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Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the cervical vertebrae maturity, using a lateral cephalogram,which is routinely taken before orthodontic treatment and is included as a part of the patient’srecord, with hand-wrist maturation method. Materials and methods: The study group comprised ofsixty subjects of Bangalore, Indian, origin, aged between 9-18 years. Hand wrist radiograph and lateralcephalograms were taken for these subjects. Assessment of skeletal maturation was done using SkeletalMaturity Indicators (SMI’s) from hand-wrist radiograph and Cervical Vertebrae Maturity Indicators(CVMI’s) from lateral cephalogram. A pair wise comparison for skeletal age assessment stages was doneusing Wilcoxon sign rank test and proportions was compared using Chi-Square test for statistical analysis.Results: Skeletal maturity assessed using the cervical vertebrae maturation index (CVMI) method andhand-wrist skeletal maturational index (SMI) method showed no statistical signifi cant difference for malesand females. However, females showed maturation at an early age as compared to males. Conclusions:Since properly utilized cervical vertebrae assessment provided a reliable assessment of pubertal growthspurt, it would be benefi cial to use a lateral cephalogram for skeletal maturity assessment and thereby eliminate the need for an additional radiograph (hand-wrist radiograph). This is cost effective and will alsoreduce the radiation exposure to the patient.

Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a maturidade das vértebras cervicais, por meio de umcefalograma lateral, que é rotineiramente obtido antes de tratamentos ortodônticos, com um método de medição dematuração de mão e punho. Materiais e métodos: O grupo estudado consistiu de sessenta indivíduos da região deBangalore, Índia, com idades entre 9 e 18 anos, de ambos os sexos. Radiografi as de mão e punho e cefalogramas emnorma lateral foram obtidos. A determinação da maturação esquelética foi determinada com o uso de Indicadoresde Maturidade Esquelética para radiografi as de mão e punho e Indicadores de Maturidade de Vértebras Cervicaispara cefalogramas em norma lateral. A comparação por pareamento para determinação da idade esqueletal foi feitautilizando o teste de ranqueamento de Wilcoxon e as proporções comparadas pelo teste Qui-Quadrado para análiseestatística. Resultados: A maturidade esquelética determinada pelo índice de maturação esquelética não mostroudiferença estatística signifi cante para homens e mulheres. Entretanto, em mulheres a maturação ocorreu em idademais precoce quando comparadas com os homens. Conclusões: Uma vez utilizado adequadamente, o método dedeterminação da maturidade das vértebras cervicais proporciona um indicativo confi ável do crescimento no estirãoda puberdade, o qual pode ser útil no estabelecimento da maturidade esqueletal por meio de cefalogramas laterais,eliminando assim a necessidade de radiografi as adicionais de mão e punho. Essa eliminação das radiografi as de mãoe punho é custo-efetiva e igualmente reduz a exposição do paciente à radiação ionizante.

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OBJETIVO: avaliar o grau de correlação existente entre o crescimento mandibular e a maturação esquelética em jovens brasileiras melanodermas. MÉTODOS: examinou-se 140 telerradiografias, obtidas em norma lateral e 140 radiografias de mão e punho de jovens do gênero feminino, brasileiras, melanodermas, com 8 a 14 anos de idade, com oclusão normal ou má oclusão de Classe I, de Angle, não submetidas a tratamento ortodôntico prévio. Nas radiografias da mão e do punho, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento dos centros de ossificação da falange proximal do 3º dedo e da epífise distal do osso rádio, apoiando-se no método descrito por Eklõf e Ringertz; e nas telerradiografias, obtidas em norma lateral, analisou-se a pneumatização do seio frontal, de acordo com o método descrito por Rüf e Pancherz, e as medidas cefalométricas representativas do crescimento mandibular (Co-Go, Co-Gn, Go-Gn e Fg-Pg). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística, utilizando-se a Correlação de Pearson, para determinar o grau de relacionamento entre as variáveis. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: ocorreu uma correlação altamente significativa entre os centros de ossificação observados na radiografia de mão e punho e as medidas cefalométricas representativas do crescimento mandibular (r = 0,777). Apesar de estatisticamente significativa, ocorreu uma baixa correlação entre a pneumatização do seio frontal e os eventos da maturidade esquelética (r = 0,306), assim como a relação entre a pneumatização do seio frontal e as medidas cefalométricas representativas do crescimento mandibular (r = 0,218).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of correlation between mandibular growth and skeletal maturation in young melanodermic Brazilian women. METHODS: The authors examined 140 lateral teleradiographies and an additional 140 radiographies of hands and wrists of young female Brazilian melanodermic subjects aged 8 to 14 years with normal occlusion or Angle Class I malocclusion, who had not been subjected to previous orthodontic treatment. Using the hand and wrist radiographies, the authors evaluated the development of ossification centers in the proximal phalanx of the 3rd finger and the distal epiphysis of the radius bone, drawing on the method described by Eklõf and Ringertz. The lateral teleradiographies enabled an analysis of frontal sinus pneumatization according to the method described by Ruf and Pancherz, and of the cephalometric measurements representative of mandibular growth, namely, Co-Go, Co-Gn, Go-Gn, Fg-Pg. The data were statistically analyzed using Pearson's Correlation to determine the degree of relationship between variables. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A highly significant correlation was found between ossification centers observed on the hand and wrist radiographies and cephalometric measurements representative of the mandibular growth (r = 0.777). Although statistically significant, there was a low correlation between frontal sinus pneumatization and the progression of skeletal maturity (r = 0.306), as well as a relationship between frontal sinus pneumatization and the cephalometric measurements representative of mandibular growth (r = 0.218).

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In the framework of odontological practice, the assessment of skeletal maduration is vital for decision-making concerning orthodontic and orthognatic treatments, specially in commonly performed cephalometric radiographs. Our purpose was to determine the correlation between bone age analysis by applying Fishman method to hand-wrist radiograph, and Cervical Vertebrae Maduration Stages Method (CVMS) to lateral cephalometric radiograph. A prospective study was conducted in a sample of 24 girls lodged at Residencia de Niñas Hogar Madre Teresa Bacq, Concepción, Chile, whose ages ranged from 6 to 14 years. Girls underwent lateral cephalometric and hand-wrist radiographs for estimating bone age according to both foregoing methods (CVMS and Fishman). The Chi-square statistical analysis revealed a strong dependency between variables as well as a correlation of 0,753 percent according to Spearman coefficient, thus demonstrating a strong and positive correlation between both methods.

En la práctica odontológica se hace necesario evaluar la maduración esquelética, para la toma de decisiones en tratamientos ortodóncicos y ortognáticos, idealmente en las radiografías cefalométricas que se adquieren habitualmente. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la correlación existente entre el análisis de edad ósea mediante el método de Fishman en la radiografía mano-muñeca y el método CVMS (cervical vertebrae maduration stages) en la radiografía lateral cefalométrica. Se estudió en forma prospectiva una muestra de 24 niñas pertenecientes a la Residencia de Niñas Hogar Madre Teresa Bacq, Concepción, Chile, con edades entre 6 y 14 años a las cuales se tomaron radiografías lateral cefalométrica y mano-muñeca, evaluándose la edad ósea en cada radiografía, según ambos métodos. El análisis estadístico Chi-cuadrado reveló dependencia entre las variables y nivel de correlación de 0.753 según el coeficiente de Spearman, lo que indica una correlación fuerte y positiva entre ambos métodos.

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The aim of this study was to establish two new formulas for objectively evaluating skeletal maturation of cervical vertebrae in female and male Brazilian subjects using lateral cephalometric radiographs. The sample included 128 girls and 110 boys, aged 7.0 to 15.9 years, from the files of the Oral Radiology Clinic, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (Unicamp), SP, Brazil. The cervical vertebral bodies of C3 and C4 were traced and measured and regression formulas were developed in order to determine cervical vertebral bone age. Another sample of lateral teleradiographs and hand-wrist radiographs of 55 girls and 54 boys (aged 7.0 to 15.9 years) was used to verify the reliability of the developed regression formulas, as compared with bone age assessed using the Tanner et al.15 (2001) Method (TW3) in hand-wrist radiographs. The analysis of both the boys and girls data (ANOVA) showed no statistical difference between cervical vertebral bone age, bone age, and chronological age, indicating that these formulas can be used in this population (p=0.5721 and p=0.6007 for girls and boys, respectively). Female cervical vertebral bodies of C3 and C4 increased in an accelerated manner from 10 to 13 years. Analysis of the male sample showed that C3 measurements increased in an accelerated manner from 12 to 15 years. The C4 measurements, however, did not increase at all. Using cervical vertebral bone age it is possible to evaluate skeletal maturation objectively in cephalometric radiographs.

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The aim of this study was to establish two new formulas for objectively evaluating skeletal maturation of cervical vertebrae in female and male Brazilian subjects using lateral cephalometric radiographs. The sample included 128 girls and 110 boys, aged 7.0 to 15.9 years, from the files of the Oral Radiology Clinic, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (Unicamp), SP, Brazil. The cervical vertebral bodies of C3 and C4 were traced and measured and regression formulas were developed in order to determine cervical vertebral bone age. Another sample of lateral teleradiographs and hand-wrist radiographs of 55 girls and 54 boys (aged 7.0 to 15.9 years) was used to verify the reliability of the developed regression formulas, as compared with bone age assessed using the Tanner et al.15 (2001) Method (TW3) in hand-wrist radiographs. The analysis of both the boys’ and girls’ data (ANOVA) showed no statistical difference between cervical vertebral bone age, bone age, and chronological age, indicating that these formulas can be used in this population (p = 0.5721 and p = 0.6007 for girls and boys, respectively). Female cervical vertebral bodies of C3 and C4 increased in an accelerated manner from 10 to 13 years. Analysis of the male sample showed that C3 measurements increased in an accelerated manner from 12 to 15 years. The C4 measurements, however, did not increase at all. Using cervical vertebral bone age it is possible to evaluate skeletal maturation objectively in cephalometric radiographs.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer dois novos métodos para meninas e meninos brasileiros, no intuito de determinar de forma objetiva a maturação esquelética das vértebras cervicais em radiografias cefalométricas laterais. Foram selecionados 128 meninas e 110 meninos, com faixa etária variando entre 7 e 15,9 anos, pertencentes à Clínica de Radiologia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba da Universidade de Campinas (Unicamp). Os corpos da terceira e quarta vértebras cervicais foram traçados e medidos e fórmulas de regressão foram criadas no intuito de se estabelecer a idade óssea das vértebras cervicais. Uma outra amostra composta por telerradiografias em normal lateral e radiografias carpais de 55 meninas e 54 meninos com a mesma faixa etária foi utilizada para verificar a confiabilidade das fórmulas criadas, em comparação à idade óssea determinada pelo método de Tanner et al.15 (2001) (TW3) em radiografias carpais. A análise da amostra feminina e masculina (ANOVA) revelou não haver diferença estatística significativa entre idade óssea da vértebra cervical, idade esquelética e idade cronológica, indicando que as fórmulas desenvolvidas podem ser utilizadas nesta população (p = 0,5721 e p = 0,6007 para meninas e meninos, respectivamente). Os corpos da terceira e quarta vértebras cervicais aumentaram de forma acelerada dos 10 aos 13 anos nas meninas. A análise da amostra masculina revelou aumento acelerado de C3 dos 12 aos 15 anos. A vértebra C4, no entanto, não aumentou em tamanho. Utilizando a idade óssea de vértebras cervicais, é possível avaliar a maturidade esquelética de forma objetiva em radiografias cefalométricas laterais.

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Bone age is widely used as an osseous maturation method to assess biological development in clinical and auxological studies. Numerical methods for calculating bone age have better replicability; however, they require a wide data manipulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of bone age estimation by using just a few ossification centers. In 205 hand and wrist radiographs of children and adolescents, aged 0.9-17.4 years old (111 males and 94 females), bone age was determined by two trained observers employing the five-bone (B5) and the TW2 methods. To compare the results of the two methods, the mean differences by age and sex were tested by the Mann-Whitney test. The relationship of the bone age distribution estimated by B5 and TW2 was calculated and the mean of the bone age determined by the two methods was plotted by age and by differences between bone age calculated by the two methods +/- 2 SD. The bone age determined by B5 was between 1.2 and 16.8, and by TW2 was between 1.2 and 18.0 years. The mean differences between B5 and TW2 (-0.06 +/- 0.6) were not significant (p > 0.05). The distribution of mean differences by age and method demonstrated that all deviations were encompassed into +/- 2 SD with no particular bias. In general terms, a good agreement was obtained between these two methods.

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Fue determinada la edad ósea en 778 radiografías de mano y muñeca de niños sanos de ambos sexos, entre 4 y 12 años de edad cronológica. Se emplearon cuatro diferentes métodos: TW2, RCC, CAR y 5H. La comparación estadística entre los resultados obtenidos fue hecha por edad y sexo con análisis ANOVA y Test de Tukey-Snedecort. En tanto el RCC y CAR mostraron resultados estadísticamente diferentes entre sí con respecto a los otros métodos, el TW2 y el 5H presentaron un comportamiento muy similar en ambos sexos y en prácticamente todas las edades estudiadas. Se concluye que los resultados del 5H, de uso más sencillo, son comparables, en este grupo etáreo, a los del TW2.

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Fue determinada la edad ósea en 778 radiografías de mano y muñeca de niños sanos de ambos sexos, entre 4 y 12 años de edad cronológica. Se emplearon cuatro diferentes métodos: TW2, RCC, CAR y 5H. La comparación estadística entre los resultados obtenidos fue hecha por edad y sexo con análisis ANOVA y Test de Tukey-Snedecort. En tanto el RCC y CAR mostraron resultados estadísticamente diferentes entre sí con respecto a los otros métodos, el TW2 y el 5H presentaron un comportamiento muy similar en ambos sexos y en prácticamente todas las edades estudiadas. Se concluye que los resultados del 5H, de uso más sencillo, son comparables, en este grupo etáreo, a los del TW2. (AU)

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El método del status quo y análisis de probito se utilizó para obtener los promedios y desviaciones típicas de la edad a la cual, muchachos y muchachas chilenos alcanzan los estados madurativos óseos de Tanner-Whitehouse de la mano y muñeca. Las mujeres son mas precoces según lo esperado. No hubo diferencias significativas con el estudio anterior de 0-6 años a los 6 años de edad. La muestra se ajustó bien al modelo gaussiano

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Skeletal maturity of the hand and wrist (Tanner-Whitehouse II system) was assessed in a sample of 394 school children 5 to 18 years of age, in the city of Oaxaca, Mexico. The socio-economic background of the sample was relatively poor and the group appeared to have a poor nutritional history (via height and weight measurements). At most ages, the mean skeletal ages of Oaxaca school children are below the British means, and about 60 per cent of the children have skeletal ages below their chronological ages.

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The skeletal maturity of 812 Jamaican children aged 1-15 years was compared with that of British children, by the method of Tanner, Whitehouse and Healy (1962). Up to the age of 2.5 years, the skeletal development of the Jamaican children, was in general, more advanced than that of their British counterparts but over the age of 13 it was retarded in both sexes. From 2.5 to ten years of age the data showed no consistent differences between the two populations, but after this the Jamaicans fell progressively behind. At all ages the heights and weights of the Jamaican children were less than those of their British counterparts. The results support other evidence that children of African descent have a genetic potential for more rapid skeletal development in early life than European children. (Summary)

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