RESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: O angioedema hereditário (AEH) é uma doença genética ultrarrara, potencialmente fatal e subdiagnosticada. É uma imunodeficiência primária do sistema complemento, e foi classificado como um erro inato da imunidade em decorrência da deficiência de inibidor de C1 esterase (C1-INH), proteína que controla as vias de ativação do complemento. A alteração do C1-INH leva ao aumento da produção de bradicinina que, por sua vez, causa vasodilatação, aumento da permeabilidade dos vasos e extravasamento de plasma. A classificação mais atualizada do AEH agrupa os pacientes naqueles com deficiência do inibidor da C1-esterase (C1-INH), codificado pelo gene SERPING1 e naqueles C1-INH normal (anteriormente denominado de tipo III). Os pacientes com mutação do SERPING1 podem apresentar uma deficiência quantitativa do C1-INH (AEH tipo I) ou uma proteína anômala que resulta em deficiência funcional do C1-INH (tipo II). O diagnóstico é realizado através do exame clínico (anamnese, exame físico e quadro clínico) e laboratorial (dosagem de C4 e de C1-INH), além de teste genético (presença de mutação patogênica em SERPING1) para confirmação. O AEH não tem cura, porém há opções terapêuticas para a profilaxia e controle das crises agudas. Conforme o atual Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) de Angioedema associado a deficiência de C1 esterase (C1-INH), o tratamento das crises agudas é realizado em ambiente hospitalar, com uso de plasma fresco congelado, caso exista o risco de asfixia para o paciente. O plasma fresco congelado não foi testado em ensaios clínicos quanto à sua eficácia e segurança nas crises de AEH, e sua administração oferece não apenas a reposição do C1-INH, mas também os substratos nos quais ess
Assuntos
Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas/métodos , Proteínas Inativadoras do Complemento 1/uso terapêutico , Angioedema Hereditário Tipo III/tratamento farmacológico , Sistema Único de Saúde , Brasil , Análise Custo-Benefício/economiaRESUMO
Hereditary angioedema is a congenital disorder with recurrent attacks of localized swelling of submucosal and subcutaneous tissue, or both caused by a deficiency of the plasma protein C1 inhibitor. It is caused by heterozygous defects in the C1 inhibitor gene located on chromosome 11q, and it has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This disease afflicts 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 150,000 persons. Hereditary angioedema has been reported in all races, and no sex predominance has been found. Skin and visceral organs may be involved by the typically massive local edema. The most commonly involved viscera are the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, and it can affect the upper airways resulting in severe life-threatening symptoms, including the risk of asphyxiation. There are three types of hereditary angioedema, which difference lies in the inheritance pattern and in the C1 esterase inhibitor and C4 concentrations. The treatment is complicated and it should be treated with intravenous purified C1 inhibitor concentrate; corticosteroids, antihistamines and epinephrine can be useful adjuncts but they are not effective. We report a patient with hereditary angioedema type 1 and make a review of the medical literature.
Assuntos
Angioedema/genética , Proteínas Inativadoras do Complemento 1/deficiência , Serpinas/deficiência , Adulto , Angioedema/classificação , Angioedema/tratamento farmacológico , Angioedema/epidemiologia , Angioedema/fisiopatologia , Angioedema/terapia , Bradicinina/fisiologia , Terapia Combinada , Proteínas Inativadoras do Complemento 1/genética , Proteínas Inativadoras do Complemento 1/uso terapêutico , Proteína Inibidora do Complemento C1 , Complemento C4/deficiência , Danazol/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Genes Dominantes , Humanos , Incidência , Serpinas/genética , Serpinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Hereditary Angioedema was first described by William Osler in 1888 and it is caused by a hereditary or acquired deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). Treatment is indicated for acute attacks or prophylaxis of angioedema which occur in the subcutaneous tissue respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. Treatment includes attenuated androgens, inhibitors of kininogen or plasminogen, like tranexamic acid or e-aminocaproic acid and the administration of C1-INH concentrate. We describe the peculiarities of the treatment chosen for 10 patients (4 families) with HAE and their evolution. METHODS: Ten patients (1-38 years old) with HAE were diagnosed by clinical history and laboratory evaluation. The following tests were performed for the complement system: C1-INH, C4 and C3 levels and hemolytic assay (CH50 and APH50) for the classic and alternative pathways. Treatment was initiated considering severity of symptoms, age, gender and therapeutic response of the patient. RESULTS: Clinical evaluation showed: 4/10 patients with recurrent subcutaneous edema; 3/10 with previous laryngeal edema and 3/10 with sporadic symptoms. Different severity of symptoms was verified in the same family. The laboratory evaluation detected: low C1-INH levels (10/10); low serum C4 level (8/10); undetectable CH50 (3/10) and low CH50 levels (6/10); low APH50 levels (2/10). Six out of ten patients did not receive any specific treatment and 2 of them had high risk of asphyxia. One adolescent had been controlled with e-aminocaproic acid, one child had been changed from danazol to tranexamic acid, a 30 year old female patient had received oxandrolone and a 38 year old man had been treated with danazol. CONCLUSIONS: Although HAE is caused by the same defect and affects members of the same family, various approaches have been taken to treat these patients. We observed different alternatives of prophylactic therapy for HAE, of which some did not require drug therapy.