RESUMO
Introdução - A eficiência e a durabilidade de protetores bucais para esporte dependem diretamente da forma com que são usados, pois sempre se apresentam em condições básicas de presença ou ausência de saliva. Para observar se essa condição de uso interfere em suas propriedades mecânicas este trabalho observa através de modelo experimental de arcos dentais obtidos em epóxi, acoplados a uma máquina universal de ensaios Kratos programada para movimento de compressão, o comportamento mecânico de protetores bucais para esporte, confeccionados -m copolímero de etileno e acetato de vinila ? EVA, posicionados no arco superior. Material e Métodos - Foram formados dois grupos de estudo: protetores bucais secos e protetores bucais saturados em saliva artificial, sendo estes últimos obtidos através de análise de saturação com o auxilio de balança analítica para observação de ganho de massa. As propriedades mecânicas observadasforam força máxima e energia absorvida. Resultados - Os resultados foram submetidos a analise estatística t-student (p < 0,05). Observou-se que no grupo dos protetores bucais saturados com saliva houve redução da força máxima (p = 0,00) devido a plastificação do material, responsável pela redução das forças intermoleculares ocasionando maior deformabilidade do protetor atestado pelo aumento da energia absorvida (p = 0,05) quando comparado ao grupo dos protetores secos. Conclusão - Conclui-se que a presença da saliva altera o comportamento mecânico do protetor bucal confeccionado em EVA tornando-o mais dúctil, portanto diminuindo a probabilidadede fraturas dentais e/ou lesões em tecidos circunvizinhos.
Introduction - The efficiency and durability of mouth protectors for sports depend directly on the way they are used, mainly because of their frequent exposure to saliva. To analise if this condition of use affects their mechanical properties, this paper observes, through the use of an experimental model made of epoxy, connected to an universal testing machine Kratos programmed to compress, the mechanical behaviour of mouth protectors for sports, made of ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymer - EVA, positioned on the superior arch. Two groups of study were created: dry mouth protectors and artificial saliva saturated mouth protectors, the second of which was analised with the use of an analitical balance to measure the level of saturation through the gain of mass.The mechanical properties observed were maximal strength and absorbed energy. The results were submitted to t-student statistical analisis method (p < 0,05). It was observed that, in the saturated mouth protectors group, the maximal strength diminished (p = 0,00) due to the material plastification, that caused a reduction in the intermolecular force and consequently a bigger deformation of the protector, confirmed by the increase in the absorbed energy (p = 0,05) when compared to the dry protectors group. It was concluded that the presence of saliva changes the mechanical behaviour of the mouth protector made of EVA, making it more flexible and reducing the probability of dental fractures and/or injuries on adjacent tissues.
Assuntos
Polivinil/análise , Polivinil/síntese química , Protetores Bucais , Saliva Artificial/síntese química , Teste de Materiais/métodos , Polímeros/análise , Polímeros/síntese químicaRESUMO
The phase transition from the non-polar alpha-phase to the polar beta-phase of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has been investigated using micro-Raman spectroscopy, which is advantageous because it is a nondestructive technique. Films of alpha-PVDF were subjected to stretching under controlled rates at 80 degrees C, while the transition to beta-PVDF was monitored by the decrease in the Raman band at 794 cm(-1) characteristic of the alpha-phase, along with the concomitant increase in the 839 cm(-1) band characteristic of the beta-phase. The alpha-->beta transition in our PVDF samples could be achieved even for the sample stretched to twice (2x-stretched) the initial length and it did not depend on the stretching rate in the range between 2.0 and 7.0 mm/min. These conclusions were corroborated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction experiments for PVDF samples processed under the same conditions as in the Raman scattering measurements. Poling with negative corona discharge was found to affect the alpha-PVDF morphology, improving the Raman bands related to this crystalline phase. This effect is minimized for films stretched to higher ratios. Significantly, corona-induced effects could not be observed with the other experimental techniques, i.e., X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy.
Assuntos
Cristalografia/métodos , Teste de Materiais/métodos , Polivinil/análise , Polivinil/química , Análise Espectral Raman/métodos , Membranas Artificiais , Transição de Fase , Estimulação Física/métodos , Estresse Mecânico , Temperatura , Resistência à TraçãoRESUMO
Solid-state compatibility and in vitro dissolution of direct-compressed sustained-release matrices of polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) containing ibuprofen as a model drug were studied. Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) was used as an alternative water-soluble polymer to PVP. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) were used for characterizing solid-state polymer-polymer and drug-polymer interactions. The mechanical treatment for preparing physical mixtures of polyvinyl polymers and the drug (i.e. simple blending or stressed cogrinding) was shown not to affect the physical state of the drug and the polymers. With the drug-polymer mixtures the endothermic effect due to drug melting was always evident, but a considerable modification of the melting point of the drug in physical binary mixtures (drug:PVP) was observed, suggesting some interaction between the two. On the other hand, the lack of a significant shift of the melting endothermic peak of the drug in physical tertiary drug-polymer mixtures revealed no evidence of solid-state interaction between the drug and the present polymers. Sustained-release dissolution profiles were achieved from the direct-compressed matrices made from powder mixtures of the drug and PVAc combined with PVP, and the proportion of PVAc in the mixture clearly altered the drug release profiles in vitro. The drug release from the present matrix systems is controlled by both diffusion of the drug through the hydrate matrix and the erosion of the matrix itself.