RESUMO
MAIN CONCLUSION: Cotton genotypes displayed similar volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles, but major differences in terpenoid aldehyde (TA) content. The differences in VOC production were minor among genotypes, but these differences are crucial for boll weevil attraction. Weevils did not display any preference in feeding behaviour towards cotton genotypes, suggesting physiological adaptation to cope with cotton chemical defence mechanisms. Plant cultivar selection for resistance to herbivore pests is an effective, environmentally safe and inexpensive method to implement in integrated pest management programmes. In this study, we evaluated seven cotton genotypes with respect to the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-volatile compounds [terpenoid aldehydes (TAs)], and the attraction and feeding preference of adult boll weevils. Chemical analyses of VOCs from BRS-293, BRS-Rubi, CNPA TB-15, CNPA TB-85, CNPA TB-90, Delta Opal, and Empire Glandless showed that there were few qualitative and quantitative differences across the range of genotypes. In contrast, major differences in TA content were observed, with CNPA TB-15 and CNPA TB-85 producing higher levels of TAs compared to the other genotypes. Our results showed that boll weevil attraction to cotton genotypes varied, suggesting that the ratios and quantities of emitted cotton VOCs are important for host location. However, boll weevil feeding behaviour was neither positively nor negatively influenced by the terpenoid content (non-volatile compounds) of cotton genotypes. The results in this study suggest that boll weevils have adapted physiologically to cope with cotton chemical defence mechanisms.
Assuntos
Gossypium , Herbivoria , Terpenos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Gorgulhos , Animais , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Genótipo , Gossypium/química , Gossypium/genética , Herbivoria/efeitos dos fármacos , Terpenos/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/farmacologia , Gorgulhos/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorgulhos/fisiologiaRESUMO
Food reward has been studied with highly palatable stimuli that come from natural additives such as sucrose. The most common food additive is sucralose, a noncaloric sweetener present in many food products of daily intake. The role of anandamide [N-arachidonylethanolamide (AEA)], an endogenous cannabinoid, has been widely studied in food behavior. Studies have shown that cannabinoids, such as AEA, 2-Arachidonilglycerol, and Tetrahydrocannabinol, can provoke hyperphagia, because they enhance the preference and intake of sweet and high-fat food. Taste perception is mediated by receptors taste type 1 receptor 3 (T1R3); therefore, there could be a synergistic effect between receptors CB1 and T1R3. This could explain why cannabinoids could change sweet taste perception and therefore the activity of neural nuclei involved in taste and reward. In this study, we evaluated the activity of dopaminergic nuclei implicated in food reward after the chronic administration of AEA (0.5 mg/kg bw) and sucralose intake (0.02%). We analyzed the expression of ΔFosB by immunohistochemistry. Our results show that the chronic administration of AEA and sucralose intake induces an overexpression of ΔFosB in the infralimbic cortex (Cx), nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, shell, and central nucleus of amygdala (Amy). These results suggest that the possible interaction between receptors CB1 and T1R3 has consequences not only in taste perception but also that AEA intervenes in the activity of dopaminergic nuclei such as the NAc, and that the chronic administration AEA and sucralose intake induce long-term changes in the reward system.
Assuntos
Ácidos Araquidônicos/farmacologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Endocanabinoides/farmacologia , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Alcamidas Poli-Insaturadas/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/biossíntese , Sacarose/análogos & derivados , Animais , Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/farmacologia , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Recompensa , Sacarose/farmacologia , Edulcorantes/farmacologia , Percepção Gustatória/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
It is known that high-fat diet and alcohol intake can modulate the gut microbiota and consequently affect physiological processes such as fat storage and conditional behavior. However, the effects of the interaction between high-fat diet, its withdrawal and ethanol intake in gut microbiota remain unclear. To address this question, we used an animal model in which C57BL/6 mice were fed on standard (AIN93G) or high-sugar and -butter (HSB) diet for 8 weeks. Then, a protocol of free choice between water and a 10% alcohol solution was introduced, and the HSB diet was replaced with AIN93G in two experimental groups. This model allowed us to distinguish the individual effects of HSB diet and ethanol, and the effects of its interaction on the microbiome. The interaction of those factors was the main driver in the structure changes of the fecal microbial community. HSB diet and ethanol consumption directly affected the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phylum, and Clostridiaceae and Coriobacteriaceae family. On the other hand, we also showed that abundance of Bacteroidales_S24-7 family and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were affected only by HSB diet consumption and that ethanol consumption was uniquely responsible for the bacterial translocation to the liver, indicating a breaking of the gut barrier. Finally, we also pointed out that the withdrawal of the HSB diet affects the preference for alcohol and shows a structural resilience in the fecal microbiome. These results highlight the importance of the gut microbiome modulation and its possible role on the phenotype developed by animals.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Etanol/farmacologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Adiposidade , Animais , Bacteroidetes/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Firmicutes/efeitos dos fármacos , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To correlate the perceptions related to dietary intake with the domains and subscales of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in women with breast neoplasms receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: In this prospective study, 55 women with breast cancer were followed up during chemotherapy at three different times (T0, T1, T2). Before chemotherapy, perceptions related to food consumption were evaluated. HRQL was analyzed with the EORTC QLQ-C30 and Br23 instruments 21 days after each investigated cycle. The differences (T2-T0) in the subscales and HRQL domains were correlated with the differences (T2-T0) in the appetite scores. Spearman's correlation was used to verify a possible correlation between differences in functional and overall HRQL domains (T2-T0) and differences in appetite scores for certain foods and between the differences in some subscales of EORTC QLQ-C30 and Br23 (T2-T0) and differences in appetite scores for certain food groups (T2-T0). RESULTS: Correlations between pain and appetite for bitter taste and between an increased appetite for juices and pain intensification or fatigue were identified, and pain was correlated with an appetite for starchy foods. An appetite for vegetables, legumes and meat/eggs was correlated with physical function. The only significant correlation with social functions occurred between the appetite for sweet foods and these functions. We found a correlation between overall health, emotional function, social function and physical function and the appetite for juices. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy alters the individual's relationship with food and, consequently, the individual's HRQL.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Lobular/tratamento farmacológico , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Apetite/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias da Mama/psicologia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/psicologia , Carcinoma Lobular/psicologia , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Percepção/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos Prospectivos , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Valores de Referência , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients often suffer from circadian locomotor rhythms impairment and depression, important non-motor symptoms. It is known that toxin-based animal models of PD can reproduce these features. In a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) intranigral model, we first investigated the possible disturbances on circadian rhythms of locomotor activity. The rats were divided into 6-OHDA and Sham groups. After a partial dopaminergic lesion, the 6-OHDA group showed slight alterations in different circadian locomotor rhythms parameters. In a second experiment, we hypothesized agomelatine, an melatoninergic antidepressant with potential to resynchronize disturbed rhythms, could prevent neuronal damage and rhythm alterations in the same 6-OHDA model. The animals were divided into four groups: 6-OHDA+vehicle, 6-OHDA+ago, Sham+vehicle and 6-OHDA+ago. However, the treated animals (agomelatine 50â¯mg/kg for 22â¯days) showed an impaired rhythm robustness, and agomelatine did not induce significant changes in the other circadian parameters nor neuroprotection. Finally, in a third experiment, we examined the effects of agomelatine in the 6-OHDA model regarding depressive-like behavior, evaluated by sucrose preference test. The animals were also divided into four groups: 6-OHDA+vehicle, 6-OHDA+ago, Sham+vehicle and 6-OHDA+ago. The toxin infused animals showed a decrease in sucrose preference in comparison with the vehicle infused animals, however, agomelatine did not prevent this decrease. Our findings indicate that agomelatine worsened circadian locomotor rhythm and was not able to reverse the depressive-like behavior of rats in the 6-OHDA PD model.
Assuntos
Acetamidas/uso terapêutico , Ritmo Circadiano/efeitos dos fármacos , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Depressão/induzido quimicamente , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Oxidopamina/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Sacarose/administração & dosagem , Simpatolíticos/toxicidade , Fatores de Tempo , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To correlate the perceptions related to dietary intake with the domains and subscales of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in women with breast neoplasms receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: In this prospective study, 55 women with breast cancer were followed up during chemotherapy at three different times (T0, T1, T2). Before chemotherapy, perceptions related to food consumption were evaluated. HRQL was analyzed with the EORTC QLQ-C30 and Br23 instruments 21 days after each investigated cycle. The differences (T2-T0) in the subscales and HRQL domains were correlated with the differences (T2-T0) in the appetite scores. Spearman's correlation was used to verify a possible correlation between differences in functional and overall HRQL domains (T2-T0) and differences in appetite scores for certain foods and between the differences in some subscales of EORTC QLQ-C30 and Br23 (T2-T0) and differences in appetite scores for certain food groups (T2-T0). RESULTS: Correlations between pain and appetite for bitter taste and between an increased appetite for juices and pain intensification or fatigue were identified, and pain was correlated with an appetite for starchy foods. An appetite for vegetables, legumes and meat/eggs was correlated with physical function. The only significant correlation with social functions occurred between the appetite for sweet foods and these functions. We found a correlation between overall health, emotional function, social function and physical function and the appetite for juices. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy alters the individual's relationship with food and, consequently, the individual's HRQL.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Lobular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Percepção/efeitos dos fármacos , Apetite/efeitos dos fármacos , Valores de Referência , Fatores de Tempo , Neoplasias da Mama/psicologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Variância , Carcinoma Lobular/psicologia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/psicologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Preferências Alimentares/psicologiaRESUMO
7-Fluoro-1,3-diphenylisoquinoline-1-amine (FDPI) is a promising isoquinoline that elicits an antidepressant-like action in rodents. In this study, an animal model of stress induced by maternal separation was used to investigate the effects of FDPI in Wistar rats of 30 and 90 days of age. It was investigated the effects of maternal separation in the self-care behavior and the contribution of glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic systems in the FDPI action. Male Wistar rats were separated from their mothers for 3 h/day from postnatal day (PND) 1-10. The rats were treated at different ages (PND-30 and PND-90) with FDPI (5 mg/kg, intragastrically/7 days) and performed the splash test. Maternal separation reduced total grooming time in the splash test, an index of motivational and self-care behavior, and FDPI treatment was effective in reversing this behavior in rats at both ages. The neurochemical parameters were differently affected, dependent on the age of rats, by maternal separation and FDPI. Maternal separation increased the GABA uptake and the excitatory amino acid transporter 1 levels in the prefrontal cortices of rats at PND-30 and FDPI was effective against these alterations. At PND-90, maternal separation decreased the glutamate uptake and increased the GABA uptake and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B levels in the prefrontal cortices of rats. FDPI reversed the neurochemical alterations caused by maternal separation in the prefrontal cortices of rats at PND-90. The results of this study demonstrated that FDPI reversed the reduction in self-care behavior induced by maternal separation stress in rats by modulating the glutamatergic/GABAergic systems in rats.
Assuntos
Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Privação Materna , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Autocuidado , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Fatores Etários , Análise de Variância , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Transportador 1 de Aminoácido Excitatório/metabolismo , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Trítio/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of silicon application and administration of the phytohormone gibberellic acid on resistance of the corn plants to the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, and their vegetative characteristics. We evaluated larval and pupal duration, survival and biomass, and adult longevity, malformation and fecundity of S. frugiperda after feeding on plant matter treated with silicon and/or gibberellic acid. The feeding preference of FAW first-instar larvae, the total leaf area consumed by the insects, and the vegetative parameters of corn plants were also evaluated. No significant differences were observed in the measured parameters of larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda in response to silicon or gibberellic acid. In adult stage insects, the number of eggs per female was significantly reduced in insects derived from larvae fed plants treated with silicon or gibberellic acid. In a non-preference test, 48 h after release, caterpillars preferred control untreated plants and consumed less matter from plants that had received hormonal treatment (gibberellic acid). Gibberellic acid also altered the vegetative characteristics of plants, by increasing their height, shoot fresh and dry mass, and silicon content. We conclude that gibberellic acid can alter the vegetative characteristics and silicon uptake of corn plants, leading to a reduction in their consumption by S. frugiperda larvae and a decrease in female insect oviposition.
Assuntos
Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Giberelinas/farmacologia , Silício/farmacologia , Spodoptera/efeitos dos fármacos , Zea mays/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Feminino , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Oviposição/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) children are more impulsive towards a sweet reward and have altered feeding behavior in adulthood. We hypothesized that early life inhibitory control predicts feeding behaviors later on in childhood, and the consumption of n-3 PUFAs during infancy may protect IUGR children from developing problematic feeding behaviors. 156 children had information on the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) at 18 months, Food Frequency Questionnaire at 48 months and Children׳s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) at 72 months. There was a significant negative correlation between inhibitory control at 18 months and food fussiness at 72 months. A GLM model predicting food fussiness at 72 months showed significant interaction between n-3 PUFAs, inhibitory control and IUGR, with higher intakes associated with decreased risk for fussiness in IUGR children with poor inhibitory control. Deficits in early inhibitory control predict later food fussiness, and higher intakes of n-3 PUFAs in infancy may protect IUGR children from developing such behavior later.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/prevenção & controle , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Together with pharmacoresistant seizures, the quality of life of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients is negatively impacted by behavioral comorbidities including but not limited to depression, anxiety and cognitive deficits. The pilocarpine model of TLE has been widely used to study characteristics of human TLE, including behavioral comorbidities. Since the outcomes of pilocarpine-induced TLE might vary depending on several experimental factors, we sought to investigate potential gender-related differences regarding selected behavioral alterations in C57BL6 mice. We found that epileptic mice, independent of gender, displayed increased anxiety-like behavior in the open-field test. In the object recognition test, epileptic mice, regardless of gender, showed a decreased recognition index at 24 (but not at 4) hours after training. On the other hand, no significant differences were found regarding mice learning and memory performance in the Barnes maze paradigm. Motor coordination and balance as assessed by the beam walk and rotarod tests were not impaired in epileptic mice of both genders. However, female mice, independent of epilepsy, performed the beam walk and rotarod tasks better than their male counterparts. We also found that only male epileptic mice displayed disturbed behavior in the forced swim test, but the mice of both genders displayed anhedonia-like behavior in the taste preference test. Lastly, we found that the extent of hilar cell loss is similar in both genders. In summary, both genders can be successfully employed to study behavioral comorbidities of TLE; however, taking the potential gender differences into account may help choose the more appropriated gender for a given task, which may be of value for the minimization of the number of animals used during the experiments.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Estado Epiléptico/complicações , Fatores Etários , Análise de Variância , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Diazepam/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas Muscarínicos/toxicidade , Pilocarpina/toxicidade , Equilíbrio Postural/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Psicomotores/etiologia , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Estado Epiléptico/induzido quimicamente , Natação/psicologiaRESUMO
A nutraceutical product composed of a combination of Garcinia cambogia, l-carnitine and a seaweed extract of Ascophyllum nodosum has been recently developed. The aim of the present study was to characterize its effects on subjective satiety sensations and food preferences in healthy volunteers. In a crossover design, 28 subjects (21 females and 7 males, aged 31 ± 5, BMI 22.6 ± 1.7) were randomly assigned to receive the active treatment (LIS) or placebo (PL) over one week. At the end of each treatment period, subjects were instructed to consume ad libitum a test meal. Food preferences and appetite sensations were evaluated by means of the Leeds Food Preferences Questionnaire and visual analog scales, before and after meal, over three hours. There were no differences in energy intake between study groups. LIS was associated with a reduction in subjective hunger sensations (p = 0.018) and to an increase in satiety (p = 0.02) and fullness (p = 0.01) ratings. The preference for high fat foods was reduced after consuming the test meal in both study groups. There was a significant effect of LIS treatment on food explicit liking and implicit wanting, as evidenced by an increase in preference for sweet foods (relative to savory foods; p = 0.03 and p = 0.004, respectively), but no differences were observed regarding the preference for low or high fat foods (NS). These results provide proof of principle for the satiating properties of a nutraceutical containing Garcinia cambogia, Ascophyllum nodosum extract and l-carnitine and suggest that it might be useful as an appetite modulator.
Assuntos
Ascophyllum/química , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Garcinia cambogia/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Saciação/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Apetite , Ingestão de Energia/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Masculino , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Among the non-motor phenomena of Parkinson's disease (PD) are depressive symptoms, with a prevalence of 40-70%. The reason for this high prevalence is not yet clear. The basal ganglia receives dopamine (DA) inputs from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which is known to be impaired in PD patients. The neurotransmitter deficiency hypothesis of PD considers that low serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) activity in the brain in PD patients is a risk factor for depression. We investigated whether DA depletion promoted by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is able to induce depressive-like behavior and neurotransmitter alterations that are similar to those observed in PD. To test this hypothesis, we performed intranigral injections of 6-OHDA in male Wistar rats and conducted motor behavior, depressive-like behavior, histological, and neurochemical tests. After the motor recovery period, 6-OHDA was able to produce anhedonia and behavioral despair 7, 14, and 21 days after neurotoxin infusion. These altered behavioral responses were accompanied by reductions of striatal DA. Additionally, decreases in hippocampal 5-HT content were detected in the 6-OHDA group. Notably, correlations were found between 5-HT and DA levels and swimming, immobility, and sucrose preference. Our results indicate that 6-OHDA produced depressive-like behavior accompanied by striatal DA and hippocampal 5-HT reductions. Moreover, DA and 5-HT levels were strongly correlated with "emotional" impairments, suggesting the important participation of these neurotransmitters in anhedonia and behavioral despair after 6-OHDA-induced nigral lesions.
Assuntos
Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Depressão/patologia , Dopamina/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Adrenérgicos/toxicidade , Animais , Depressão/induzido quimicamente , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Oxidopamina/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Substância Negra/efeitos dos fármacos , Sacarose/administração & dosagem , Edulcorantes/administração & dosagem , Natação/psicologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used in the treatment of breast cancer; however many women complain of weight gain during TAM treatment. The anorectic effects of estradiol (E) and TAM are well known, although the effects of E on the consumption of palatable food are controversial and there is no information regarding the effects of TAM on palatable food consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic treatment with estradiol and/or tamoxifen on feeding behavior in ovariectomized rats exposed to standard chow and palatable foods (Froot Loops® or chocolate). Additionally, parameters such as body weight, uterine weight, lipid profile and plasma glucose were also measured. Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and subsequently injected (ip.) for 40 days with: E, TAM, E+TAM or vehicle (OVX and SHAM - controls). Behavioral tests were initiated 25 days after the start of treatment. Froot Loops® consumption was evaluated in a novel environment for 3 min. Standard chow intake was evaluated for two days and chocolate intake for 7 days in the home cage in a free choice model (chocolate or standard chow). Rats injected with E, TAM and E+TAM groups showed a reduction in body weight and standard chow intake, compared with control groups. With regard to palatable food intake, the E, TAM and E+TAM groups demonstrated increased consumption of Froot Loops®, compared with the SHAM and OVX groups. In contrast, all groups increased their consumption of chocolate, compared with standard chow; however the E group consumed more chocolate than the OVX, TAM and E+TAM groups. Despite these differences in chocolate consumption, all groups showed the same caloric intake during the chocolate exposure period; however the TAM and E+TAM groups presented decreased body weight. Treatment with estradiol and tamoxifen showed a favorable lipid profile with low levels of TC, LDL, LDL/HDL ratio and lower levels of plasma glucose. The E group presented high levels of TG and HDL, when compared with the TAM and E+TAM groups. Taken together, results suggest that TAM acted in an estrogen-like manner on the majority of parameters analyzed. However, tamoxifen acts in a different manner depending on the type of palatable food and the exposure. In addition, the TAM group demonstrated weight loss, compared with other groups independently of the type of food presented (palatable food or standard chow), showing a low caloric efficiency.
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Estradiol/farmacologia , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipídeos/sangue , Tamoxifeno/farmacologia , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Ovariectomia , Ratos , Moduladores Seletivos de Receptor Estrogênico/farmacologia , Tamoxifeno/administração & dosagem , Útero/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Affective disorders and memory impairments precede the classical motor symptoms seen in Parkinson's disease (PD) and the currently approved antiparkinsonian agents do not alleviate the non-motor symptoms as well as the underlying dopaminergic neuron degeneration. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of PD and that the anti-inflammatory actions of statins are related to their neuroprotective properties against different insults in the CNS. The present data indicates that the oral treatment with atorvastatin (10mg/kg/day), once a day during 7 consecutive days, was able to prevent short-term memory impairments and depressive-like behavior of rats assessed in the social recognition and forced swimming tests at 7 and 14 days, respectively, after a single intranasal (i.n.) administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (1mg/nostril). Importantly, at this time no significant alterations on the locomotor activity of the animals were observed in the open field test. Moreover, atorvastatin was found to protect against the long-lasting motor deficits evaluated in activity chambers and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta observed at 21 days after i.n. MPTP administration. At this time, despite the absence of spatial memory deficits in the water maze and in concentrations of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-10 in striatum and hippocampus following i.n. MPTP administration, atorvastatin treatment resulted in a significant increase in the striatal and hippocampal levels of nerve growth factor (NGF). These findings reinforce and extend the notion of the neuroprotective potential of atorvastatin and suggest that it may represent a new therapeutic tool for the management of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD.
Assuntos
Antiparkinsonianos/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Heptanoicos/uso terapêutico , Transtornos do Humor/tratamento farmacológico , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/complicações , Pirróis/uso terapêutico , 1-Metil-4-Fenil-1,2,3,6-Tetra-Hidropiridina/administração & dosagem , Administração Intranasal , Análise de Variância , Animais , Atorvastatina , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos do Humor/etiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Comportamento Social , Sacarose/administração & dosagem , Edulcorantes/administração & dosagem , Natação , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismoRESUMO
Information on the effect of an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) on noncognitive behaviour in rodents such as depression states is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the depressive-like effect of STZ injected by the i.c.v. route in mice and the potential protective effect of fluoxetine, antitumour necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) and thalidomide. Our results indicated that a single injection of STZ (0.1 mg/site) promoted depressive-like behaviour in the tail suspension and sucrose preference tests without altering either locomotor activity or plasma glucose levels. We also showed that STZ increased TNF-α levels in the hippocampus of mice. Fluoxetine (32 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. 30 min before STZ injection), and the anti-TNF-α antibody (0.1 pg/site, i.c.v.) and thalidomide (3 mg/kg, subcutaneously), coadministered with STZ, prevented these effects. This is the first study to report depressive-like effects of STZ using the i.c.v. route in mice. We concluded that fluoxetine, anti-TNF-α antibody and thalidomide were effective in preventing depressive-like behaviour and the increase in TNF-α levels in the hippocampus of mice induced by an i.c.v. injection of STZ, reinforcing the involvement of TNF-α in the pathophysiology of depression. This model and the mechanisms studied may contribute towards the development of new antidepressant drugs and enhance the options for studying depression.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Depressão/prevenção & controle , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fluoxetina/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Talidomida/uso terapêutico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/uso terapêutico , Antidepressivos/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Depressão/induzido quimicamente , Depressão/imunologia , Depressão/metabolismo , Sacarose Alimentar/administração & dosagem , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/imunologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Injeções Intraventriculares , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/biossíntese , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/imunologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/administração & dosagem , Estreptozocina , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
The rats were subjected to 40 days of stress protocol, during which the sucrose consumption was assessed in rats chronically treated with lamotrigine (20mg/kg) or with saline. The signaling cascade and oxidative stress parameters were assessed in the brain rat. Both control and stressed rats treated with lamotrigine showed an increase on malondialdehyde equivalents (MDA) in the prefrontal cortex, and that there was also an increase in the amygdala of the control rats treated with lamotrigine. The carbonyl protein was increased in the prefrontal cortex of the stressed group treated with saline, however, the lamotrigine treatment reversed this effect. The treatment with lamotrigine increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT) activities in the amygdala of stressed rats. The protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) was reduced in the amygdala in the stressed group treated with saline or lamotrigine. We suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of lamotrigine on anhedonic behavior may be related at least in part to its effects on the oxidative stress parameters and AKT.
Assuntos
Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Triazinas/farmacologia , Tonsila do Cerebelo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tonsila do Cerebelo/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Catalase/metabolismo , Doença Crônica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Lamotrigina , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estresse Psicológico/tratamento farmacológico , Sacarose/administração & dosagem , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Edulcorantes/administração & dosagem , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Triazinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The olfactory bulbectomy (OB) animal model of depression is a well-established model that is capable of detecting antidepressant activity following chronic drug therapy, and the surgery results in behavioral and biochemical changes that are reminiscent of various symptoms of depression. In the present study, we investigated the degree to which 14 days of p.o. administration of the classic antidepressant fluoxetine (10mg/kg) were able to reverse OB-induced changes in behavior (namely, hyperactivity in the open-field test and reduced motivational and self-care behaviors in the splash test) and in the activation of hippocampal cell signaling pathways that are thought to be involved in synaptic plasticity. OB caused significant increases in ERK1 and CREB (Ser(133)) phosphorylation and in the expression of BDNF immunocontent, all of which were prevented by fluoxetine administration. Moreover, fluoxetine administration also caused a significant decrease in ERK2 phosphorylation in mice that had undergone OB. Neither Akt nor GSK-3ß phosphorylation was altered in any experimental condition. In conclusion, the present study shows that OB can induce significant behavioral changes that are accompanied by the activation of hippocampal signaling pathways, namely the ERK1/CREB/BDNF pathway, which is involved in the synaptic plasticity. Conversely, fluoxetine prevented these OB-induced behavioral changes and avoided the activation of ERK1/CREB/BDNF in the hippocampus. Taken together, our results extend the data from the existing literature regarding OB-induced behavioral and neurochemical changes, and suggest a possible underlying mechanism that can account for the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine in this model.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/farmacologia , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Hipocampo/citologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Anedonia/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a CREB/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipercinese/tratamento farmacológico , Hipercinese/etiologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Transtornos do Olfato/complicações , Transtornos do Olfato/etiologia , Bulbo Olfatório/cirurgia , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/metabolismoRESUMO
We have investigated whether the chemical components of fetal fluids (FFs), which elicit repulsion in late gestating ewes, are also those responsible for the attractiveness of fetal fluids at parturition. An aqueous fraction of FFs (A1), obtained after extraction with hexane, was tested for repulsion in late-pregnant ewes and for attraction at parturition. We also investigated if the repulsive and attractive characteristics of this A1 fraction were maintained after an additional extraction with dichloromethane (DCM, CH(2)Cl(2)) that produced two more fractions (aqueous/high polarity: A2 and dichloromethane/medium polarity: DCM). Thus, late-pregnant ewes were tested for repulsion of aqueous extracts of FFs (A1, A2 and DCM fractions) in a two-choice test of food preference, whereas parturient ewes were tested for attraction toward these same fractions in a two-choice test of licking warm spongy cloths. The A1 fraction was repulsive to late-pregnant ewes and attractive to parturient females. In contrast, neither the A2 nor the DCM fractions were repulsive to late-pregnant ewes, whereas both fractions were attractive to parturient ones. The discordance between the repulsive and attractive properties of the A2 and DCM fractions suggests that the attractiveness of FFs for parturient ewes and its repulsiveness for females outside the peripartum period depend on mixtures of substances that are at least partially different. Some compounds with high and medium polarity in the A2 and DCM fractions would act synergistically to generate the repulsiveness of FFs, whereas both high and medium polarity compounds can evoke attraction independently of each other.
Assuntos
Líquido Amniótico/química , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Feto/química , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Parto/metabolismo , Fatores Etários , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Comportamento de Escolha/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Idade Gestacional , Gravidez , Tempo de Reação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovinos , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
The antidepressant effect of estrogens combined with antidepressants is controversial: some preclinical data showed that estrogens facilitate the effect of antidepressants in the forced swimming test (FST) in young adult rats, while others failed to find such effect in middle-aged rats in the chronic mild stress (CMS) model. In clinics similar differences were reported and may be due to the compounds, the depression model or type of depression, the experimental design, and the age of the subjects or the women's menopause stage. The objective of this study was to analyze the antidepressant-like effect of the combination of 17ß-estradiol (E(2)) and fluoxetine (FLX) in young adults (2-4 months) and middle-aged (12-14 months) ovariectomized (OVX) rats in two experimental models: FST and CMS. E(2) (5 and 10 µg/rat) and FLX (2.5 and 10 mg/kg) per se dose-dependently reduced immobility in both age groups and, in young adults both compounds increased swimming, whereas in middle-aged rats they increased swimming and climbing. Analysis of the antidepressant-like effect of the combination of suboptimal doses of FLX (1.25 mg/kg) and E(2) (2.5 µg/rat) showed a decrease in immobility and an increase in swimming in both age groups. In the CMS, chronic E(2) (2.5 µg/rat) with FLX (1.25 mg/kg) augmented relative sucrose intake, but middle-aged rats responded 2 weeks earlier than young adults. These results show that the antidepressant-like effect of the combination of E(2) and FLX in young adult and middle-aged female rats is evidenced in the two animal models of depression: FST and CMS.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/uso terapêutico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Estradiol/uso terapêutico , Fluoxetina/uso terapêutico , Análise de Variância , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Resposta de Imobilidade Tônica/efeitos dos fármacos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovariectomia , Ratos , Estresse Psicológico/tratamento farmacológico , Sacarose , Natação/psicologiaRESUMO
The role of the central opioid system in the control of water and salt intake is complex, with both stimulatory and inhibitory effects having been observed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of the central κ-opioid receptors in the control of salt appetite. Male Wistar rats were submitted to two different experimental protocols: sodium deficit produced by the diuretic, furosemide, and brain angiotensinergic stimulation in rats under normal sodium balance. Lateral ventricle (LV) injections of Nor-binaltorphimine (Nor-BNI) at different doses (5, 10 and 20 nmol) inhibited hypertonic saline solution (1.5%) intake in sodium-depleted rats. The salt appetite induced by an LV injection of angiotensin II (Ang II) (10 ng) was also blocked by Nor-BNI injections into the LV, while no significant change was observed in water intake. Furthermore, the decrease in salt intake seems not to have been due to a general inhibition of locomotor activity or to any change in palatability, since central administration of Nor-BNI failed to modify the intake of a 0.1% saccharin solution when the animals were submitted to a "dessert test" or to induce any significant locomotor deficit in the open-field test. Also the central administration of Nor-BNI was unable to modify blood pressure in sodium-depleted animals. The present results suggest that activation of endogenous κ-opioid receptors modulates salt appetite induced by sodium depletion and by central angiotensinergic stimulation in rats.