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Cellulolytic micro-organisms are potent silage inoculants that decrease the fibrous content in silage and increase the fibre digestibility and nutritional value of silage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis CCMA 0087 and its enzyme ß-glucosidase on the nutritional value and aerobic stability of corn silage after 30 and 60 days of storage. We compared the results among silage without inoculant (SC) and silages inoculated with B. subtilis 8 log10 CFU per kg forage (SB8), 9 log10 CFU per kg forage (SB9) and 9·84 log10 CFU per kg forage + ß-glucosidase enzyme (SBE). No differences were observed in the levels of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre due to the different treatments or storage times of the silos. Notably, the population of spore-forming bacteria increased in the SB9-treated silage. At 60 days of ensiling, the largest populations of lactic acid bacteria were found in silages treated with SB8 and SBE. Yeast populations were low for all silages, irrespective of the different treatments, and the presence of filamentous fungi was observed only in the SBE-treated silage. Among all silage treatments, SB9 treatment resulted in the highest aerobic stability.

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Inadequate estimates of fiber and dry matter intake of sheep raised in tropical conditions may explain part of the inefficiency of those production systems. Therefore, we aimed to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI) of hair sheep raised under tropical conditions. A meta-analysis of 61 independent performance experiments, comprising a total of 413 experimental units (treatment means or animals), was performed. Trials were conducted in tropical conditions, using hair sheep in growing and finishing phases and endowed with the following information: neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in diet, initial and final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), DMI and NDFI of treatment means (51 studies) or individual data (10 studies). Data on organic matter and NDF digestibilities were collected to estimate D-value (Dv) and B-value (Bv) (20 and 33 studies, respectively). The equations obtained were: [Formula: see text] DMI (g/kg BW) as a function of Dv (g/kg DM) revealed a quadratic relationship, whose point of maximum DMI (38.69 g/kg BW) was obtained at 634.1 g/kg DM Dv. On the other hand, DMI decreased linearly as Bv (g/kg DM) increased. In conclusion, equations to predict DMI from BW and ADG as well to predict NDFI from dietary NDF were fitted with great accuracy and are recommended for hair sheep raised in tropical regions. DMI values were, in general, greater than those reported by the NRC, AFRC and INRA systems, which may be a reflection of the sheep breeds used in this study. Using Dv and Bv concepts was satisfactory to describe an integrated mechanism between metabolic and bulking regulation of DMI in sheep.

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During specific times of the year, especially dry seasons, tropical forages typically have poor nutritional value due to high contents of neutral and acid detergent fibres, and low crude protein in their composition, which may reduce productivity of ruminant livestock production and lead to increased enteric methane (CH4 ) emissions per unit of generated product in forage-bases systems. In order to increase fibre degradability and the efficiency of energy utilisation from low-quality forages, exogenous fibrolytic enzymes have been studied. In this assay, we evaluated the effects of increasing dose levels of fibrolytic enzymes extract (FEE) produced by Trichoderma reesei on in vitro rumen organic matter degradability, fermentation parameters, total gas and CH4 production of tropical forages. Forage samples were analysed for their bromatological composition, and enzyme activity from FEE was performed for xylanase and endoglucanase. The in vitro gas production technique was used in a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement with five FEE dose levels (0, 5, 50, 500 and 5,000 µl) and three substrates (Cynodon spp., Panicum maximum and Cenchrus ciliaris L.). The highest dose level of FEE increased degradability, total gas and CH4 production in all substrates (p < .05). Butyrate concentration also increased while acetate:propionate ratio and pH decreased with the addition of FEE (p < .05). These results indicated that the use of fibrolytic enzymes can be a reliable strategy to improve degradability of low-quality forages, contributing to the sustainability and intensification of livestock production in tropical countries.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the factors influencing consumer willingness to accept the use of insects to feed poultry, cattle, pigs, and fish. To reach this objective, we conducted an online survey with Brazilian consumers. 600 questionnaires were collected. We analyzed data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. In general, the use of insects to feed poultry, pigs and cattle was not widely accepted. A more widely acceptance was found for the use of insects to feed fish. The results of logistic regressions models show that positive attitudes are associated with a higher probability of accepting the use of insects to feed poultry, pigs, cattle, and fish. Perceived benefits were associated with a higher likelihood of accepting the use of insects to feed fish. However, perceived benefits were also associated with a lower likelihood of accepting the use of insects to feed poultry. Perceived challenges were associated with a higher likelihood of accepting the use of insects to feed poultry. However, perceived challenges were associated with a lower likelihood of accepting the use of insects to feed pigs.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the macronutrients composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, and essential minerals content of all vegan foods for dogs and cats available in the Brazilian market, and to compare results with FEDIAF (2019) and AAFCO (2019) recommendations. Four vegan pet foods were assessed (three for dogs and one for cats). The comparisons were made in a descriptive manner. All foods met the minimum recommendations for macronutrients. Arachidonic acid was not reported in any food label. Regarding the FEDIAF recommendations, one food for dogs had low calcium, another had low potassium and a third had low sodium. The cat food presented potassium content lower than recommended. The Ca:P ratio did not meet the minimum recommendation of FEDIAF (2019) and AAFCO (2019) in any of the dog's foods analyzed, and the cat food also did not present the minimum recommendation based on FEDIAF (2019). Copper concentrations exceeded the legal limit in all foods. Zinc concentrations exceeded this limit in two foods (one for dogs and one for cats) and iron levels exceeded the legal limit in one dog food. One of the dog foods did not meet the minimum recommendation for methionine and the cat food did not meet the minimum recommendation for arginine. In addition, when the amount of nutrients consumed by animals with low energy requirements was simulated, in addition to the same non-conformities described above, it was observed that the cat food does not meet the minimum recommended of protein and taurine in unit/Kg0.67. It was concluded that all foods analyzed had one or more nutrients below the recommended levels and some presented zinc and copper excess, therefore, these foods should not be recommended for dogs and cats, because dietary deficiencies found may lead to health risks for dogs and cats. Furthermore, manufacturers should review their formulations to ensure the nutritional adequacy of these foods.

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The presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in feed materials has caused great public concern because PCBs can accumulate in farmed animals, be transferred farm-to-fork and, ultimately, have a detrimental impact on human health. Recently, the occurrence of PCBs in marine environments has garnered scientific attention due to their high levels and potential reproductive threats to marine apex predators. Fishmeal is marine-origin feed material and is susceptible to PCB contamination from the aquatic trophic chain. The present study collected 102 fishmeal samples during 2012-2017 from major global fishmeal production areas (United States, Europe, China, South America and Southeast Asia). The levels of PCBs (26 congeners) were between 0.4 and 19.9 ng g-1 dw (mean: 1.94 ng g-1 dw), with a 75.3% contribution from indicator PCBs on a weight basis. Together with PCDD/Fs, 4.9% of fishmeal exceeded the maximum levels set by the European Commission for dioxin-like compounds (4.0 pg WHO-TEQ/g). The highest PCB levels were found in fishmeal from the U.S. (6.85 ng g-1 dw), which was nearly five times higher than the other four sampling areas. No clear time trends were found for PCBs in fishmeal during the sampling period. Predicted PCB concentrations in farmed fish via fishmeal consumption were between 1.24 and 2.76 ng g-1 dw, which was comparable to PCBs in market fish. When compared to other emerging POPs in the same batches of fishmeal, PCBs were still found to be an alarming class of POPs. Some PCB and PBDE congeners might have similar sources and environmental behaviors.

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Protein is the most costly nutrient in fish feed, and while diets offered in the early stages of development typically have high levels of CP, they do not always correspond to the real requirements of the animals. Thus, research that seeks to learn the true nutritional requirements of fish is fundamental to improving commercial fish culture. The present study evaluated the protein requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under larviculture. Fish performance, gene expression for digestive enzymes and their enzymatic activity and stress response to air exposure were analyzed. Four experimental diets differing in CP level were formulated: 30%, 36%, 42% and 48%. Fish larvae were fed the experimental diets during development and sampled 10, 20 and 30 days after the beginning of the experiment for performance, gene expression and enzymatic activity. At sampling time 30, stress resistance was also evaluated by means of an air exposure test. At sampling time 10, CP levels between 36% and 48% could be used for a better performance. During this period, pepsinogen expression was greater for 30% CP, intermediate for 42% and lower for 36% and 48%. After this initial period, diets of between 30% and 42% CP are recommended for better performance. At sampling time 20, gene expression for digestive enzymes and their enzymatic activity were similar for all diets tested. At sampling time 30, the diet of 42% CP induced both greater pepsinogen expression and pepsin activity. Survival after the air exposure test after 30 days of feeding was influenced by CP level in the diet, with the highest survival being for fish fed with 36% CP. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that dietary CP influences digestive enzyme gene expression and activity, and suggest that the best CP levels for Nile tilapia larviculture vary depending on larval stage.

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A produção de rações está diretamente ligada à oferta de alimentos de qualidade para os animais e de produtos de origem animal para os consumidores, sendo que estes devem estar sem resíduos de medicamentos veterinários. Portanto, procedimentos como flushing, ordem de produção e higienização de equipamentos são essenciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as principais causas de falhas nos procedimentos realizados para descontaminação da linha de produção em uma fábrica de rações para suínos, visando eliminar a contaminação cruzada entre os diferentes tipos de rações. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, no qual os dados foram coletados por meio do método da pesquisa-ação, envolvendo ação conjunta dos pesquisadores e funcionários da fábrica de ração. Para identificar as causas de contaminação residual, foram analisados todos os equipamentos que pudessem ter a retenção de rações, e foram realizadas análises laboratoriais para verificação dos padrões de contaminação cruzada de janeiro de 2017 a abril de 2018. As análises laboratoriais demonstraram que 16,66% das amostras de 2017 ficaram com níveis residuais de medicamentos acima de 1%, enquanto em 2018 esse percentual subiu para 93,75%. Além disso, em diversos equipamentos foram encontrados resíduos de rações. Concluiu-se que os resultados obtidos com as ações estratégicas implantadas para solucionar o problema de contaminação cruzada na fábrica de ração de suínos foram satisfatórios. A causa fundamental diagnosticada de contaminação residual na linha de produção se refere ao layout da fábrica de ração estudada, principalmente por ser uma estrutura antiga e com equipamentos desgastados, fato que é potencializado pelas falhas na utilização de ferramentas de controle de qualidade...(AU)

The animal ́s feed production is directly connected to the supply of quality feed to the animals and to animal products for the consumers, which may be free of veterinary medicines. Therefore, procedures like flushing, production order and equipments cleaning are essential. The purpose of this work was to verify the main failures causes in the performed procedures to production line ́s decontamination in an animal ́s feed factory for swines, looking to eliminate the crossed contamination among the different animal ́s feed types. It is a case study, in which the data were collected through the action-research method, involving joint action of the researchers and employees of the feed mill. To identify the causes of residual contamination, all the equipments, that could have animal ́s food retention were analyzed and laboratory analyzes were performed to verify the patterns of the crossed contamination from January 2017 to April 2018. The laboratory analyzes showed that 16.66% of the samples of 2017 presented residual levels over 1% while in 2018 this percentual incresead to 93.75%. Besides, in several equipments animal ́s feed residues were found. It was concluded that the results obtained with the strategic actions implemented to solve the problem of cross-contamination in the pig feed mill were satisfactory. The fundamental cause diagnosed of residual contamination in the production line is about the layout of the studied animal ́s feed factory, mainly because it is an old factory with worn out equipment, fact that is potentialized by failures in the tools utilizated for quality control. Therefore, the preventive maintenance of the equipments and theirs constant adjustments, becomes necessary to eliminate the crossed contamination ́s elimination among the different types of produced animal ́s food and theirs maintenance of the quality, ensuring the food security, besides regular trainings about good manufacturing practices to the collaborators.(AU)

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A produção de rações está diretamente ligada à oferta de alimentos de qualidade para os animais e de produtos de origem animal para os consumidores, sendo que estes devem estar sem resíduos de medicamentos veterinários. Portanto, procedimentos como flushing, ordem de produção e higienização de equipamentos são essenciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as principais causas de falhas nos procedimentos realizados para descontaminação da linha de produção em uma fábrica de rações para suínos, visando eliminar a contaminação cruzada entre os diferentes tipos de rações. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, no qual os dados foram coletados por meio do método da pesquisa-ação, envolvendo ação conjunta dos pesquisadores e funcionários da fábrica de ração. Para identificar as causas de contaminação residual, foram analisados todos os equipamentos que pudessem ter a retenção de rações, e foram realizadas análises laboratoriais para verificação dos padrões de contaminação cruzada de janeiro de 2017 a abril de 2018. As análises laboratoriais demonstraram que 16,66% das amostras de 2017 ficaram com níveis residuais de medicamentos acima de 1%, enquanto em 2018 esse percentual subiu para 93,75%. Além disso, em diversos equipamentos foram encontrados resíduos de rações. Concluiu-se que os resultados obtidos com as ações estratégicas implantadas para solucionar o problema de contaminação cruzada na fábrica de ração de suínos foram satisfatórios. A causa fundamental diagnosticada de contaminação residual na linha de produção se refere ao layout da fábrica de ração estudada, principalmente por ser uma estrutura antiga e com equipamentos desgastados, fato que é potencializado pelas falhas na utilização de ferramentas de controle de qualidade...

The animal ́s feed production is directly connected to the supply of quality feed to the animals and to animal products for the consumers, which may be free of veterinary medicines. Therefore, procedures like flushing, production order and equipments cleaning are essential. The purpose of this work was to verify the main failures causes in the performed procedures to production line ́s decontamination in an animal ́s feed factory for swines, looking to eliminate the crossed contamination among the different animal ́s feed types. It is a case study, in which the data were collected through the action-research method, involving joint action of the researchers and employees of the feed mill. To identify the causes of residual contamination, all the equipments, that could have animal ́s food retention were analyzed and laboratory analyzes were performed to verify the patterns of the crossed contamination from January 2017 to April 2018. The laboratory analyzes showed that 16.66% of the samples of 2017 presented residual levels over 1% while in 2018 this percentual incresead to 93.75%. Besides, in several equipments animal ́s feed residues were found. It was concluded that the results obtained with the strategic actions implemented to solve the problem of cross-contamination in the pig feed mill were satisfactory. The fundamental cause diagnosed of residual contamination in the production line is about the layout of the studied animal ́s feed factory, mainly because it is an old factory with worn out equipment, fact that is potentialized by failures in the tools utilizated for quality control. Therefore, the preventive maintenance of the equipments and theirs constant adjustments, becomes necessary to eliminate the crossed contamination ́s elimination among the different types of produced animal ́s food and theirs maintenance of the quality, ensuring the food security, besides regular trainings about good manufacturing practices to the collaborators.

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RESUMO

An increase in the occurrence of ergot alkaloids (EAs) contamination has been observed in North America and Europe in recent years. These toxins are well known for their effects on the circulatory and nervous systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EAs on the liver and on the intestine using the pig both as a target species and as a non-rodent model for human. Three groups of 24 weaned piglets were exposed for 28 days to control feed or feed contaminated with 1.2 or 2.5 g of sclerotia/kg, i.e., at doses close to EU regulatory limits. Contaminated diets significantly reduced feed intake and consequently growth performance. In the liver, alteration of the tissue, including development of inflammatory infiltrates, vacuolization, apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes as well as presence of enlarged hepatocytes (megalocytes) were observed. In the jejunum, EAs reduced villi height and increased damage to the epithelium, reduced the number of mucus-producing cells and upregulated mRNA coding for different tight junction proteins such as claudins 3 and 4. In conclusion, in term of animal health, our data indicate that feed contaminated at the regulatory limits induces lesions in liver and intestine suggesting that this limit should be lowered for pigs. In term of human health, we establish a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 100 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day, lower than the benchmark dose limit (BMDL) retained by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to set the tolerable daily intake, suggesting also that regulatory limit should be revised.

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Three experiments were carried out to estimate the optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine (Phe + Tyr), histidine (His), and leucine (Leu) relative to digestible lysine (Lys) for performance and carcass criteria of Cobb-500 broilers from 8 to 17 d of age. In each experiment, 160 male chicks were allocated to a completely randomized experimental design with eight replicate pens, each receiving five dietary treatments. A common, semi-purified basal diet was formulated to meet all dietary recommendations except for those of the tested amino acids (i.e., Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu). Growth performance and carcass characteristics data were analyzed using various requirement-estimation models, including 95% of the quadratic regression, linear response plateau (LRP; i.e., stepwise regression), LRP-to-quadratic regression ratio; and quadratic broken line (QBL). Graded digestible Phe + Tyr ratios elicited a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in body weight gain and linear responses (P < 0.05) in breast and breast fillet weights. Linear effects (P < 0.05) were also observed when graded ratios of digestible His were fed for feed intake and weight gain, and quadratic responses (P < 0.05) were noted for feed conversion ratio and breast and breast fillet weights and yields. Graded Leu ratios elicited quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in feed intake, weight gain, and breast and breast fillet weight and yield. Based on growth and carcass parameters, the estimated ideal digestible ratios of Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu relative to digestible Lys were 112, 38, and 104%, respectively, for broiler chicks raised from 8 to 17 d of age.

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The 2015 feedlot consulting nutritionist survey is a collaborative project between New Mexico State University and Texas Tech University that focuses on summarizing the professional practices of consulting feedlot nutritionists and updates a 2007 survey. Forty-nine consulting feedlot nutritionists were asked to participate, of which 24 completed the survey. The nutritionists surveyed service over 14,000,000 cattle annually and were representatives from individual consulting practices (54.2%), corporate cattle feeding companies (20.8%), corporate feed manufacturing companies (20.8%), or a combination of consulting practices (4.2%). The survey was completed using a web-based survey tool and contained 101 questions that were divided into sections regarding general information about the consulting practice; general cattle management; receiving cattle management, diet adaption; mixers, feed mills, and feeding management; grains and grain processing; grain by-product use; roughage use; information about supplements and microingredients; liquid feed use; nutrient formulation; feed additive use; and information used as a basis for nutritional recommendations. In most cases, the results of the current survey were similar to those reported for the 2007 survey, with a few notable exceptions such as shifts in cattle numbers and preferences for specific feedstuffs. The present study introduced a number of new questions not included in the 2007 survey that focused on management strategies used in the receiving period. Data from this survey provide insight into current nutritional and management practices of consulting nutritionists and, as in past surveys, should be useful for informing national committees that make nutritional recommendations for cattle, as well as nutrition and management strategies employed within university research settings.

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A survey was carried out on dairy cattle farms in Pastaza province to analyse the degree of compliance with epidemiological surveillance activities (based on the main technical aspects in Ecuador's Guide to Good Dairy Farming Practices) and to assess the reduction of the risk of introducing disease into dairy cattle. Visits were made to 70 dairy and dual-purpose beef/dairy farms, where the survey was conducted to evaluate technical aspects relating to epidemiological surveillance and the risk of introducing disease. In only one of the nine areas of application covered in the guide was compliance with technical requirements greater than 70%: milking and milk handling (78.59%). In the following areas, a compliance rate of 40-65% was achieved: records and traceability; siting of livestock farms and infrastructure, facilities and equipment; use and quality of water and animal feed; and management of veterinary products and agricultural pesticides. In the remaining areas, the compliance rate was less than 20%. On average, there was only 27.96% compliance with the technical elements evaluated. The results show that current guidelines for good dairy farming practices can be used to evaluate basic aspects of epidemiological surveillance and of the reduction of the risk of introducing disease into dairy farms. They also reveal shortcomings in these aspects in the Amazonian province of Pastaza, which need to be addressed appropriately to reduce their negative impact on animal health.

Les auteurs décrivent une étude réalisée dans les exploitations bovines laitières de la province de Pastaza (Équateur) afin de déterminer le niveau de conformité des activités de surveillance épidémiologique et d'atténuation du risque d'introduction de diverses maladies animales. L'enquête portait sur les principales exigences techniques décrites dans le Guide de bonnes pratiques d'élevage en production laitière. À cette fin, 70 exploitations bovines laitières ou mixtes ont été inspectées pour évaluer leurs performances en termes de surveillance épidémiologique et d'atténuation du risque d'introduction de maladies. Parmi les neuf domaines opérationnels décrits dans le Guide, seules la traite et la gestion du lait étaient conformes à plus de 70 % des exigences techniques (78,59 %). Pour les domaines suivants, la conformité portait sur 40 % à 65 % des exigences techniques : enregistrement et traçabilité ; agencement des élevages et des infrastructures, installations et équipements ; utilisation et qualité de l'eau et des aliments donnés aux animaux ; gestion des produits à usage vétérinaire et des insecticides à usage agricole. Les autres opérations étaient conformes à moins de 20 % des exigences techniques. En moyenne, 27,96 % seulement des exigences techniques évaluées étaient respectées. Les résultats de l'étude démontrent que les guides de bonnes pratiques d'élevage en production laitière peuvent servir de base pour évaluer les principaux aspects de la surveillance épidémiologique et des mesures d'atténuation des risques d'introduction de maladies dans les cheptels laitiers ; d'autre part, l'étude a révélé des défaillances concernant ces aspects dans la province amazonienne de Pastaza, auxquelles il conviendra de prêter l'attention nécessaire afin de limiter leur impact négatif sur la santé animale.

Con el objetivo de realizar un análisis del grado de cumplimiento de las actividades de vigilancia epidemiológica y la reducción de riesgo de entrada de enfermedades en los predios productores de leche bovina de la provincia Pastaza, tomando como base los principales aspectos técnicos contemplados en la Guía de Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias de Producción de Leche, se visitaron 70 predios lecheros y de doble propósito, en los que se realizó una encuesta que incluía aspectos relacionados con la vigilancia epidemiológica y el riesgo de introducción de enfermedades. De las nueve áreas establecidas en la guía, solo cumple más del 70% de los aspectos técnicos el área de ordeño y manejo de la leche (78,59%). Cumplen entre el 40% y el 65% las siguientes áreas: documentos y trazabilidad; ubicación de las explotaciones pecuarias e infraestructura, instalaciones y equipos; uso y calidad del agua y de la alimentación animal; y manejo de productos de uso veterinario y plaguicidas de uso agrícola; el resto cumplen menos de un 20%. De media, se cumple solo el 27,96% de los elementos técnicos evaluados. Los resultados demuestran que, a partir de las guías establecidas para las buenas prácticas pecuarias de producción de leche, se pueden evaluar los aspectos básicos de vigilancia epidemiológica y de reducción de riesgos de introducción de enfermedades en los predios lecheros, y que en la provincia amazónica de Pastaza existen deficiencias en estos aspectos, a los cuales es necesario brindar la atención adecuada para reducir el impacto negativo que ejercen en la sanidad animal.

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A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the crude protein (CP) content in feeds in seven feed analysis laboratories from institutions linked to the National Institute of Science and Technology in Animal Science (INCT-CA). Were evaluated four samples of different feeds (sugarcane, corn silage, soybean meal and corn grain) and four nitrogen compounds assumed as standards (urea, monobasic ammonium phosphate, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and ammonium sulfate) to measure the accuracy of the estimates. Each laboratory analyzed the samples for six days, consecutive or not, with three replicates per sample per day of evaluation. The variances among laboratories and within of laboratories (repeatability) represented 34.5 and 10.3% of the total variation, respectively. The evaluation of nitrogen recovered from the standards showed that 25% of observations presented a significant bias (P 0.001). The overall assessment of the samples demonstrated significant variations (P 0.001) in function of the day of analysis, interaction of material with laboratory, and among laboratories. Additionally, it was found that the variation among laboratories corresponded of 43.6 to 68.2% of the total of random variation, while the repeatability (intralaboratory variation) represented of 11.9 to 42.8% of reproducibility.

Estudo colaborativo foi conduzido para avaliação do teor de proteína bruta (PB) em diferentes amostras de alimentos em sete diferentes laboratórios de análise de alimentos de instituições integrantes do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Ciência Animal (INCT-CA). Foram utilizadas amostras de quatro alimentos (cana-de-açúcar, silagem de milho, farelo de soja e milho grão) e quatro compostos que foram assumidos como padrões para aferição da exatidão das estimativas (ureia, fosfato de amônia monobásico, ácido etileno diamínico tetra-acético e sulfato de amônio). Cada laboratório analisou as amostras durante seis dias, consecutivos ou não, sendo realizadas três repetições por amostra em cada dia de avaliação. As variâncias entre laboratórios e dentro de laboratórios (repetibilidade) representaram 34,5 e 10,3 % da variação total. A avaliação das recuperações de nitrogênio a partir dos padrões permitiu evidenciar que 25% das observações apresentaram vícios significativos de recuperação (P 0,001). A avaliação global das amostras propiciou variações significativas (P 0,001) em função: do dia de análise, interação do material com o laboratório e entre laboratórios.

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RESUMO

A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the crude protein (CP) content in feeds in seven feed analysis laboratories from institutions linked to the National Institute of Science and Technology in Animal Science (INCT-CA). Were evaluated four samples of different feeds (sugarcane, corn silage, soybean meal and corn grain) and four nitrogen compounds assumed as standards (urea, monobasic ammonium phosphate, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and ammonium sulfate) to measure the accuracy of the estimates. Each laboratory analyzed the samples for six days, consecutive or not, with three replicates per sample per day of evaluation. The variances among laboratories and within of laboratories (repeatability) represented 34.5 and 10.3% of the total variation, respectively. The evaluation of nitrogen recovered from the standards showed that 25% of observations presented a significant bias (P 0.001). The overall assessment of the samples demonstrated significant variations (P 0.001) in function of the day of analysis, interaction of material with laboratory, and among laboratories. Additionally, it was found that the variation among laboratories corresponded of 43.6 to 68.2% of the total of random variation, while the repeatability (intralaboratory variation) represented of 11.9 to 42.8% of reproducibility.(AU)

Estudo colaborativo foi conduzido para avaliação do teor de proteína bruta (PB) em diferentes amostras de alimentos em sete diferentes laboratórios de análise de alimentos de instituições integrantes do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Ciência Animal (INCT-CA). Foram utilizadas amostras de quatro alimentos (cana-de-açúcar, silagem de milho, farelo de soja e milho grão) e quatro compostos que foram assumidos como padrões para aferição da exatidão das estimativas (ureia, fosfato de amônia monobásico, ácido etileno diamínico tetra-acético e sulfato de amônio). Cada laboratório analisou as amostras durante seis dias, consecutivos ou não, sendo realizadas três repetições por amostra em cada dia de avaliação. As variâncias entre laboratórios e dentro de laboratórios (repetibilidade) representaram 34,5 e 10,3 % da variação total. A avaliação das recuperações de nitrogênio a partir dos padrões permitiu evidenciar que 25% das observações apresentaram vícios significativos de recuperação (P 0,001). A avaliação global das amostras propiciou variações significativas (P 0,001) em função: do dia de análise, interação do material com o laboratório e entre laboratórios.(AU)

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Avaliou-se o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes em dietas para cabras da raça Saanen arranjadas em um quadrado latino 5x5, alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar em substituição (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) ao feno de capim-tifton 85. O experimento foi constituído de cinco períodos de 15 dias (10 dias para adaptação dos animais às dietas experimentais e 5 dias para coleta de dados e amostras). O consumo voluntário foi calculado pela diferença entre o ofertado e as sobras. Utilizou-se o óxido crômico para estimativa da produção de matéria seca fecal. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro foi influenciada negativamente com a substituição, enquanto a digestibilidade da proteína e dos carboidratos não fibrosos não sofreu influência. O baixo consumo de matéria seca de rações com cana-de-açúcar torna-se um fator limitante para cabras de média a alta produção de leite.

The intake and digestibility of nutrients in the diets of Saanen goats arranged in a 5x5 Latin square design, fed with sugar cane replacement (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) hay Tifton 85 were evaluated. The experiment consisted of 5 periods of 15 days (10 days for animal adaptation to experimental diets and 5 days for data collection). The voluntary intake was calculated as the difference between the offered and leftovers. Digestibility chromic oxide was used to estimate the fecal dry matter production. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber was negatively influenced, whereas the digestibility of protein and non-fiber carbohydrates were not affected. The low dry matter intake of diets with sugar cane becomes a limiting factor for goats medium for high milk production.

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Os efeitos da inclusão de levedura seca de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) na dieta de vacas lactantes foram avaliados com base no fornecimento de quatro dietas constituídas de diferentes níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pela levedura de cana-de-açúcar (0,00; 0,33; 0,67 e 1,00kg/kg de MS). O delineamento utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 × 4. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de MS, MO, EE, FDNi e NDT, porém ocorreu redução linear no consumo de PB e FDNcp e aumento do consumo de CNF. Diferenças estatísticas não foram verificadas para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB, CNF e NDT; no entanto os coeficientes do FDNcp e do EE decresceram linearmente. Não foi observado efeito sobre a produção e eficiência de síntese microbiana, utilização dos componentes nitrogenados e produção e composição do leite. Conclui-se que a levedura seca pode substituir 100% o farelo de soja na alimentação de vacas lactantes.

The effects of the inclusion of sugar cane dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in dairy cows feeding were evaluated based on the provision of four different diets with increasing proportions of sugar cane dry yeast (0.00; 0.33; 0.67 and 1.00kg/kg of DM). The design adopted for this research was the latin square, 4 × 4. It was observed that the levels of yeast inclusion did not affect the intake of DM, OM, EE, NDFi and TDN. However, the CP and NDFcp intake decreased linearly, whereas the NFC intake increased linearly with the increasing levels of yeast. No effect on the digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, NDFcp and NCF was observed. Nevertheless, the EE digestibility coefficient linearly decreased with the yeast inclusion in the experimental diets. There was no treatment effect on the production and efficiency of microbial synthesis, usage of nitrogenous components, as well as milk production and composition. It was concluded that the dried yeast can fully replace the soybean meal in diets of dairy cows.

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Foram utilizadas 350 aves da linhagem comercial Bovans White, com o objetivo de avaliar a associação de carboidrases e fitase em dietas valorizadas sobre o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras leves. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com 5 tratamentos e 7 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1- Controle positivo sem adição de enzimas e sem valorização dos nutrientes; T2- Controle negativo (CN) 1, valorizando em 1,5% e 6% a EMA (kcal/kg), respectivamente para o milho e o farelo de soja, e em 2% a proteína bruta (PB) e os aminoácidos digestíveis limitantes mais a matriz completa para a enzima fitase; T3- CN 2, valorizando em 1,5% e 6% a EMA (kcal/kg), respectivamente para o milho e o farelo de soja, e em 2% a proteína bruta (PB) e os aminoácidos digestíveis limitantes mais a matriz incompleta para a enzima fitase; T4- suplementado com 100g ton-1 de carboidrase e 30g ton-1 de fitase; T5- suplementado com 100g ton-1 de carboidrase e 30g ton-1 de fitase. Os tratamentos controle positivo, T2, T3, T4 e T5, com ou sem suplementação enzimática, garantiram o desempenho no que diz respeito ao consumo de ração, produção, peso e perdas de ovos e qualidade da casca.

A total of 350 commercial Bovans White laying hens were used to evaluate the association of carbohydrases and phytase in enriched diets and its effects on performance and egg quality of laying hens. The experiment used a randomized design with five treatments and seven replicates. The treatments were: 1. Positive control without added enzymes and without nutrient enrichment, 2. Negative control (NC) 1 with 1.5% and 6% AME (kcal/kg) enrichment for corn and soybean meal respectively, 2% crude protein (CP) enrichment, and digestible limiting digestible amino acids plus the full matrix for the phytase enzyme; 3. NC 2 with 1.5% and 6% AME (kcal/kg) enrichment, respectively, for corn and soybean meal and 2% crude protein (CP) enrichment, and digestible limiting amino acids plus the sparse matrix for the phytase enzyme, 4. NC 1 supplemented with 100 g ton-1 carbohydrase and 30g ton-1 phytase, 5. NC 2 supplemented with 100 g ton-1 carbohydrase and 30g ton-1 phytase. According to the results, the positive control treatments, NC1 and NC2, with or without enzyme supplementation, showed guaranteed performance for feed intake, egg yield, weight, egg loss and shell quality.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da silagem de sorgo, feno de maniçoba e duas proporções de concentrado (10 e 15% na MS) em dietas à base de palma forrageira na alimentação de vacas em lactação. Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Girolando, com peso vivo médio e produção inicial de 463 e 9,65kg, respectivamente, com 95 dias de lactação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4x4 em esquema fatorial 2x2 (feno de maniçoba e silagem de sorgo x 10% e 15% de concentrado), sendo utilizados dois quadrados simultâneos. Cada período experimental teve duração de 21 dias, sendo 14 de adaptação e sete para coleta de dados e amostras. Não houve interação entre volumosos e proporções de concentrado para nenhuma das variáveis avaliadas. Assim, os fatores foram analisados e discutidos separadamente. Os consumos de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e nutrientes digestíveis totais diferiram em função dos volumosos utilizados, com menores consumos para o feno de maniçoba (1,50; 4,10; 6,17kg/dia, respectivamente). A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro diferiram de acordo com os volumosos, verificando menores valores para o feno de maniçoba (51,70; 53,91; 62,30 e 20,74%, respectivamente). A produção de leite com ou sem correção para 4% de gordura (9,65 e 9,1kg/dia, respectivamente) e composição do leite não diferiram entre os volumosos, nem entre os níveis de concentrados. A eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana diferiu entre os volumosos, sendo menor no tratamento com silagem de sorgo (99,46g/kg de NDT). A concentração de ureia no plasma diferiu entre as proporções de concentrado, com menores valores na dieta com 15% de concentrado (31,41mg/dL). Para o atendimento das exigências nutricionais e redução dos custos com suplementação, sugere-se o fornecimento de silagem de sorgo como volumoso e a proporção de 10% de concentrado na dieta de vacas em lactação.

The trial was conducted to evaluate the use of sorghum silage, maniçoba hay, and two concentrate levels (10.0% and 15.0% DM) in diets based on spineless cactus of dairy cows. Eight Girolando cows were used with average body weight and milk yield of 463 and 9.65kg, respectively, with 95 days of lactation. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin Square in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (maniçoba hay and sorghum silage x 10.0% and 15.0% of concentrate), two simultaneous Latin Square were used. Each experimental period lasted 21 days; 14 days for adaptation and seven for data and sample collection. There was no interaction between roughage and concentrate level for any of the variables. Thereby the factors were analyzed and discussed separately. The intake of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients differ according to roughage used with lower intake for maniçoba hay (1.50; 4.10; 6.17kg/day, respectively). The apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber differed according to the roughage, and lower values were found for maniçoba hay (51.70; 53.91 and 20.74%, respectively). The milk yield with and without adjustment to 4.0% of fat (9.65 and 9.1kg/day, respectively) and the milk composition did not differ between roughages or between concentrate levels. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis differs between roughages and was lower in the treatment with sorghum (99.46g/kg TDN). The concentration of plasma urea differed between the ratios of concentrate with lower amounts in the diet with 15.0% concentrate (1.41mg/dL). To meet the nutritional requirements and cost reduction with supplementation a supply with sorghum silage as roughage and 100% of concentrate for diet of lactation cows is suggested.

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The aim of this study was to quantify the liquid-associated bacteria and protozoa of the rumen and to evaluate the potential of in vitro production of gases CH4 and CO2 of diets with inclusion of glycerin for sheep. Two diets were formulated with a roughage:concentrate ratio of 20:80, according to the presence or absence of glycerin: G0 - control, without glycerin; and G10 - 10% glycerin as part of the concentrate. To quantify the liquid-associated bacteria and protozoa from the rumen and production of CH4 and CO2 gases, a completely randomized design was used. The diets had no effect (P>0.05) on production and composition of liquid-associated protozoa and bacteria from the rumen of lambs. Likewise, a (P>0.05) diet effect was not observed on production of CH4 and CO2 in vitro, which presented average concentrations of 24.55mL/g MS and 51.52mL/g MS, respectively. The use of 10% glycerin did not alter production or composition of ruminal microflora, and moreover, did not negatively impact the production of CH4 and CO2 gases in vitro.

Objetivou-se com este estudo quantificar as bactérias e protozoários líquido-associados do rúmen e avaliar o potencial de produção dos gases CH4 e CO2 in vitro de dietas com inclusão de glicerina para ovinos. Duas dietas foram formuladas, na proporção volumoso:concentrado de 20:80, conforme a presença ou ausência de glicerina: G0 - controle sem glicerina, G10 - 10% glicerina como parte do concentrado. Para a quantificação das bactérias e protozoários líquido-associados do rúmen e produção dos gases CH4 e CO2, utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Não foi observado efeito de dieta (P>0,05) sobre a produção e composição de protozoários e bactérias líquido-associados do rúmen de cordeiros. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito de dieta (P>0,05) sobre a produção de CH4 e CO2 in vitro, os quais apresentaram concentrações médias de 24,55mL/g MS e 51,52mL/g MS, respectivamente. O uso de 10% glicerina não altera a produção ou composição da microflora ruminal, e também não impacta negativamente a produção dos gases CH4 e CO2 in vitro.

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