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Surveillance indicators of the quality of water for human consumption in the Amazon were analysed from 2016 to 2020 using 185,528 samples from 11 microregions. Of the samples analysed, 93.20% were from urban areas, 66.65% were from the public water supply system (WSS), 31.02% were from the Collective Alternative Solution-CAS, and 2.33% from the Individual Alternative Solution-IAS. There was an increase in the number of records by the WSS, with a downwards trend and fluctuations in records for the CAS and the IAS. The quality indicators of chemical and physical parameters for urban areas were higher than those for rural areas and traditional communities. Most of the samples presented pH values below the recommended level. In the quantification of microbiological parameters, a higher presence of total coliforms and E. coli was identified in samples from rural areas and in traditional communities. In conclusion, there were inadequacies in the chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as problems related to the supply, storage and surveillance of water distributed for human consumption. These findings indicate the need to build an agenda for public management to address water insecurity and its likely effects on food insecurity in the region.

Analisaram-se indicadores de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no Amazonas, de 2016 a 2020, utilizando 185.528 amostras provenientes de 11 microrregiões. Das amostras analisadas, 93,20% são da área urbana, 66,65% provinham do sistema público (SAA), 31,02% da Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) e 2,33% da Solução de Alternativa Individual (SAI). Observou-se aumento do número de registros pelo SAA, com tendência de queda e oscilações de registros para a SAC e a SAI. Os indicadores de qualidade dos parâmetros químicos e físicos da área urbana foram superiores aos das áreas rurais e de comunidades tradicionais. A maior parte das amostras apresentou valores de pH abaixo do recomendado. Na quantificação dos parâmetros microbiológicos, identificou-se maior presença de coliformes totais e E.coli na área rural e em comunidades tradicionais. Em conclusão, verificaram-se inadequações nos parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, assim como problemas relativos ao abastecimento, armazenamento e à vigilância da água distribuída para consumo humano. Tais achados indicam a necessidade de construir uma agenda, pela gestão pública, para o enfrentamento da insegurança hídrica e seus prováveis efeitos sobre a insegurança alimentar existente na região.

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En la actualidad la contaminación de las aguas terrestres es un grave problema ambiental. La industria farmacéutica es una de las que produce un mayor impacto por la gran variedad de químicos que aporta al agua; sus efluentes generalmente tienen asociadas elevadas cargas orgánicas no biodegradables. La preservación de la calidad de las aguas terrestres es un tema regulado por la legislación nacional, donde se exige la caracterización de las aguas residuales antes de su vertimiento con vistas a evaluar el impacto ambiental que producen y diseñar el sistema adecuado para su tratamiento. El Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, pertenece al grupo de BioCubaFarma, es una empresa de ciclo completo, cuenta con nueve instalaciones, cinco de ellas son generadoras de grandes volúmenes de aguas residuales industriales. El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de presentar los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación de los parámetros físico-químico de los residuales líquidos del proceso productivo de conjugados monovalentes, para esto se muestrearon los residuales líquidos generados al final de cada etapa del proceso. Se determinaron los indicadores de contaminación: pH, temperatura, conductividad eléctrica, demanda química y bioquímica de oxígeno, fósforo total, nitrógeno total y sólidos sedimentables; los ensayos fueron realizados en el laboratorio de la Empresa Nacional de Servicios Técnicos de la Habana, acreditado para la realización de las caracterizaciones de aguas residuales. Los resultados fueron comparados con los límites máximos permisibles establecidos en la Norma Cubana NC-27:2012 de vertimiento de aguas residuales al alcantarillado, además se calculó el índice de biodegradabilidad. Se demostró que el pH, la conductividad eléctrica, demanda química de oxígeno y demanda bioquímica de oxígeno no cumplen con el vertido para la descarga al alcantarillado pudiendo impactar de manera negativa en los recursos hídricos(AU)

At present, the pollution of terrestrial waters is a serious environmental problem. The drug industry is one of those that produces a greater impact, due to the great variety of chemicals that can contribute to the water; its effluents generally have associated high non-biodegradable organic loads. The preservation of the quality of terrestrial waters is a subject regulated by legislation, where the characterization of wastewater is required before its discharge, since it allows evaluating the environmental impact it produces and designing the appropriate system for its treatment. The Finlay Vaccine Institute, belongs to the BioCubaFarma group, is a full cycle company, has nine facilities, five of them are generators of large volumes of industrial wastewater. The current work presents the results obtained in the evaluation of the physical-chemical parameters of the liquid waste from the production process of monovalent conjugates, for this the liquid waste generated at the end of each stage of the process was sampled. Pollution indicators were determined: pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and sedimentable solids. The results were compared with the maximum permissible limits established in NC-27: 2012 for the discharge of wastewater. The biodegradability index was also calculated. It was shown that some of the determined parameters do not comply with the discharge to release to the sewer system, which could have a negative impact on water resources(AU)

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O Guia Prático de Inspeção Sanitária em Formas de Abastecimento de Água para Consumo Humano descreve, de modo sistemático, as etapas fundamentais para a realização da inspeção sanitária nas formas de abastecimento de água para consumo humano, buscando orientar os profissionais da Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano na identificação dos eventos perigosos e perigos e na definição de ações corretivas e medidas de controle para as etapas do abastecimento de água: captação, adução, tratamento, reservação e distribuição de água. Para elaboração deste Guia, foram utilizados como material de apoio os seguintes documentos do Ministério da Saúde: Inspeção Sanitária em Abastecimento de Água (2006) e Boas Práticas no Abastecimento de Água: Procedimentos para a minimização de riscos à saúde (2006), por serem extremamente relevantes na orientação dos técnicos da vigilância que atuam em inspeções.

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Introducción: La reemergencia y el control de algunas enfermedades de transmisión hídrica continúan siendo motivos de interés para los gobiernos sanitarios. Objetivo: Desarrollar acciones intersectoriales dirigidas al mejoramiento de la situación ambiental, el saneamiento básico y la calidad del agua. Métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación-acción participativa, con enfoque mixto. Se conformó un equipo multidisciplinario integrado por profesionales de la salud, miembros de la comunidad y del Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado de Penipe, Chimborazo, Ecuador. La población estuvo constituida por 2089 habitantes que residían de forma permanente en el área urbana de la cabecera cantonal durante septiembre de 2016 y septiembre de 2017. La muestra (494 personas) se seleccionó por muestreo no probabilístico, la integraron individuos con edades entre 15 y 60 años, mentalmente aptos y que en el momento de la aplicación del instrumento se encontraban en su vivienda. Estas personas ofrecieron su consentimiento informado de participación y declararon residir de forma permanente en esa localidad. Para la recolección de los datos se empleó un cuestionario diseñado y validado por criterio de especialistas. Resultados: Predominaron las féminas de 21-30 años de edad y la autoidentificación étnica de mestiza. El consumo de agua hervida y su cloración constituyeron las prácticas más referidas por los encuestados, lo que resulta insuficiente para evitar la transmisibilidad de las enfermedades de transmisión hídrica. Conclusiones: La presencia de las enfermedades de transmisión hídricas en el cantón Penipe, Ecuador es un problema de la salud pública local que aún no ha sido resuelto, lo que justifica una intervención intersectorial que permita una educación para la salud incluyente, renovada y de carácter comunitario(AU)

Introduction: Re-emergence and control of some waterborne diseases are still an interest for sanitary governments. Objective: To develop intersectoral actions addressed to the improvement of the environmental situation, the basic sanitation and water quality. Methods: It was developed a participative research-action, with mixed approach. It was formed a multidisciplinary team made up by health professionals, members of the community and the Decentralized Autonomous Government of Penipe, Cimborazo, Ecuador. The population was formed by 2089 inhabitants living permanently in the urban area of the cantonal administrative center in the period from September 2016 to September 2017. The sample (494 people) was selected by non-probabilistic sampling, and it was made up by individuals in the ages from 15 to 60 years, mentally fit and that at the moment of the instrument's implementation were at their house. These people gave their informed consent for participating and declared to live permanently in that area. For data collection, it was used the questionnaire designed and validated by specialists criterion. Results: Females in the ages from 21 to 30 years and the ethnic auto-identification as mixed race predominated. Consumption of boiled water and its chlorination were the most common practices referred by those polled, which is insufficient to avoid transmissibility of waterborne diseases. Conclusions: The presence of water transmission diseases in cantón Penipe, in Ecuador is an unsolved local public health problem which justifies an intersectoral intervention that allows an inclusive, renewed and community focused health education(AU)

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ABSTRACT Introduction: In hemodialysis, patients are exposed to a large volume of water, which may lead to fatal risks if not meeting quality standards. This study aimed to validate an alternative method for monitoring microbiological quality of treated water and assess its applicability in dialysis and dialysate analysis, to allow corrective actions in real-time. Methods: Validation and applicability were analyzed by conventional and alternative methods. For validation, E. coli standard endotoxin was diluted with apyrogenic water in five concentrations. For the applicability analysis, treated water for dialysis was collected from different points in the treatment system (reverse osmosis, drainage canalization at the storage tank bottom, reuse, and loop), and dialysate was collected from four machines located in different rooms in the hemodialysis sector. Results: The validation results were in accordance with the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia acceptance criteria, except for the last two concentrations analyzed. In addition, the ruggedness criterion performed under the US Pharmacopoeia was in agreement with the results. Discussion: A limiting factor in the applicability analysis was the absence of the endotoxin maximum permitted level in dialysate by the Brazilian legislation. When comparing the analysis time, the alternative method was more time-consuming than the conventional one. This suggests that the alternative method is effective in the case of few analyses, that is, real-time analyses, favoring corrective actions promptly. On the other hand, it does not support the implementation of the alternative method in a laboratory routine due to the high demand for analyses.

RESUMO Introdução: Na hemodiálise, os pacientes são expostos a um grande volume de água, o que pode levar a riscos fatais se não cumprir com padrões de qualidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo validar um método alternativo para monitorar a qualidade microbiológica da água tratada e avaliar sua aplicabilidade em análises de diálise e dialisato, para permitir ações corretivas em tempo real. Métodos: A validação e aplicabilidade foram analisadas por métodos convencionais e alternativos. Para validação, a endotoxina padrão de E. coli foi diluída com água apirogênica em cinco concentrações. Para a análise de aplicabilidade, a água tratada para diálise foi coletada em diferentes pontos do sistema de tratamento (osmose reversa, canalização de drenagem no fundo do tanque de armazenamento, reutilização e circuito) e o dialisato foi coletado em quatro máquinas localizadas em diferentes salas do setor de hemodiálise. Resultados: Os resultados da validação obedeceram aos critérios de aceitação da Farmacopeia Brasileira, com exceção das duas últimas concentrações analisadas. Além disso, o critério de robustez realizado sob a Farmacopeia dos EUA estava de acordo com os resultados. Discussão: Um fator limitante na análise de aplicabilidade foi a ausência do nível máximo permitido de endotoxina no dialisato pela legislação brasileira. Ao comparar o tempo de análise, o método alternativo consumiu mais tempo que o convencional. Isso sugere que o método alternativo é eficaz no caso de poucas análises, ou seja, análises em tempo real, favorecendo ações corretivas imediatamente. Por outro lado, não suporta a implementação do método alternativo em uma rotina de laboratório devido à alta demanda por análises.

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INTRODUCTION: In hemodialysis, patients are exposed to a large volume of water, which may lead to fatal risks if not meeting quality standards. This study aimed to validate an alternative method for monitoring microbiological quality of treated water and assess its applicability in dialysis and dialysate analysis, to allow corrective actions in real-time. METHODS: Validation and applicability were analyzed by conventional and alternative methods. For validation, E. coli standard endotoxin was diluted with apyrogenic water in five concentrations. For the applicability analysis, treated water for dialysis was collected from different points in the treatment system (reverse osmosis, drainage canalization at the storage tank bottom, reuse, and loop), and dialysate was collected from four machines located in different rooms in the hemodialysis sector. RESULTS: The validation results were in accordance with the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia acceptance criteria, except for the last two concentrations analyzed. In addition, the ruggedness criterion performed under the US Pharmacopoeia was in agreement with the results. DISCUSSION: A limiting factor in the applicability analysis was the absence of the endotoxin maximum permitted level in dialysate by the Brazilian legislation. When comparing the analysis time, the alternative method was more time-consuming than the conventional one. This suggests that the alternative method is effective in the case of few analyses, that is, real-time analyses, favoring corrective actions promptly. On the other hand, it does not support the implementation of the alternative method in a laboratory routine due to the high demand for analyses.

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Proporcionar acceso universal a las estaciones públicas de higiene de manos, con indicaciones precisas para su uso correcto. •Garantizar el suministro continuo de agua segura en las instalaciones de salud. •Asegurar que las instalaciones de atención a largo plazo y los espacios comunitarios cerrados tengan un suministro continuo de agua segura. •Asegurar el acceso de agua segura a no más de 500 metros de la residencia. •Abogar para el acceso continuo de agua segura para toda la población. •Instalar tanques de almacenamiento temporales en áreas desatendidas y donde haya un servicio interrumpido, con niveles de cloro residual de 0,5 mg/L. •Asegurar que los tanques de agua y los camiones cisterna tengan un nivel de cloro residual de 0,5-1 mg/L. •Asegurar que el nivel de cloro residual en todo el sistema de suministro y en el punto de uso es de 0,5 mg/L. •Fortalecer las acciones de vigilancia de la calidad del agua, especialmente en las zonas más afectadas. •Promover el almacenamiento seguro de agua en los hogares, como tanques elevados con tapas y grifos. •Promover tecnologías de bajo costo para garantizar la calidad del agua, como los filtros de agua domésticos. •Realizar la coordinación del sector salud, con el sector de agua y otros sectores relevantes para definir e implementar las intervenciones. •Abogar por la participación intersectorial (por ejemplo, sector del agua, agricultura) en los comités de emergencia y desastre de los paises. •Reparar las tuberías con fugas. •Establecer una prohibición sobre el uso de mangueras. • Recomendar el uso de sistemas de inodoros de bajo flujo (por diseño o modernizados) en áreas propensas a la sequía. •Realizar intervenciones de prevención que hayan demostrado ser efectivas contra el SARS-COV-2.

This technical note contains recommendations for the public sector, the community, and health establishments to make rational use of water in conditions of low water availability due to drought.

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Esta ficha contiene indicadores y estándares mínimos necesarios para la respuesta a la emergencia en los siguientes temas: cantidad de agua, acceso al agua, calidad del agua, saneamiento, higiene, residuos sólidos, limpieza y desinfección, así como dosificaciones para la preparación de soluciones desinfectantes utilizando hipoclorito de sodio.

This technical note contains indicators and minimum standards necessary for emergency response in the following topics: quantity of water, access to water, quality of water, sanitation, hygiene, solid waste, cleaning and disinfection, as well as dosages for the preparation of solutions disinfectants using sodium hypochlorite.

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Intensive agricultural and livestock activities demand high pesticide use and, consequently, contaminants reach aquatic ecosystems. In the lower Jacuí River, southern Brazil, there is a lack of knowledge about pesticide residues in water samples and the biochemical responses in native fish species. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the influence of pesticide residues and water parameters to biomarker responses in the native fish Astyanax spp. We performed seasonal biomonitoring in 2017 with water samples and fish collections. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidants, biotransformation, and neurotoxicity were analyzed in fish tissues. Fourteen pesticide residues were detected; they presented correlations with detoxification enzyme and oxidative stress biomarkers. These data indicate that most of variations can be related to the pesticide presence in water indicating high aquatic pollution in this place.

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Changes to land use generate imbalances in the natural dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. These changes can vary according to the specific characteristics of each environment and due to seasonal factors, reinforcing the importance of studies in this area in different regions of the globe. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of land use change on the rivers and streams of the Cachoeira River Basin in the Northeast of Brazil. Samples were collected bi-monthly at 16 points along the basin over 1 year and analyzed for physical and chemical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, and percentage saturation of dissolved oxygen), inorganic nutrients (NO3-, NO2-, NH4+/NH3, PO43-, SiO4) and dissolved major ions (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, HCO3-). The highest concentrations of NO3-, NO2-, NH4+/NH3, and PO43- occurred at the points with the highest percentage of urban areas and population density. The major ions Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, and HCO3- were positively correlated with the percentage of pasture coverage; however, the high concentrations of these ions and the strong correlation between them revealed that other factors besides land use, such as soil cover, geological formation, and water deficit, may be jointly contributing to increases in their concentrations. Thus, the results show that urbanization represents the type of land use with the greatest negative effect on water quality since it alters the concentrations of inorganic nutrients dissolved in the Cachoeira River Basin.

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Water quality models are important tools used in the management of water resources. The models are usually developed for specific regions, with particular climates and physical characteristics. Thus, applying these models in regions other than those they were designed for can generate large simulation errors. With consideration to these discrepancies, the goal of this study is to identify the models employed in different countries and assist researchers in the selection of the most appropriate models for management purposes. Published studies from the last 21 years (1997-2017) that discuss the application of water quality models were selected from three engineering databases: SpringerLink, Web of Science, and Scopus. Seven models for water quality simulations have been widely applied around the world: AQUATOX, CE-QUAL-W2, EFDC, QUALs, SWAT, SPARROW, and WASP. The countries most frequently applying water quality models are the USA, followed by China, and South Korea. SWAT was the most used model, followed by the QUAL group and CE-QUAL-W2. This study provides the opportunity for researchers, who wish to study countries with fewer cases of applied water quality models, to easily identify the work from that region. Furthermore, this work collated central themes of interest and the most simulated parameters for the seven countries that most frequently employed the water quality models.

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In order to fill a gap in the monitoring of water quality in Brazil, the objective of this study was to propose a methodology to support the allocation of water quality monitoring stations in river basins. To achieve this goal, eight criteria were selected and weighted according to their degree of importance. It was taken into account the opinion of water resources management experts. In addition, a decision support system was designed so that the methodology could be used in the allocation of water quality monitoring stations by researchers and management bodies of water resources, to be fully implemented in geographic information system environment. In order to demonstrate the potential of the proposed methodology, which can be used in places that have or not existing monitoring networks, it has been applied in the Minas Gerais portion of the Doce river basin. Because the area already has a monitoring network with 65 stations in operation under the responsibility of the Minas Gerais Water Management Institute (IGAM), an expansion of the network was suggested and a simulation of a scenario was performed considering that the study area did not have an established network. The results of the analyses consisted of maps of suitability, indicating the locations with greater and lesser suitability for the establishment of the stations. With the application of the methodology, seven new sites were proposed so that the study area had the density recommended by the National Water Agency (ANA), and it was verified that the Caratinga River Water Resources Management Unit (UGRH5 Caratinga) has the most deficiency of stations among the six units evaluated in the Minas Gerais portion of the Doce river basin. In the simulated scenario considering the non-existence of a network, the adequacy map obtained was compared with the existing monitoring network and it was possible to classify the stations according to the purpose for which they were established, such as monitoring environments under anthropic activities or establishing benchmarks for the water bodies. Overall, the proposed methodology proved itself robust, and although the results were specific to one basin, the criteria and decision support system used are fully applicable to other areas of study.

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Living in poverty significantly elevates risk of common mental disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly specified. The stress of coping with household food insecurity is posed as one fundamental driver. While much less tested, the stress of failing to meet household water needs may also matter. We test (a) a hypothesized direct influence of household water insecurity (as household access to water sources and quality/quantity of water available in the household) on anxiety and depression symptoms. We also test (b) if there are indirect (mediated) effects of these aspects of water insecurity on common mental disorder symptom levels via household food insecurity, and (c) via their association with sanitation insecurity (lack of toilet). Data were collected in Haiti in June-July 2016 from 4,055 geographically-sampled households representing three distinct low-resource communities, purposefully differentiated as urban, town, and rural. We confirm that household water insecurity exerts a direct, strong independent effect on anxiety and depression levels, even once food insecurity and household assets are taken into account. Additionally, household water insecurity appears to have an indirect effect on anxiety and depression levels through its influence on household food insecurity. In the rural community sample, there is also support for the proposition of additional influence of household water on anxiety through its association with lack of sanitation. This Haitian case supports theories posing a central, influential role for household water insecurity as a potential driver of common mental illness in low-resource households via direct and indirect (food insecurity, sanitation) pathways.

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The externalities generated by disorderly urbanization and lack of proper planning becomes one of the main factors that must be considered in water resource management. To address the multiple uses of water and avoid conflicts among users, decision-making must integrate these factors into quality and quantity aspects. The water quality index (WQI), using the correlation matrix and the multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) techniques were used to analyze the surface water quality, considering urban, rural, and industrial regions in an integrated way, even with data gaps. The results showed that the main parameters that impacted the water quality index were dissolved oxygen, elevation, and total phosphorus. The results of PCA analysis showed 86.25% of the variance in the data set, using physicochemical and topographic parameters. In the cluster analysis, the dissolved oxygen, elevation, total coliforms, E. coli, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and temperature parameters showed a significant correlation between the data's dimensions. In the industrial region, the characteristic parameter was the organic load, in the rural region were nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), and in the urban region was E. coli (an indicator of the pathogenic organisms' presence). In the classification of the samples, there was a predominance of "Good" quality, however, samples classified as "Acceptable" and "Bad" occurred during the winter and spring months (dry season) in the rural and industrial regions. Water pollution is linked to inadequate land use and occupation and population density in certain regions without access to sanitation services.

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Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el estado y la influencia de la variabilidad climática en la calidad del agua de un sistema de abastecimiento para consumo humano en San José, Costa Rica, captado en cuatro microcuencas del cantón Vásquez de Coronado, en el periodo 2017-2018, para brindar recomendaciones al operador y promover la protección de la población abastecida Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de los parámetros de calidad básicos de agua para consumo humano (Escherichia coli, coliformes fecales, turbidez, conductividad, pH, color, temperatura y cloro residual). Los análisis se realizaron siguiendo el Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Se delimitaron las zonas de captación utilizando sistemas de información geográfica. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial para describir la calidad del agua y su variabilidad espacial y estacional. Resultados: La concentración de coliformes fecales en el agua superficial fue > 103 NMP/100 mL y la turbidez >5 UTN en el 76% de las muestras. En la red de distribución se encontraron concentraciones de cloro residual y turbidez (>5 UTN) por encima de los límites recomendados para agua de consumo humano. Se encontró diferencias significativas en todos los parámetros básicos de calidad de agua entre las distintas zonas de captación (p<0,05 en todos los casos), así como entre épocas climáticas por zona de captación. Conclusión: Estos resultados indican que se está utilizando agua de calidad inadecuada para uso y consumo humano, por lo cual se recomienda un monitoreo intensivo y sectorizado de las fuentes para localizar puntos de contaminación.

Abstract Objective: Analyze the water quality and the influence of the climatic variability in supply system for the human consume in San José, Costa Rica, in four catchment areas in Vasquez of Coronado in the period 2017-2018 to give recommendations to the operator and promote the protection of the supplied population. Methods: Descriptive study of the basic parameters of the drinking water (Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, turbidity, conductivity, pH, color, temperature, and residual chlorine). The analyses were done following Standard Methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater. The catchment areas were delimited using geographic information systems (GIS). Descriptive and inferential statistic was used to describe the water quality, spatial and seasonal variability. Results: The concentration of fecal coliforms in the catchment areas was >10 3 NMP/100 mL and the turbidity >5 UTN in 76% of the samples. In the distribution system were found concentrations of the residual chlorine and turbidity (>5 UTN) above according to recommended limits for drinking water in the country. The results showed significant differences in all of the basic parameters of the water quality between catchment areas (p<0, 05 in all cases) and between climatic periods for catchment areas. Conclusion: These results indicate that water of inadequate quality is being used for human use and consumption, for which reason intensive and sectorized source monitoring is recommended to locate contamination points.

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This paper seeks to present a performance evaluation of large-scale water treatment plants and verify the adjustment of the treatment to the parameter turbidity of natural waters. Nonparametric and multivariate statistical tools were used to analyze raw water and treated water turbidity of a large on-line monitoring databank for the period from 2013 to 2015, from six large-scale treatment plants utilizing different technologies. Cluster analysis was able to differentiate adequately groups of treatment plants with similar raw and treated water quality. Considering the effluent turbidity as a marker parameter, the results indicated that selection of the technology to be applied must be well studied to always seek the best solution, and that other factors than only the raw water characteristics should be evaluated. It was also demonstrated that utilization of the same treatment technology does not always result in the same effluent quality, since there are many factors related to operation, maintenance, raw water variability, climatic interferences, and others.

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O monitoramento da qualidade da água destinada ao consumo humano é imprescindível. Desta forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar as amostras de águas de abastecimento de escolas públicas de tempo integral no município de Teresina-PI, por meio das análises de pH, turbidez e alcalinidade. As coletas de água foram realizadas em cinco escolas (zonas Sul, Sudeste, Leste, Norte e Centro) da cidade de Teresina - PI. Foram coletadas durante três meses, perfazendo 42 amostras de águas no total. As análises foram efetuadas conforme os métodos prescritos pela APHA. Os parâmetros pH, alcalinidade e turbidez das amostras coletadas em escolas de diferentes zonas da cidade de Teresina PI, encontram-se conforme o estabelecido pelos padrões de potabilidade da Portaria nº 2.914/2011.(AU)

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A avaliação de parâmetros físico-químicos fornece uma ideia da qualidade da água das escolas de um determinado local. Desta forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar as amostras de águas de abastecimento de escolas públicas no município de Teresina-PI, por meio das análises de dureza, condutividade e sólidos totais dissolvidos. As coletas de água foram realizadas em cinco escolas (Zonas Sul, Sudeste, Leste, Norte e Centro) e coletadas 42 amostras de águas no total. Os referidos parâmetros foram avaliados conforme o prescrito pela APHA. Os resultados revelaram que a água fornecida pelas escolas aos alunos apresenta-se em conformidade com os padrões, exceto um ponto de coleta (zona centro) apresentou valores de condutividade e dureza alterados.(AU)

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RESUMO

A avaliação de parâmetros físico-químicos fornece uma ideia da qualidade da água das escolas de um determinado local. Desta forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar as amostras de águas de abastecimento de escolas públicas no município de Teresina-PI, por meio das análises de dureza, condutividade e sólidos totais dissolvidos. As coletas de água foram realizadas em cinco escolas (Zonas Sul, Sudeste, Leste, Norte e Centro) e coletadas 42 amostras de águas no total. Os referidos parâmetros foram avaliados conforme o prescrito pela APHA. Os resultados revelaram que a água fornecida pelas escolas aos alunos apresenta-se em conformidade com os padrões, exceto um ponto de coleta (zona centro) apresentou valores de condutividade e dureza alterados.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O monitoramento da qualidade da água destinada ao consumo humano é imprescindível. Desta forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar as amostras de águas de abastecimento de escolas públicas de tempo integral no município de Teresina-PI, por meio das análises de pH, turbidez e alcalinidade. As coletas de água foram realizadas em cinco escolas (zonas Sul, Sudeste, Leste, Norte e Centro) da cidade de Teresina - PI. Foram coletadas durante três meses, perfazendo 42 amostras de águas no total. As análises foram efetuadas conforme os métodos prescritos pela APHA. Os parâmetros pH, alcalinidade e turbidez das amostras coletadas em escolas de diferentes zonas da cidade de Teresina – PI, encontram-se conforme o estabelecido pelos padrões de potabilidade da Portaria nº 2.914/2011.

Assuntos