RESUMO
The harderian gland (HG) is a gland located at the base of the nictating membrane and fills the inferomedial aspect of the orbit in rodents. It is under the influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and, because of its hormone receptors, it is a target tissue for prolactin (PRL) and sex steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone). In humans and murine, the anterior surface of the eyes is protected by a tear film synthesized by glands associated with the eye. In order to understand the endocrine changes caused by hyperprolactinemia in the glands responsible for the formation of the tear film, we used an animal model with metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia (HPRL). Given the evidences that HPRL can lead to a process of cell death and tissue fibrosis, the protein expression of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) was analyzed through immunohistochemistry in the HG of the non- and the pregnant female mice with hyperprolactinemia. The SRLPs are related to collagen fibrillogenesis and they participate in pro-apoptotic signals. Our data revealed that high prolactin levels and changes in steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone) can lead to an alteration in the amount of collagen, and in the structure of type I and III collagen fibers through changes in the amounts of lumican and decorin, which are responsible for collagen fibrillogenesis. This fact can lead to the impaired functioning of the HG by excessive apoptosis in the HG of the non- and the pregnant female mice with HPRL and especially in the HG of pregnancy-associated hyperprolactinemia.
Assuntos
Glândula de Harder , Hiperprolactinemia , Gravidez , Humanos , Camundongos , Feminino , Animais , Proteoglicanas/metabolismo , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Hiperprolactinemia/induzido quimicamente , Hiperprolactinemia/metabolismo , Proteoglicanas de Sulfatos de Condroitina/metabolismo , Decorina/metabolismo , Prolactina/efeitos adversos , Prolactina/análise , Prolactina/metabolismo , Progesterona , Glândula de Harder/metabolismo , Colágeno/metabolismo , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Estrogênios/efeitos adversos , Estrogênios/análise , Estrogênios/metabolismoRESUMO
La macroprolactinemia se define como la presencia de cantidades elevadas de esta isoforma de la prolactina en suero, en conjunto con concentraciones normales de prolactina monomérica. Se trata de una entidad bastante común, considerada entre las tres primeras causas de hiperprolactinemia. Su origen parece responder a mecanismos autoinmunes y el seguimiento de los pacientes afectos durante periodos de 10 años ha demostrado que es una condición crónica. La prueba de elección para el diagnóstico es la cromatografía líquida en columna de gel, pero este es un método costoso que generalmente es suplido por la prueba de precipitación con polietinglicol. Por mucho tiempo ha prevalecido el concepto de que estos pacientes son esencialmente asintomáticos, pero reportes recientes señalan la presencia de síntomas de hiperprolactinemia como parte significativa del cuadro, aunque la literatura actual muestra criterios divergentes. En estos pacientes la realización de resonancia magnética nuclear hipofisaria parece ser un procedimiento innecesario, basado en la escasa frecuencia de resultados positivos. El tratamiento farmacológico con agonistas dopaminérgicos muestran respuestas contradictorias en cuanto a la desaparición de los síntomas y la normalización de los niveles de prolactina. Por tanto, la inexistencia de un consenso en la literatura científica en lo referente a las manifestaciones clínicas y el manejo, obliga a una conveniente valoración individual de cada caso(AU)
Macroprolactinemia is defined as the presence of high quantities of this prolactin isoform in serum, together with normal concentrations of monomeric prolactin. It is a common entity, considered among the three first causes of hyperprolactinaemia. The origin seems to respond to autoimmune mechanisms and the affected patients follow-up during ten years periods has shown that it is a chronic condition. The standard gold test to the diagnostic is gel-filtration chromatography, but it is an expensive method that is generally supplied by the polyethylene glycol precipitation test. During a long time, the concept that these patients are essentially asymptomatic has prevailed, but recent reports stamps the presence of hyperprolactinemia symptoms as a significant part of the entity, although current literature shows divergent criteria. In these patients, performing pituitary magnetic resonance seems to be an unnecessary procedure, based on the rare frequency of positive results. Pharmacological treatment with dopamine agonists shows contradictory responses with regard to symptoms disappearance and prolactin levels normalization. Therefore, the lack of consensus in the scientific literature with regard to the clinical manifestations and the management, requires a convenient individual assessment of each case(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Prolactina/análise , Cromatografia Líquida/métodosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate polymorphisms both in exons 1 and 3 of prolactin (PRL) gene for milk productivity of Anatolian water buffalo breed in Sivas province in Turkey. Blood samples were collected from 129 male and female water buffaloes and DNA was isolated by using phenol/chloroform method. Samples of DNA were amplified and resulting PCR products were digested with RsaI (for exons 1 and 3) and HaeIII (for exon 1). Allelic polymorphisms were determined by separation of fragments obtained from digested PCR products in 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. AA genotype (HaeIII) and BB genotype (RsaI) of exon 1 and only AA genotype (RsaI) of exon 3 were obtained. No polymorphisms were determined in Anatolian water buffalo breed and all loci were found as monomorphic. It can be stated that Anatolian water buffalo has a higher milk and milk fat yields since BB genotype was obtained.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Polimorfismo Genético , Prolactina/análise , Búfalos/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterináriaRESUMO
The objective was to evaluate the in vitro effect of prolactin in osteogenic potential of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) in female rats. ADSCs were cultured in osteogenic medium with and without the addition of prolactin and distributed into three groups: 1) ADSCs (control), 2) ADSCs with addition of 100ng/mL of prolactin and 3) ADSCs with addition of 300ng/mL of prolactin. At 21 days of differentiation, the tests of MTT conversion into formazan crystals, percentage of mineralized nodules and cells per field and quantification of genic transcript for alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, BMP-2 and collagen I by real-time RT-PCR were made. The addition of prolactin reduced the conversion of MTT in group 3 and increased the percentage of cells per field in the groups 2 and 3, however without significantly increasing the percentage of mineralized nodules and the expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, BMP-2 and collagen I. In conclusion, the addition of prolactin in concentrations of 100ng/mL and 300ng/mL does not change the osteogenic differentiation to the ADSCs of female rats despite increase in the cellularity of the culture.(AU)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito in vitro da prolactina sobre o potencial osteogênico de células-tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-TA) em ratas. CTM-TA foram cultivadas em meio osteogênico com e sem adição de prolactina e distribuídas em três grupos: 1) CTM-TA (controle), 2) CM-TA com adição de 100ng/mL de prolactina e 3) CTM-TA com adição de 300ng/mL de prolactina. Aos 21 dias de diferenciação, foram realizados os testes de conversão do MTT em cristais de formazan, porcentagem de nódulos mineralizados e células por campo e quantificação dos transcritos gênicos para fosfatase alcalina, osteopontina, osteocalcina, sialoproteína óssea, BMP-2 e colágeno I. A adição de prolactina reduziu a conversão do MTT no grupo 3 e aumentou a porcentagem de células por campo nos grupos 2 e 3, sem alterar significativamente a porcentagem de nódulos mineralizados e a expressão de fosfatase alcalina, osteopontina, osteocalcina, sialoproteína óssea, BMP-2 e colágeno I. Conclui-se que a adição de prolactina nas concentrações de 100ng/mL e 300ng/mL não altera a diferenciação osteogênica das CTM-TA de ratas, apesar do aumento de celularidade da cultura.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Tecido Adiposo , Osteogênese , Prolactina/análise , Células-Tronco , OsteoblastosRESUMO
The objective was to evaluate the in vitro effect of prolactin in osteogenic potential of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) in female rats. ADSCs were cultured in osteogenic medium with and without the addition of prolactin and distributed into three groups: 1) ADSCs (control), 2) ADSCs with addition of 100ng/mL of prolactin and 3) ADSCs with addition of 300ng/mL of prolactin. At 21 days of differentiation, the tests of MTT conversion into formazan crystals, percentage of mineralized nodules and cells per field and quantification of genic transcript for alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, BMP-2 and collagen I by real-time RT-PCR were made. The addition of prolactin reduced the conversion of MTT in group 3 and increased the percentage of cells per field in the groups 2 and 3, however without significantly increasing the percentage of mineralized nodules and the expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, BMP-2 and collagen I. In conclusion, the addition of prolactin in concentrations of 100ng/mL and 300ng/mL does not change the osteogenic differentiation to the ADSCs of female rats despite increase in the cellularity of the culture.(AU)
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito in vitro da prolactina sobre o potencial osteogênico de células-tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-TA) em ratas. CTM-TA foram cultivadas em meio osteogênico com e sem adição de prolactina e distribuídas em três grupos: 1) CTM-TA (controle), 2) CM-TA com adição de 100ng/mL de prolactina e 3) CTM-TA com adição de 300ng/mL de prolactina. Aos 21 dias de diferenciação, foram realizados os testes de conversão do MTT em cristais de formazan, porcentagem de nódulos mineralizados e células por campo e quantificação dos transcritos gênicos para fosfatase alcalina, osteopontina, osteocalcina, sialoproteína óssea, BMP-2 e colágeno I. A adição de prolactina reduziu a conversão do MTT no grupo 3 e aumentou a porcentagem de células por campo nos grupos 2 e 3, sem alterar significativamente a porcentagem de nódulos mineralizados e a expressão de fosfatase alcalina, osteopontina, osteocalcina, sialoproteína óssea, BMP-2 e colágeno I. Conclui-se que a adição de prolactina nas concentrações de 100ng/mL e 300ng/mL não altera a diferenciação osteogênica das CTM-TA de ratas, apesar do aumento de celularidade da cultura.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Tecido Adiposo , Osteogênese , Prolactina/análise , Células-Tronco , OsteoblastosRESUMO
Urtica diocia is a multipurpose herb in traditional medicine. Its hydroalcoholic extract (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) administered interaperitoneally to Wistar female rats for 21 consequent days resulted in significant increase in the number of alveoli of mammary glands in doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg. Changes in serum prolactin and alveolar diameter were not significant in comparison with control group. Also, there was an increase in serum prolactin and alveolar diameter in doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg. Utrica diocia extract has positive effects on mammary glands.
Urtica diocia es una hierba de usos múltiples en la medicina tradicional. Su extracto hidroalcohólico (20, 50 y 100 mg/kg) administrado por vía intraperitoneal en ratas hembras Wistar de 21 días resultaron en un aumento significativo en el número de alvéolos de las glándulas mamarias en dosis de 20 y 50 mg/kg. Los cambios en la prolactina sérica y el diámetro alveolar no fueron significativos en comparación con el grupo control. Además, hubo un aumento en la prolactina sérica y en el diámetro alveolar en dosis de 20 y 50 mg/kg. El extracto de Urtica diocia tiene efectos positivos sobre las glándulas mamarias.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Prolactina/efeitos dos fármacos , Urticaceae/química , Análise de Variância , Prolactina/análise , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia on the prolactin (PRL) and prolactin receptor's (PRLR) expression in the adrenal. For this purpose, a total of 12 animals with intact ovaries were allocated to two groups: G1 (saline solution) and G2 (metoclopramide). A total of 30 oophorectomized animals was randomized to five subgroups: G3 (saline solution), G4 (metoclopramide), G5 (metoclopramide + 17ß-estradiol), G6 (metoclopramide + progesterone), and G7 (metoclopramide + 17ß-estradiol + progesterone). Immunohistochemical analyses were evaluated semi-quantitatively. For PRLR, the area fraction of labeled cells (ALC) varied from 1 (0-10%) to 3 (> 50%). Based on the mean of the immunostaining intensity, G2 and G4 showed strong expression; G6 and G7 presented a mild reaction; and G1, G3, and G5 exhibited a weak reaction. Concerning PRL, the ALC varied from 1 (0-10%) to 3 (> 50%), and groups G6 and G7 showed a strong reaction; G2, G4, and G5 showed a mild reaction; and G1 and G3 exhibited a weak reaction. These findings suggest that metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia increases PRL expression in the adrenal glands of mice. Furthermore, progesterone alone or in association with estrogen also increases PRL expression, but to a lesser extent.
Assuntos
Glândulas Suprarrenais/química , Hiperprolactinemia/induzido quimicamente , Metoclopramida/administração & dosagem , Prolactina/análise , Receptores da Prolactina/análise , Glândulas Suprarrenais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Estrogênios/sangue , Feminino , Hiperprolactinemia/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Ovariectomia , Progesterona/administração & dosagem , Progesterona/sangue , Prolactina/sangueRESUMO
Cadmium is an important metal for modern industrial processes and, being biologically non-essential, poses health hazards to the organisms. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of cadmium exposure on the histo-cytology of prolactin cells in the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes (H.) fossilis. Fish were subjected to 288 mg/L (0.8 of 96 h LC50) and 72 mg/L (0.2 of 96 h LC50) of cadmium chloride for short-term and long-term, respectively. After sacrificing the fish, the blood was collected on 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in short-term and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in long-term experiment and analyzed for plasma calcium levels. Also, pituitary glands were fixed on these intervals. The plasma calcium levels of short-term cadmium exposed fish remain unchanged after 24 h. The levels exhibit a progressive decrease from 48 h onwards. The fish exposed to cadmium for 7 days exhibit a decrease in the plasma calcium level. Thereafter, the levels progressively decrease till the end of the experiment (28 days). The prolactin cells of the control fish exhibit structural resemblance to the description given for the prolactin cells of normal H. fossilis. No change in the histological structure and nuclear volume of prolactin cells of cadmium non-exposed fish has been noticed throughout the experiment. In cadmium treated fish, the prolactin cells remain unchanged till 14 days. On day 21, the nuclear volume of these cells exhibits an increase and the cells degranulate. These changes increased profoundly on day 28. In addition, vacuolization and cytolysis were also encountered on day 28 following cadmium treatment. It is concluded that cadmium affects the prolactin cells of the fish H. fossilis thus disturbing the ionic balance.
El cadmio es un metal importante para los procesos industriales modernos, siendo no esencial biológicamente, representa riesgos para la salud de organismos. En este estudio tratamos de evaluar el efecto de la exposición al cadmio por el aspecto histológico y citológico de células secretoras de prolactinas del pez gato de agua dulce Heteropneustes (H.) fossilis. Los peces fueron sometidos a una exposición de 288 mg/L (0,8 de 96 h CL50) and 72 mg/L (0,2 de 96 h CL50) de cloruro de cadmio por a corto y largo término respectivamente. Después del sacrificio de los peces, la sangre fue colectada, tomando muestras de 24, 48, 72 y 96 hs en el corto término y de 7, 14, 21 y 28 días en las sometidas a largo término, la cuales se analizaron para medir niveles de calcio. Además, las glándulas pituitarias fueron fijadas en esos intervalos El nivel plasmático de calcio en los experimentos de exposición a corto tiempo se mantuvo sin cambio tras 24 h. Los niveles exhibieron una caída progresiva a partir de las 48 hs. Los peces expuestos a cadmio por 7 días presentaron una disminución en el nivel plasmático de calcio. Después de esto, los niveles decayeron progresivamente hasta el fin del experimento (28 días). Las células prolactínicas de los peces controles mostraron semejanza estructural a la descripción dada para estas células normales en H. fossilis. No se observaron cambios en la estructura histológica y el volumen nuclear de las células prolactínicas de los peces no expuestos a cadmio a través de todo el experimento. En los peces tratados con cadmio las células prolactínicas se mantuvieron sin cambios hasta los 14 días. En el día 21, el volumen nuclear de esas células se incrementó y estas células presentaron desgranulación. Estos cambios aumentaron profundamente en las muestras del día 28. Adicionalmente en el día 28 posterior al tratamiento con cadmio se encontró vacuolización y citólisis. Se concluyó en que el Cadmo afecta las cñelupas prolactínicas de H fossilis, produciendo disturbios en el balance iónico.
Assuntos
Animais , Intoxicação por Cádmio/sangue , Intoxicação por Cádmio/diagnóstico , Peixes-Gato/anatomia & histologia , Prolactina/análiseRESUMO
Progressive dysfunction of hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons during normal aging is associated in the female rat with chronic hyperprolactinemia. We assessed the effectiveness of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene therapy to restore TIDA neuron function in senile female rats and reverse their chronic hyperprolactinemia. Young (2.5 months) and senile (29 months) rats received a bilateral intrahypothalamic injection (10(10) pfu) of either an adenoviral vector expressing the gene for beta-galactosidase; (Y-betagal and S-betagal, respectively) or a vector expressing rat GDNF (Y-GDNF and S-GDNF, respectively). Transgenic GDNF levels in supernatants of GDNF adenovector-transduced N2a neuronal cell cultures were 25+/-4 ng/ml, as determined by bioassay. In the rats, serum prolactin (PRL) was measured at regular intervals. On day 17 animals were sacrificed and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive cells counted in the arcuate-periventricular hypothalamic region. The S-GDNF but not the S-betagal rats, showed a significant reduction in body weight. The chronic hyperprolactinemia of the senile females was significantly ameliorated in the S-GDNF rats (P<0.05) but not in the S-betagal rats. Neither age nor GDNF induced significant changes in the number of NeuN and TH neurons. We conclude that transgenic GDNF ameliorates chronic hyperprolactinemia in aging female rats, probably by restoring TIDA neuron function.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Terapia Genética/métodos , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial/genética , Hiperprolactinemia/genética , Hiperprolactinemia/terapia , Adenoviridae/genética , Animais , Antígenos Nucleares/metabolismo , Núcleo Arqueado do Hipotálamo/citologia , Núcleo Arqueado do Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Contagem de Células , Células Cultivadas , Doença Crônica/terapia , Feminino , Genes Reporter/genética , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Vetores Genéticos/farmacologia , Hiperprolactinemia/metabolismo , Lactotrofos/metabolismo , Microinjeções/métodos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Prolactina/análise , Prolactina/sangue , Prolactina/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/genética , Resultado do Tratamento , Túber Cinéreo/metabolismo , Túber Cinéreo/fisiopatologia , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidase/genéticaRESUMO
The endocrine system controls and coordinates behavioral, biochemical, and physiological processes through signal mechanisms using neuropeptides or products of neurosecretory cells. Among invertebrates, this system is poorly studied in rotifers, in which estrogens and androgens significantly affect sexual reproduction. This is the first report of the presence of the Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Prolactin (PRL) in rotifers. Analyses included the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with primary antibodies LH (Anti-Rat LH serum for RIA), PRL (Anti-Rat PRL serum for RIA), FSH (Anti-Rat FSH serum for RIA) and TSH (Anti-Rat TSH serum for RIA). These hormones were found in females, males and parthenogenetic and sexual eggs of the freshwater Brachionus calyciflorus. The immunoreactivity of FSH, LH, TSH and PRL in females was observed in: ovaries, cerebrum, mastax, stomach, lorica, and the stomach gland. However, in males LH was observed only at the trochal disk and cerebrum. The hormones FSH, TSH and PRL, were observed in testicles, contractil vesicles, and cementary gland of males. Regarding amictic or parthenogenetic eggs, the hormones LH, FSH, TSH, and PRL were located mainly in the micromeres, and the staining in the macromeres was weak. On the other hand, in the mictic or sexual eggs the inner shell is stained for the hormones PRL and LH, opposite to the staining of FSH and TSH, located mainly in the embryo. In general, immuno-reactivity was observed in areas important for the reproductive, excretory, digestive and developmental processes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1049-1058. Epub 2009 December 01.
Se logró detectar la presencia de las hormonas: Hormona Luteinizante (LH), Hormona Folículo Estimulante (FSH), Hormona Estimulante de la Tiroides (TSH) y Prolactina (PRL) en Brachionus calyciflorus siendo el primer reporte de la presencia de dichas hormonas en rotíferos. Estas hormonas fueron identificadas por un método inmunológico-histológico-químico usando el complejo avidina-biotina- peroxidasa con los siguientes anticuerpos primarios: LH (Anti-Rata LH suero para RIA), PRL (Anti-Rata PRL suero para RIA), FSH (Anti-Rata FSH suero para RIA) y TSH (Anti-Rata TSH en suero para RIA). Estas hormonas se encontraron en las hembras, machos, huevos partenogenéticos y huevos sexuales del rotífero dulceacuícola B. calyciflorus. La reactividad inmunológica de FSH, LH, PRL y TSH en las hembras se observó en ovarios, cerebro, mástax, estómago, lorica, y la glándula del estómago. Sin embargo, en machos, la LH se observó sólo en el disco trocal y cerebro mientras que las hormonas FSH, PRL y TSH, se observaron en testículos, vesícula contráctil, y la glándula cementaria. En cuanto a los huevos partenogenéticos o amícticos, las hormonas LH, FSH, TSH, y PRL, se encontraron principalmente en los micrómeros, y en los macrómeros la tinción es débil. Por otra parte, el huevo sexual o míctico muestra reactividad inmunológica en la cubierta interior del huevo para las hormonas LH y PRL, lo contrario para FSH y TSH, las cuales se observaron principalmente en el embrión. La reactividad inmunológica fue observada, en general, en áreas importantes para los procesos reproductivos, excretorios, digestivos y del desarrollo.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Ratos , Gonadotropinas Hipofisárias/análise , Rotíferos/química , Tireotropina/análise , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/análise , Hormônio Luteinizante/análise , Óvulo , Prolactina/análiseRESUMO
The endocrine system controls and coordinates behavioral, biochemical, and physiological processes through signal mechanisms using neuropeptides or products of neurosecretory cells. Among invertebrates, this system is poorly studied in rotifers, in which estrogens and androgens significantly affect sexual reproduction. This is the first report of the presence of the Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Prolactin (PRL) in rotifers. Analyses included the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with primary antibodies LH (Anti-Rat LH serum for RIA), PRL (Anti-Rat PRL serum for RIA), FSH (Anti-Rat FSH serum for RIA) and TSH (Anti-Rat TSH serum for RIA). These hormones were found in females, males and parthenogenetic and sexual eggs of the freshwater Brachionus calyciflorus. The immunoreactivity of FSH, LH, TSH and PRL in females was observed in: ovaries, cerebrum, mastax, stomach, lorica, and the stomach gland. However, in males LH was observed only at the trochal disk and cerebrum. The hormones FSH, TSH and PRL, were observed in testicles, contractil vesicles, and cementary gland of males. Regarding amictic or parthenogenetic eggs, the hormones LH, FSH, TSH, and PRL were located mainly in the micromeres, and the staining in the macromeres was weak. On the other hand, in the mictic or sexual eggs the inner shell is stained for the hormones PRL and LH, opposite to the staining of FSH and TSH, located mainly in the embryo. In general, immuno-reactivity was observed in areas important for the reproductive, excretory, digestive and developmental processes.
Assuntos
Gonadotropinas Hipofisárias/análise , Rotíferos/química , Tireotropina/análise , Animais , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/análise , Hormônio Luteinizante/análise , Masculino , Óvulo , Prolactina/análise , RatosRESUMO
Os mecanismos relacionados ao controle endócrino do período gestacional e parto em cadelas ainda não estão totalmente elucidados. Desta maneira, a presente compilação de trabalhos científicos referentes aos principais eventos durante a gestação e o parto em cadelas tem por escopo a atualização sobre a endocrinologia em tais eventos fisiológicos e a divulgação sumariada dos conhecimentos gerados a partir das pesquisas científicas na área. É de conhecimento comum que a síntese e a secreção da progesterona, originária principalmente do corpo lúteo, são de extrema importância para manutenção e conseqüente progresso da gestação. Ainda, os níveis plasmáticos desse hormônio podem ser utilizados como método para predizer o momento do parto na espécie canina. Adicionalmente, a relaxina é detectada somente em cadelas gestantes, portanto sua detecção pode ser considerada um método de diagnóstico de gestação. Durante a segunda fase da gestação, observa-se liberação pulsátil de prolactina, simultaneamente ao aumento dos níveis de estrógeno. Entretanto, a influência do estrógeno no mecanismo de secreção de prolactina ainda é incerta. Por outro lado, ao final da gestação, evidencia-se queda dos níveis de progesterona e aumento dos níveis séricos de estrógeno, decorrente principalmente da ação do cortisol fetal. Tais eventos, associados à liberação de PGF2α pelo útero, culminam com o início do parto. O aumento das contrações uterinas e a expulsão fetal ocorrem principalmente pela ação da ocitocina. Entretanto, a ação desse hormônio não requer necessariamente o aumento das concentrações plasmáticas, sugerindo haver uma ação autócrina ou parácrina da ocitocina em cadelas. Embora os estudos relacionados à endocrinologia da gestação e do parto em cadelas tenham elucidado diversas interações e padrões hormonais, tais processos ainda não estão totalmente descritos, uma vez que as cadelas apresentam particularidades reprodutivas que as diferem das demais espécies. Neste particular sentido, futuras pesquisas devem ser conduzidas para contribuir com o conhecimento técnico-científico nesta espécie.
The mechanisms related to the endocrine control of pregnancy and parturition in bitches are still unknown. Thus, this compilation of scientific articles referred to canine pregnancy and parturition aims to update on the endocrinology of the main physiological events and to disclose in a summarized manner the knowledge generated from scientific research. It is known that the synthesis and secretion of progesterone mainly originated from the corpus luteum are of utmost importance for pregnancy maintenance. In addition, plasma levels of this hormone can be employed as a method to predict the onset of parturition in bitches. Moreover, relaxine is present only in pregnant bitches; therefore its serum determination can be considered as pregnancy diagnostic method. During midgestation, it is observed a pulsatile release of prolactin simultaneously to increased levels of estrogen. However, the influence of estrogen on the mechanism of prolactin secretion remains unknown. On the other hand, decreased levels of progesterone and increased concentrations of estrogen are observed at the end of pregnancy, as a consequence of enhanced fetal cortisol synthesis. These events in association to the release of uterine PGF2α trigger the onset of labor. The increase in uterine contractions and fetal expulsion occur mainly as an oxytocin influence. However, the action of this hormone does not necessarily require the increase in plasma concentrations, suggesting an autocrine or paracrine mechanism of action in bitches. Although studies related to canine endocrinology of pregnancy and parturition have clarified several hormonal interactions and patterns, these mechanism are not fully described, as the bitches have reproductive characteristics that differ from other species. Additional research should be undertaken in order to improve technical and scientific knowledge in this species.
Assuntos
Feminino , Cães , Cães/classificação , Endocrinologia/instrumentação , Corpo Lúteo/metabolismo , Gravidez/metabolismo , Ocitocina/análise , Progesterona/análise , Prolactina/análiseRESUMO
Os mecanismos relacionados ao controle endócrino do período gestacional e parto em cadelas ainda não estão totalmente elucidados. Desta maneira, a presente compilação de trabalhos científicos referentes aos principais eventos durante a gestação e o parto em cadelas tem por escopo a atualização sobre a endocrinologia em tais eventos fisiológicos e a divulgação sumariada dos conhecimentos gerados a partir das pesquisas científicas na área. É de conhecimento comum que a síntese e a secreção da progesterona, originária principalmente do corpo lúteo, são de extrema importância para manutenção e conseqüente progresso da gestação. Ainda, os níveis plasmáticos desse hormônio podem ser utilizados como método para predizer o momento do parto na espécie canina. Adicionalmente, a relaxina é detectada somente em cadelas gestantes, portanto sua detecção pode ser considerada um método de diagnóstico de gestação. Durante a segunda fase da gestação, observa-se liberação pulsátil de prolactina, simultaneamente ao aumento dos níveis de estrógeno. Entretanto, a influência do estrógeno no mecanismo de secreção de prolactina ainda é incerta. Por outro lado, ao final da gestação, evidencia-se queda dos níveis de progesterona e aumento dos níveis séricos de estrógeno, decorrente principalmente da ação do cortisol fetal. Tais eventos, associados à liberação de PGF2α pelo útero, culminam com o início do parto. O aumento das contrações uterinas e a expulsão fetal ocorrem principalmente pela ação da ocitocina. Entretanto, a ação desse hormônio não requer necessariamente o aumento das concentrações plasmáticas, sugerindo haver uma ação autócrina ou parácrina da ocitocina em cadelas. Embora os estudos relacionados à endocrinologia da gestação e do parto em cadelas tenham elucidado diversas interações e padrões hormonais, tais processos ainda não estão totalmente descritos, uma vez que as cadelas apresentam particularidades reprodutivas que as diferem das demais espécies. Neste particular sentido, futuras pesquisas devem ser conduzidas para contribuir com o conhecimento técnico-científico nesta espécie.(AU)
The mechanisms related to the endocrine control of pregnancy and parturition in bitches are still unknown. Thus, this compilation of scientific articles referred to canine pregnancy and parturition aims to update on the endocrinology of the main physiological events and to disclose in a summarized manner the knowledge generated from scientific research. It is known that the synthesis and secretion of progesterone mainly originated from the corpus luteum are of utmost importance for pregnancy maintenance. In addition, plasma levels of this hormone can be employed as a method to predict the onset of parturition in bitches. Moreover, relaxine is present only in pregnant bitches; therefore its serum determination can be considered as pregnancy diagnostic method. During midgestation, it is observed a pulsatile release of prolactin simultaneously to increased levels of estrogen. However, the influence of estrogen on the mechanism of prolactin secretion remains unknown. On the other hand, decreased levels of progesterone and increased concentrations of estrogen are observed at the end of pregnancy, as a consequence of enhanced fetal cortisol synthesis. These events in association to the release of uterine PGF2α trigger the onset of labor. The increase in uterine contractions and fetal expulsion occur mainly as an oxytocin influence. However, the action of this hormone does not necessarily require the increase in plasma concentrations, suggesting an autocrine or paracrine mechanism of action in bitches. Although studies related to canine endocrinology of pregnancy and parturition have clarified several hormonal interactions and patterns, these mechanism are not fully described, as the bitches have reproductive characteristics that differ from other species. Additional research should be undertaken in order to improve technical and scientific knowledge in this species.(AU)
Assuntos
Feminino , Cães , Endocrinologia/instrumentação , Cães/classificação , Gravidez/metabolismo , Progesterona/análise , Corpo Lúteo/metabolismo , Prolactina/análise , Ocitocina/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Growth hormone (GH) producing adenomas, frequently express several hormones. This condition could confer them a higher proliferative capacity. Ki-67 is a nuclear protein antigen that is a marker for proliferative activity. AIM: To measure the immunohistochemical hormone expression in pituitary adenomas, excised from patients with acromegaly. To determine if the plurihormonal condition of these adenomas is associated with a higher proliferative capacity, assessed through the expression of Ki-67. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty one paraffin embedded surgical samples of pituitary adenomas from patients with acromegalia were studied. Immunohistochemistry for GH, prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and for the expression of Ki-67 was carried out. RESULTS: All samples were positive for GH. Twenty seven had positive staining for PRL, 12 had positive staining for glycoproteic hormones and 11 for PRL and one or more glycoproteic hormones. Mean staining for Ki-67 was Z.6+/-3.3%. There were no differences in the expression of this marker between mono or plurihormonal tumors. The expression was neither associated with extrasellar extension. CONCLUSIONS: Half of GH producing pituitary adenomas are plurihormonal. There are no differences in the expression of Ki-67 between mono and plurihormonal adenomas.
Assuntos
Adenoma/metabolismo , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/metabolismo , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/metabolismo , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/metabolismo , Acromegalia/fisiopatologia , Acromegalia/cirurgia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/análise , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/análise , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análise , Prolactina/análise , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/análise , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Tireotropina/análiseRESUMO
Background: Growth hormone (GH) producing adenomas, frequently express several hormones. This condition could confer them a higher proliferative capacity. Ki-67 is a nuclear protein antigen that is a marker for proliferative activity. Aim: To measure the immunohistochemical hormone expression in pituitary adenomas, excised from patients with acromegaly. To determine if the pluríhormonal condition of these adenomas is associated with a higher proliferative capacity, assessed through the expression of Ki-67. Material and methods: Forty one paraffin embedded surgical samples of pituitary adenomas from patients with acromegalia were studied. Immunohistochemistry for GH, prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and for the expression of Ki-67 was carried out. Results: All samples were positive for GH. Twenty seven had positive staining for PRL, 12 had positive staining for glycoproteic hormones and 11 for PRL and one or more glycoproteic hormones. Mean staining for Ki-67 was Z.6±3.3 percent. There were no differences in the expression of this marker between mono or pluríhormonal tumors. The expression was neither associated with extrasellar extensión. Conclusions: Half of GH producing pituitary adenomas are pluríhormonal. There are no differences in the expression of Ki-67 between mono and plurihormonal adenomas.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adenoma/metabolismo , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/metabolismo , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/metabolismo , /metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/metabolismo , Acromegalia/fisiopatologia , Acromegalia/cirurgia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/análise , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/análise , Imuno-Histoquímica , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análise , Prolactina/análise , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/análise , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Tireotropina/análiseRESUMO
Several hypotheses have been proposed about the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), however, the fundamental physiological interactions that initiate the development of follicular cysts have not yet been elucidated. Hence, in this study the proliferation, density and population of gonadotrophs, mammotrophs, somatotrophs and corticotrophs of the pituitary glands of rats with induced follicular cysts have been investigated by 2 experimental models (continuous light exposition and estradiol valerate-treated rats). Specific immunoreactivity associated with follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone was evaluated by immunohistochemistry with specific hormone antibodies and proliferation of secretory cells by their colocalization (double-labeling) with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The results indicate a reduction in the density and proliferation of gonadotrophs in both experimental groups. A reduction in the average density, proliferation and population of lactotrophs and corticotrophs was also observed in estradiol valerate-treated animals. However, no significant differences were found in somatotrophs. The present study contributes to the information about alterations of some cell populations that occur in the pituitary gland of rats with polycystic ovaries, and will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease.
Assuntos
Ovário/patologia , Hipófise/patologia , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/patologia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/análise , Animais , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/análise , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hormônio Luteinizante/análise , Ovário/química , Hipófise/química , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/induzido quimicamente , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/metabolismo , Prolactina/análise , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The chronic stress induces functional adaptations in the hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenocortical (HPA) and in the sympathetic-medullary-adrenal axis (SAM). Both axis are considered vital regulators of the homeostasis in vertebrates (Seyle, 1936; Ostrandrer et al, 2006. On the other hand, the placenta provides highly specialized functions during gestation that are critical for the normal development of the embryo/fetus (Soares et al., 1991). We hypothesized that the chronic immobilization (IMO) stress in pregnancy rats produces alterations in prolactin concentrations in placental tissue and also changes in the response of SAM axis. Chronic stress by IMO was applied on days 12, 17 and 21 of pregnancy rats. Relative concentrations and localization of placental lactogen-II (PL-II) and the PRL- like protein A (PLP-A) in chorioalantoic placenta were estimated by Immunoblotting and Immunocytochemical analysis. The levels of catecholamines metabolite, acid 3-metoxi 4-hidroximandélico (VMA), were analyzed in stressed rats urines on 6,12,17,21 days of pregnancy, by HPLC, in order to determine the response of SAM axis. During the days of the pregnancy studied, chronic stress did not induce any changes neither in the localization nor in placental concentrations of PL-II and PLP-A. The VMA values in stressed mothers urines increased on the day 6 respecting the control ones at the same time of pregnancy. VMA values in stressed rats at 21 days of pregnancy are smaller than the respective controls. We conclude that the chronic stressed mothers activated the SAM axis at the beginning of pregnancy and then they diminished the metabolites catecholamines that were interpreted as a stress adaptation coincident with normal concentrations of both placentary prolactines at this stage of the pregnancy.
El estrés crónico induce adaptaciones funcionales en los ejes hipotálamo-pituitario-adrenal (UPA) y en el simpático médulo adrenal (SAM). Ambos ejes son considerados reguladores vitales de la homeostasis en los vertebrados (Seyle, 1936; Ostrandrereí al., 2006). Por otro lado, el desarrollo y crecimiento fetal de los mamíferos dependen en gran medida del buen funcionamiento de la placenta (Soares, 1991). Nosotros hipotetizamos que el estrés crónico por inmovilización (IMO) aplicado a las ratas gestantes produce alteraciones en las concentraciones de las prolactinas en el tejido placentario y cambios en la respuesta del eje SAM. Se le aplicó estrés crónico por IMO a las hembras en los días 12, 17 y 21 de la preñez y se analizó por inmunocitoquímica e inmunoblotting la localización y concentraciones del lactógeno placentario dos (PL-II) y la proteína A ligada a la prolactina (PLP-A) en la placenta. Se analizaron por HPLC, en las orinas de ratas preñadas (6,12,17,21 días), los niveles del metabolito de las catecolaminas, (ácido 3-metoxi 4-hidroximandélico) (VMA), a fin de determinar la respuesta del eje SAM al tratamiento. El estrés crónico no indujo cambios tanto en la localización como en las concentraciones de PL-II y PLP-A en las placentas en los días de la preñez estudiados. Los valores de VMA en las orinas de las madres estresadas se incrementaron en el día 6 con respecto al control del mismo tiempo de preñez. Mientras que a los 21 días los valores de VMA de las ratas estresadas son menores que los controles respectivos. Concluimos que en las madres estresadas crónicamente, no se alteraron las concentraciones de ambas prolactinas placentarias. En cambio se activó el eje SAM al comienzo de la preñez ante el primer estímulo estresante y luego una reducción de la respuesta del eje ante el estrés crónico, a medida que avanza la preñez.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Ratos , Lactogênio Placentário/análise , Prolactina/análise , Estresse Fisiológico , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/fisiologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Immunoblotting , Ratos Wistar , Medula Suprarrenal , ImobilizaçãoRESUMO
Expression of prolactin (PRL) or prolactin-like hormone has been reported in invertebrates. We investigated the larval phase of Trichinella spiralis: (a) to express 23 kDa PRL, (b) to define its localization and (c) to test its possible biological activity. Immunostaining in isolated larvae demonstrated positive material to 23 kDa PRL by all along the stichosome, specifically in the stichocytes. Homogenized immunoblot larvae showed a 23 kDa protein band. To assess PRL release and its biological activity, larvae were incubated in culture medium and the excretory/secretory products were analyzed by the Nb2 cells bioassay. A cellular growth equivalent until 10 nM PRL and using antibody against 23 kDa PRL, the growth was blocked. In conclusion our result provides evidence that PRL-like hormone is expressed and secreted by the larvae of T. spiralis.
Assuntos
Prolactina/análise , Trichinella spiralis/química , Animais , Bioensaio , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Imuno-Histoquímica , Larva/química , Larva/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/parasitologia , Prolactina/química , Prolactina/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Trichinella spiralis/metabolismoRESUMO
Endometriosis is a progressive estrogen-dependent disease affecting women during their reproductive years. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether endometriosis is associated with stress parameters. We determined cortisol and prolactin levels in serum, peritoneal and follicular fluid from infertile women with endometriosis and fertile women without the disease. The extent of the disease was staged according to the revised American Fertility Society classification (1997). Serum and peritoneal fluid were collected from 49 women aged 19 to 39 years undergoing laparoscopy. Eighteen women had stage I-II endometriosis and 10 had stage III-IV. Controls were 21 women undergoing laparoscopy for tubal sterilization. Follicular fluid was obtained from 39 women aged 25-39 years undergoing in vitro fertilization (21 infertile women with endometriosis and 18 infertile women without endometriosis). Serum prolactin levels were significantly higher in infertile women with stage III-IV endometriosis (28.9 +/- 2.1 ng/mL) than in healthy controls (13.2 +/- 2.1 ng/mL). Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher in infertile women with stage III-IV endometriosis (20.1 +/- 1.3 ng/mL) than in controls (10.5 +/- 1.4 ng/mL). Cortisol and prolactin levels in follicular fluid and peritoneal fluid did not differ significantly between groups. The high levels of cortisol and prolactin in the serum from women with endometriosis might contribute to the subfertility frequently associated with the disease. Moreover, since higher levels of cortisol and prolactin are often associated with stress, it is probable that stress might contribute to the development of endometriosis and its progression to advanced stages of the disease.