en el período comprendido entre junio-noviembre de 2018. Género, edad, grupo dentario, condición del diente, presencia de patología sistémica, y ubicación anatómica, fueron las variables registradas. Se calcularon intervalos de confianza 95%, método score de Wilson. Se utilizó test z para diferencias de proporciones. El porcentaje de piezas con calcificaciones superó significativamente a piezas sin calcificaciones (z= 6,076; P<0,05). Porcentaje de piezas en mujeres fue significativamente mayor al de hombres (z=24,31; P<0,05). Porcentaje de piezas de las cuartas y quitas décadas de la vida (61%) superó significativamente a las demás décadas (39%) (z=9,88; P<0,05). El porcentaje de piezas con caries fue significativamente mayor al resto de las piezas con otras condiciones (41%) (z= 8,074; P<0,05). El porcentaje de piezas en pacientes sanos (77%) fue significativamente mayor al resto de las condiciones (23%) (z=24,310; P<0,05). El porcentaje de calcificaciones en cámara (78%) fue significativamente mayor a las del conducto (22%) (z=25,21; P<0,05). En conclusión, la presencia de este tipo de calcificaciones es frecuente en molares de pacientes femeninos y edad adulta. Es importante detectarlos radiográficamente porque complican la realización del tratamiento endodóntico, especialmente si están adheridos y obliteran la entrada de los conductos (AU)

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Reabsorção é o termo utilizado na literatura médica e odontológica, para definir o processo pelo qual, tecidos mineralizados do organismo são destruídos e eliminados pela ação de células especializadas. As reabsorções dentárias podem ser classificadas de acordo com a superfície dentária afetada (interna, externa, interna-externa), a evolução do processo (transitória ou progressiva) e a natureza biológica do processo (inflamatória ou por substituição). Os traumatismos dentários representam a causa mais frequente de reabsorções radiculares externas na dentição permanente e resultam em um dano irreversível que pode levar à perda do elemento dental. Considerando-se que as reabsorções radiculares, na maioria das vezes, são eventos assintomáticos, os exames de imagem se tornam essenciais na fase de diagnóstico desta patologia. Tradicionalmente estes exames complementares eram realizados através de radiografias convencionais e posteriormente digitais. Entretanto, imagens fornecidas através de radiografias apresentam algumas limitações, como sobreposições, distorções e a formação de uma imagem bidimensional de uma estrutura tridimensional. Para suprir tais limitações, as imagens multiplanares têm sido amplamente utilizadas, destacando-se entre elas, a tomografia computadorizada de cone beam. Sendo assim, a proposta do presente trabalho foi, através do levantamento bibliográfico, avaliar o emprego da tomografia computadorizada de cone beam no diagnóstico das reabsorções radiculares externas. A literatura pesquisa demonstra a superioridade das TCCB para o diagnóstico das RRE, quando comparadas à radiografia periapical. Quanto menor o tamanho do voxel maior a acurácia do exame, principalmente para identificação de pequenas cavidades na região apical. Entretanto a literatura pertinente é dominada por estudos realizados ex vivo e não faz distinção entre os diferentes tipos de RR

Resorption is the term used in medical and dental literature to define the process which mineralized tissues are destroyed and eliminated by aclastic cells. Dental resorptions can be classified according to the affected dental surface (internal, external, internal-external), process evolution (transient or progressive) and the biological nature of the process (inflammatory or replacement). Dental trauma represents the most frequent cause of progressive external root resorption in the permanent dentition not rare resulting in irreversible loss of dental tissue that can lead to tooth loss. Considering that root resorptions are asymptomatic events, imaging procedures are essential in the diagnosis of such pathologies. Traditionally, these complementary examinations were performed through conventional and later digital radiographs. However, images provided through radiographs present some limitations, such as overlaps, distortions and a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional structure. In order to overcome these limitations, the multiplanar images have been widely used, among them the computerized tomography of cone beam. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the use of CBCT to improve diagnosis and treatment planning of external root resorption. CBCT imaging appears to provide a superior validity and reliability in the detection of inflammatory external root resorption. The superior accuracy of CBCT imaging may result in the early detection of IERR and may help to determine their exact locations and extents. The smaller the voxel size the greater the accuracy of the exam, being important to identify small cavities in the apical region. However, literature is dominated by ex vivo studies and does not distinguish between different types of RER

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Presentar tres casos clínicos referidos a tratamiento de segundos molares inferiores con configuraciones en forma de C. Casos clínicos: este tipo de anatomía interna tiene una amplia variación de anastomosis y comunicaciones irregulares que pueden dificultar la completa conformación y obturación del conducto radicular. Una limpieza y desinfección de esas áreas, a veces inaccesibles, implica cierta dificultad en el logro de los objetivos biológicos del tratamiento endodóntico. Conclusión: la utilización de una técnica híbrida modificada posibilitó mejorar la obturación radicular al poder condensar más conos de gutapercha en el espacio radicular conformado...(AU)

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OBJECTIVES: This study compared the ability of conventional radiographic and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations to detect vertical root fractures (VRF) in teeth with or without root canal treatment and metallic posts. Furthermore, the influence of using different voxel sizes from CBCT images was assessed. METHODOLOGY: Sixty single-rooted human teeth were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. Twenty teeth were endodontically prepared and obturated with gutta-percha, twenty had a metallic postcemented after the filling, and twenty had no preparation. The teeth from the experimental group were fractured. All teeth were radiographed with three different horizontal angles, and after, CBCT images were acquired following three protocols in which the variation was the voxel resolution (0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 mm). Three calibrated examiners assessed the images. RESULTS: Chi-squared test showed no statistical difference among the images in detecting VRFs. The results of the diagnostic performance tests presented similar ability to detect VRFs when conventional radiographic examination was compared with 0.2 and 0.3-voxel CBCTs scans, in roots without endodontic treatment and metallic post. Moreover, specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy findings were similar for both 0.2 and 0.3-voxel resolution scans for teeth that are not root filled. However, it was observed that in teeth with root canal treatment and a post, the accuracy was higher when 0.2-mm voxel resolution was used. CONCLUSION: The radiographic examination with horizontal angle variation should be encouraged as the first complementary approach to assess the presence of VRFs. If conventional imaging is not capable to provide adequate information, CBCT can be indicated if a root fracture is strongly suspected. The root condition should then guide the voxel resolution choice, selecting 0.3-voxel for not root filled teeth and 0.2-voxel for teeth with filling and/or a post.

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BACKGROUND: Owing to a lack of symptoms and difficult visualization in routine intraoral radiographs, diagnosis of external root resorptions can be challenging. AIM: The goal of this study was to compare two image acquisition methods, intraoral radiographs and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), in the diagnosis of external resorption. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-four maxillary and mandibular bicuspids were divided into three groups. Perforations measuring 0.3 and 0.6 mm in diameter and 0.15 and 0.3 mm in depth, respectively, were made on the lingual root surfaces in thirty teeth, and four were used as controls. Next, teeth were mounted on an apparatus and radiographed at mesial, distal, and orthoradial angulations. CBCT images were also taken. The analysis of the intraoral radiographic and tomographic images was carried out by two experts using standardized scores. Data were then compared statistically. RESULTS: A strong agreement between the examiners was observed in both diagnosis methods, the intraoral radiographic (r = 0.93) and the tomographic analysis (r = 1.0). Tomography had higher statistically significant detection values than intraoral radiography (P < 0.05). In intraoral radiographs, the detection was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the mandibular bicuspids, compared with their maxillary counterparts. The ability to detect 0.6-mm perforations by intraoral radiography was significantly higher than that of 0.3-mm perforations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cone beam computed tomography showed better diagnostic ability compared with intraoral radiography, regardless of the tooth or the dimensions of the resorption evaluated.

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Durante o século passado, o diagnóstico por imagem na odontologia, foi dominado por radiografias, que são representações bidimensionais de estruturas tridimensionais, com sobreposição e distorções associadas. Com a introdução da tomografia computadorizada cone-beam (TCCB), houve um aumento no interesse por esta tecnologia dado às vantagens, como melhor qualidade de imagem, reconstrução tridimensional, possibilidade de visualização craniofacial, e as doses de radiação mais baixas em comparação com a tomografia computadorizada convencional (TC). A TCCB pode ser aplicada em diversas áreas da Odontologia, tais como: implantodontia, cirurgia, traumatologia, periodontia, endodontia, ortodontia, articulações temporomandibulares. Contudo, os profissionais da saúde devem estar cientes que os avanços tecnológicos terão implicações importantes sobre a prática clínica. Estes mesmos profissionais devem conhecer as indicações, limitações e implicações antes de considerar a utilização de tal equipamento. Sendo assim, o presente estudo pretende analisar, criticamente, a utilização e indicação do exame de imagem TCCB na Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru USP. Ao mesmo tempo, pretende avaliar quantitativamente o uso deste equipamento em relação ao motivo da solicitação e a área bucal requisitada.

During the past century, the diagnostic for image in the dentistry, was dominated for radiographies, which are bidimensional representation of the tridimensional structure with superposition and distortion associated. With the introduction of cone-beam computed tomography (TCCB), there was an increased interest in this technology due to advantages such as better image quality, three-dimensional reconstruction, ability of craniofacial visualization and lower radiation doses compared with the conventional computed tomography (CT). The TCCB can be applied in various areas of dentistry such as dental implants, surgery, traumatology, periodontics, endodontics, orthodontics, temporomandibular joints. However, health professionals should be aware that technological advances have important implications for clinical practice. These same professionals should know the indications, limitations and implications before considering the use of such equipment. Thus, this study aims to analyze critically the use and indication of imaging examination TCCB in the Bauru Dental School - USP. At the same time, evaluate quantitatively the use of equipment for the purpose of the request.

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UNLABELLED: Statistical analysis of data is crucial in cephalometric investigations. There are certainly excellent examples of good statistical practice in the field, but some articles published worldwide have carried out inappropriate analyses. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to show that when the double records of each patient are traced on the same occasion, a control chart for differences between readings needs to be drawn, and limits of agreement and coefficients of repeatability must be calculated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from a well-known paper in Orthodontics were used for showing common statistical practices in cephalometric investigations and for proposing a new technique of analysis. RESULTS: A scatter plot of the two radiograph readings and the two model readings with the respective regression lines are shown. Also, a control chart for the mean of the differences between radiograph readings was obtained and a coefficient of repeatability was calculated. CONCLUSIONS: A standard error assuming that mean differences are zero, which is referred to in Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics as the Dahlberg error, can be calculated only for estimating precision if accuracy is already proven. When double readings are collected, limits of agreement and coefficients of repeatability must be calculated. A graph with differences of readings should be presented and outliers discussed.

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Statistical analysis of data is crucial in cephalometric investigations. There are certainly excellent examples of good statistical practice in the field, but some articles published worldwide have carried out inappropriate analyses. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to show that when the double records of each patient are traced on the same occasion, a control chart for differences between readings needs to be drawn, and limits of agreement and coefficients of repeatability must be calculated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from a well-known paper in Orthodontics were used for showing common statistical practices in cephalometric investigations and for proposing a new technique of analysis. RESULTS: A scatter plot of the two radiograph readings and the two model readings with the respective regression lines are shown. Also, a control chart for the mean of the differences between radiograph readings was obtained and a coefficient of repeatability was calculated. CONCLUSIONS: A standard error assuming that mean differences are zero, which is referred to in Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics as the Dahlberg error, can be calculated only for estimating precision if accuracy is already proven. When double readings are collected, limits of agreement and coefficients of repeatability must be calculated. A graph with differences of readings should be presented and outliers discussed.

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Este estudo verificou a situação atual dos consultórios odontológicos em relação ao destino dado aos resíduos de materiais radiográficos, averiguando também o conhecimento dos cirurgiões-dentistas quanto às norma vigentes. O universo foi composto pelos cirurgiões-dentistas que trabalham no município de Aracaju/SE e que executam exames radiológicos como rotina...

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Se presenta un trabajo en el que se expone la importancia del diagnóstico por imágenes en la pericia odontológica. En él se pone de manifiesto la ayuda invalorable de los diversos recursos imagenológicos para obtener precisión en lo que respecta a la toma de decisiones en los peritajes. Basado en lo expuesto, se relaciona la utilización de las imágenes en odontología y el manejo legal de éstas en los diferentes fueros. Se ha tomado en consideración la opinión de los diversos autores especializados en medicina legal, odontología legal y derecho, así como en radiología odontológica, como apoyo al trabajo que se expone.(AU)

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Este estudo visou detectar e quantificar os erros encontrados em radiografias periapicais realizadas por alunos do Programa de Treinamento Profissional em Radiologia da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFJF. Um total de 855 radiografias foram avaliadas por quatro examinadores, e divididas em oito Grupos, de acordo com a região radiografada. Cada uma das radiografias foi avaliada quanto aos erros de técnica e de processamento. As regiões com maior quantidade de radiografias descartadas (maior número de erros) foram as de molares superiores (20,46%) e inferiores (19,06%). O erro mais prevalente foi a presença de riscos e lacerações na radiografia (18,66%), seguido pelo erro de corte da região apical dos dentes (11,98%) e radiografia manchada (11,39%).

The purpose of this study was to detect and quantify the errors found in periapical radiographs taken by students from the Radiology ProfessionalTraining Program from the Dental School of Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. A total of 855 radiographs were evaluated by four examiners,divided into eight Groups, according to the region in which the radiograph was taken. Each radiograph was evaluated according to errors in technique andprocessing. The tooth regions with a larger amount of discarded radiographs (greater number of errors) were that of maxillary molars (20.46%) andmandibular molars (19.06%). The most prevalent error was the presence of scratches and cuts on the radiograph (18.66%), followed by cut errors in theapical region of the teeth (11.98%) and stained radiographs (11.39%).

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The purpose of this study was to assess the current knowledge and recommendations of obstetricians and dentists as to the dental care to pregnant patients in the cities of Londrina/PR and Bauru/SP, Brazil. Questionnaires were distributed to professionals of both cities, arguing on the following issues: oral health during pregnancy; contact between prenatal care and dental care providers; prenatal fluoride supplementation; selection of therapeutic agents for local anesthesia, pain control and treatment of infection; and dental procedures that can be performed during each trimester. Data were analyzed by frequency of responses and statistical analyses were carried out using X(2) (type of workplace/service) and t test (time since graduation), significant if p<0.05. Seventy-nine obstetricians and 37 dentists responded the questionnaires. Most physicians referred the patient to dental care only when a source of dental problem was mentioned, limiting the adoption of a preventive approach. Forty-three percent of dentists and 34% of obstetricians did not know the potential contribution of periodontal infection as a risk factor for preterm low birth-weight babies. There was divergence from scientific literature as to the recommendation of local anesthetics (dentists and obstetricians), prenatal fluoride supplementation (obstetricians) and dental radiographs (dentists). The findings of this survey with dentists and obstetricians showed that dental management during pregnancy still presents some deviations from scientific literature recommendations, indicating the need to update these health care professionals in order to establish guidelines for prenatal dental care.

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The aim of the present study was to determine the percentage of dentists who use radiographic examination on the initial appointment, and establish the relation between the use of periodontal probe and graduation year. Dentists were interviewed in their private offices in three cities in Rio Grande do Sul. They were asked about the routine use of radiographic examination and, if applicable, what technique was applied and what clinical instrument was used at the first appointment. Opened and closed questions were included in the interview and for some of them more than one answer was possible. A significant number of dentists (62.9%) reported some kind of radiographic examination at the initial appointment. Among the radiographic techniques, the periapical was the most cited (74.3%), followed by the panoramic (36.2%) and bite-wing (32.9%) techniques. There was an association between the use of periodontal probe and the use of radiographic examination at the initial appointment. Dentists who used periodontal probe used radiographic examination more frequently (p=0.010). More recently graduated dentists (1991-2005) used radiographic examination more than the others (p=0.022). In conclusion, a large number of dentists reported the use of radiographic examination at the initial appointment. There was an association between the use of this examination technique and the use of the periodontal probe; recently graduated dentists used radiographic examinations more frequently than the others.

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The aim of the present study was to determine the percentage of dentists who use radiographic examination on the initial appointment, and establish the relation between the use of periodontal probe and graduation year. Dentists were interviewed in their private offices in three cities in Rio Grande do Sul. They were asked about the routine use of radiographic examination and, if applicable, what technique was applied and what clinical instrument was used at the first appointment. Opened and closed questions were included in the interview and for some of them more than one answer was possible. A significant number of dentists (62.9%) reported some kind of radiographic examination at the initial appointment. Among the radiographic techniques, the periapical was the most cited (74.3%), followed by the panoramic (36.2%) and bite-wing (32.9 %) techniques. There was an association between the use of periodontal probe and the use of radiographic examination at the initial appointment. Dentists who used periodontal probe used radiographic examination more frequently (p=0.010). More recently graduated dentists (1991-2005) used radiographic examination more than the others (p=0.022). In conclusion, a large number of dentists reported the use of radiographic examination at the initial appointment. There was an association between the use of this examination technique and the use of the periodontal probe; recently graduated dentists used radiographic examinations more frequently than the others.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o percentual de cirurgi§es dentistas (CDs) que utilizam o exame radiográfico para diagnóstico na consulta inicial, assim como realizar associaþ§es entre o uso de sonda periodontal, tempo de conclusÒo da graduaþÒo e uso de radiografias. Os CDs foram entrevistados em seus consultórios particulares em trÛs cidades do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram questionados a respeito da utilizaþÒo rotineira do exame radiográfico, e quando utilizado qual a técnica realizada e quais instrumentos clínicos utilizava na consulta inicial. Foram utilizadas perguntas abertas e fechadas nas entrevistas, sendo que para algumas delas mais de uma resposta era possível. Um alto percentual dos CDs entrevistados (62.9%) faz uso rotineiro de algum tipo de radiografia na consulta inicial. Entre as técnicas radiográficas, a periapical foi a mais relatada (74,3%), seguidas pela panorÔmica (36,2%) e interproximal (32,9%). Existe uma associaþÒo entre o uso de sonda periodontal e o uso de exame radiográfico na consulta inicial. CDs que utilizam a sonda periodontal também utilizam mais rotineiramente o exame radiográfico (p=0.010). Percebe-se também que CDs formados recentemente (1991-2005) utilizam mais o exame radiográfico quando comparados aos demais (p=0,022). Conclus§es: Um elevado percentual de CDs utiliza exame radiográfico na consulta inicial. Existe uma associaþÒo entre a utilizaþÒo deste exame e a utilizaþÒo de sonda periodontal e CDs formados mais recentemente utilizam o exame radiográfico mais freq³entemente.(AU)

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Para saber se o valor do coeficiente de variação (CV) é considerado baixo, médio, alto ou muito alto, é importante avaliar a quantidade do experimento por meio da magnitude do erro experimental que este indica. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os artigos publicados na área de radiologia Odontológica, para calcular o coeficiente de variação médio e então classificá-lo como baixo, médio, alto e muito alto. Neste estudo, 394 artigos publicados no periódico Dentomaxillofacial Radiology foram avaliados e os dados como média e desvio padrão foram coletados, sendo o coeficiente de variação calculado. também foram coletados outros dados, como a utilização ou naõ de análises estatísticas, resultados apresentados em gráficos, testes estatísticos e medidas de dispersão utilizadas. Para os artigos avaliados que apresentaram desvio padrão, o coeficiente de variação para cada variável quantitativa foi calculado, obtendo-se o CV médio de todos os artigos de 15, 36 por cento com desvio padrão de 13,20 por cento. A importância de se realizar esta classificação é melhorar a precisão dos experimentos e manter a alta quantidade das pesquisas

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The present in vitro study assessed the correlation between clinical and interproximal radiographic examinations in diagnosing proximal caries of primary molars. A total of 223 mesial and distal surfaces, from 125 primary teeth, were evaluated clinically and radiographically. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between the increase of depth of radiolucency in radiographic examination and the clinical stage of lesions The interproximal radiographic examination presented an excellent capability for discriminating surfaces with and without cavities in primary molars.

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Este estudio describió y comparó la estabilidad esquelética de pacientes sometidos a cirugía ortognática que presentaron grandes discrepancias óseas. En un estudio retrospectivo, donde los datos fueron extraídos de las historias clínicas de 26 pacientes seleccionados, según las cuales no tuvieron cirugías previas, presentaron radiografías prequirúrgicas, posquirúrgicas y de control, tomadas todas en el mismo lugar. Las técnicas quirúrgicas estudiadas fueron avance maxilar, avance mandibular, retroceso mandibular y cirugía bimaxilar, y las técnicas de fijación rígidas y no rígidas. Se compararon los puntos cefalométricos de las tres radiografías y se realizó análisis de promedio, desviación estándar, la prueba de t de student y correlación paramétrica. Ningún cambio significativo fue detectado en el sentido vertical. El retroceso mandibular presentó el mayor promedio de recidiva en el punto B de 3.02 mm. y pogonio de 3.12 mm. en sentido horizontal. Se presentó 20 por ciento menos de recidiva en el grupo en el cual se usó fijación rígida

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