RESUMO
Numerous studies highlight the importance of phytotherapy for indigenous and non-indigenous people in different parts of the world. In this work we analyze the richness (number of species), diversity (plant identity and the number of illnesses for which it is used) and similarity of plant species and illnesses treated with them, in order to contribute new data and insight into the importance of plant medicines to the local medical systems of people living in Misiones province, in the subtropics of Argentina. Three sympatric groups were compared: Guarani Indians, Criollos (mestizos) and Polish migrants. Quantitative scrutiny was focused on both primary and secondary sources. The similarity and diversity of medicinal plants and uses between groups was calculated by applying the Sørensen quantitative coefficient and the Shannon-Wiener index, respectively. In order to identify the characteristic plant species used by each group, the Cultural Importance and Prevalence Value (CIPV) was calculated based on the species Indicator Value (IndVal), which combines a species relative abundance with its relative frequency of occurrence in the various groups, and modified according to the type of the analyzed data. The important finding is a great variation in the number of species used by the study groups. Altogether, 509 botanical species were registered: Guarani (397), Criollos (243) and Polish migrants (137). For all groups, the use of native medicinal plants prevailed. The Guarani appear to be the local experts in use of medicinal plants. There is the significant difference in the number of treated illnesses by each taxon among three groups. Criollos and Polish migrants exhibit the greatest similarity in illnesses treated with medicinal plants. These groups share a corpus of knowledge related to illness nosology, and have a symptomatic approach to illness treatment. The Guarani have an etiological approach to illness diagnosis and healing, which may be viewed as a barrier to the exchange of knowledge about home medicine with other ethnic groups of Misiones.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Relações Interpessoais , Medicina Tradicional , Plantas Medicinais/classificação , Grupos Populacionais/etnologia , Migrantes , Adulto , Idoso , Argentina/epidemiologia , Argentina/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Etnobotânica , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fitoterapia , Polônia/etnologia , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Clima Tropical , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Cross-cultural studies suggest that aging attitudes show some variation across societies, but this evidence is mostly drawn from industrialized settings. The limited research record on pre-industrial societies is largely qualitative in nature. The present study targeted this gap by adapting an existing multidimensional measure of aging attitudes for use in traditional populations and administering it to samples from one traditional society and two industrialized societies. METHOD: We administered the adapted multidimensional measure of aging attitudes to samples from one traditional society (Tsimane' Amazonian forager-farmers in Bolivia, n = 90) and two industrialized societies (the United States, n = 91, and Poland, n = 100). RESULTS: Across societies, aging perceptions were more favorable for respect and wisdom than for other domains of functioning, and women were perceived to be aging less favorably. Further, the Tsimane' reported more positive aging perceptions than the U.S. and Polish samples, especially with regard to memory functioning. Within the Tsimane' sample, there was no evidence of an influence of acculturation on aging perceptions. DISCUSSION: The present study contributed to our understanding of cross-cultural differences in aging attitudes. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Assuntos
Aculturação , Envelhecimento , Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Autoimagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Envelhecimento/etnologia , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Bolívia/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Países Desenvolvidos/estatística & dados numéricos , Fazendeiros/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/psicologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/etnologia , Fatores Sexuais , Ajustamento Social , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION:: Brazil has received influxes of people, mainly from Africa, Europe and Japan, forming one of the most heterogeneous populations in the world. Some groups, particularly in Southern Brazil, have retained their original cultural traditions, whilst acquiring elements of the typical local Brazilian cultural identity. This is the first study designed to formally evaluate biculturality in Brazil. OBJECTIVE:: To psychometrically assess and validate the Portuguese version of the Bicultural Scale (BS) in Brazil. METHODS:: The BS was adapted and translated to Portuguese and tested for the first time in Brazil in a sample of descendants (n = 160) from four immigrant groups and respective locations in Southern Brazil. A series of psychometric tests were conducted in order to examine the validity of the Portuguese version of the BS. Analyses of variance across scores for all subgroups were also conducted. RESULTS:: Factor analysis revealed two main factors contributing to most of the variance in scores. The 10 items measuring affiliation with minority cultural characteristics and the typical Brazilian culture yielded Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.69 and 0.78 respectively, whereas the overall Cronbach's alpha for all 20 items of the BS was 0.67. There was a significant correlation between items related to the typical Brazilian culture and the generation since immigration of research participants (r = 0.23, p = 0.004). The mean time taken to complete the questionnaire was 7.4 minutes. CONCLUSION:: The results indicate that the Portuguese version of the BS is a valid, reliable and easy-to-use instrument to assess biculturality experienced by descendants of immigrants in southern Brazil.
Assuntos
Características Culturais , Diversidade Cultural , Brasil , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Alemanha/etnologia , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Japão/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/etnologia , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , TraduçõesRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Brazil has received influxes of people, mainly from Africa, Europe and Japan, forming one of the most heterogeneous populations in the world. Some groups, particularly in Southern Brazil, have retained their original cultural traditions, whilst acquiring elements of the typical local Brazilian cultural identity. This is the first study designed to formally evaluate biculturality in Brazil. Objective: To psychometrically assess and validate the Portuguese version of the Bicultural Scale (BS) in Brazil. Methods: The BS was adapted and translated to Portuguese and tested for the first time in Brazil in a sample of descendants (n = 160) from four immigrant groups and respective locations in Southern Brazil. A series of psychometric tests were conducted in order to examine the validity of the Portuguese version of the BS. Analyses of variance across scores for all subgroups were also conducted. Results: Factor analysis revealed two main factors contributing to most of the variance in scores. The 10 items measuring affiliation with minority cultural characteristics and the typical Brazilian culture yielded Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.69 and 0.78 respectively, whereas the overall Cronbach's alpha for all 20 items of the BS was 0.67. There was a significant correlation between items related to the typical Brazilian culture and the generation since immigration of research participants (r = 0.23, p = 0.004). The mean time taken to complete the questionnaire was 7.4 minutes. Conclusion: The results indicate that the Portuguese version of the BS is a valid, reliable and easy-to-use instrument to assess biculturality experienced by descendants of immigrants in southern Brazil.
Resumo Introdução: O Brasil recebeu afluxo de imigrantes principalmente da África, Europa e Japão, formando uma das populações mais heterogêneas do mundo. Alguns grupos, particularmente no Sul do Brasil, têm mantido suas tradições culturais originais, ao mesmo tempo que adquirem elementos típicos da identidade cultural brasileira local. Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar formalmente a biculturalidade no Brasil. Objetivo: Avaliação psicométrica e validação da versão em português da Escala de Biculturalidade (EB) no Brasil. Métodos: A EB foi adaptada e traduzida para o português e testada pela primeira vez no Brasil em uma amostra de descendentes de quatro grupos de imigrantes (n = 160) em diferentes localizações no Sul do Brasil. Uma série de testes psicométricos foram aplicados a fim de examinar a validade da versão em português da EB. Análises de variância através dos escores obtidos em cada subgrupo também foram conduzidas. Resultados: A análise fatorial revelou que dois fatores principais contribuem para a maioria da variância nos escores. Os 10 items que medem afiliação com características culturais minoritárias e cultura típica brasileira demonstraram índice de Cronbach de 0,69 e 0,78, respectivamente, enquanto que o alfa global de Cronbach para todos os 20 itens da EB foi de 0,67. Houve correlação significativa entre os itens relacionados à cultura típica brasileira e a geração dos voluntários desde o período de imigração (r = 0,23, p = 0,004). O tempo médio para completar o questionário foi de 7,4 minutos. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam que a versão em português da EB é um instrumento válido, confiável e de fácil utilização para avaliar expêriencias de biculturalidade de descendentes de imigrantes no Sul do Brasil.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Diversidade Cultural , Características Culturais , Polônia/etnologia , Psicometria , Traduções , Brasil , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Análise Fatorial , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Alemanha/etnologia , Itália/etnologia , Japão/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The paper addresses forms of medical pluralism, studied from the microsocial perspective, among the Polish community in Misiones, Argentina. It shows different attitudes to health treatment within the field of home medicine, local non-biomedical specialists and biomedicine. It points out the relationship between the diversity of offers of medical assistance and community members' negotiations between various medical approaches. It also identifies the factors influencing these choices. While prior research examines Indigenous and Mestizo medical ethnobotany in this region, there has not been research on medical pluralism and very little study of complementary and alternative medicine among the inhabitants of Misiones. The study group comprises Polish peasants who settled in northern Misiones between 1936 and 1938 and their descendants born in Argentina. Field research was based on semi-structured, in-depth and free-listing interviews. The analysis was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results show that Polish settlers tried to reconstruct bits and pieces of their familiar and traditional healing practices in the new environment. Phytotherapy plays the most important role among home therapies. It is at home that most treatments start. Members of the Polish community also treat folk illnesses at home and report them to local healers. The growing influence of biomedicine does not contribute to the elimination of home medicine or non-biomedical specialists in the study area. There has been a medicalization of childbirth and fractures, but folk experts such as curanderos, hueseros and naturistas are still very popular in the region.
Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/etnologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antropologia Médica , Argentina , Terapias Complementares/psicologia , Diversidade Cultural , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Relações Médico-Paciente , Plantas Medicinais , Polônia/etnologiaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Using the example of Polish migrants living in the subtropics of Argentina, we attempt to expand knowledge about migrant strategies for retaining their agency in medicinal plant procurement. AIM OF THE STUDY: Is to state which environments play a pivotal role as a source of medicinal plants for the study community, and if a gradient of relevance exists in the exploitation of medicinally useful species between the most proximate and the most distant habitats. We particularly aim to answer the following questions: (1) if Polish migrants have changed their patterns of obtaining medicinal plants during the migratory process; and (2) if the choice of strategies for medicinal plants depends on: (a) the degree of floristic and environmental similarity between the home and host country; (b) the perception and usefulness of certain environments as a source of medicinal plants; (c) the degree of contact with the local population in the host country, and/or (d) the degree of contact between migrants and their homeland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis is grounded in data from different types of interviews and a homegarden inventory addressed to 72 study participants. Voucher specimens of species mentioned were gathered and identified. Two indices were used as proxy measures: (1) the number of species obtained from each habitat, and (2) the number of citations for both modes and places of obtaining medicinal plants. RESULTS: Due to different flora found in Argentina, Polish migrants could reconstruct only bits and pieces of their native pharmacopoeia. They could not acquire medicinal plants either from relatives in Poland or via importation. Therefore they had to develop new strategies for securing medicinal resources. During the migratory process, Poles in Misiones changed forms and places of obtaining medicinal plants. Cultivated species from homegardens play the most important role, while in the native country homegarden species were used sparsely. The second most important environment for medicinal plant procurement is the forest, whose exploitation was increased by contact with local mestizos and indigenous groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly shows that traditional knowledge can be adaptive and resilient. New species have been selected and incorporated from mestizos, and indigenous people, and at the same time the use of some legacy plants has been preserved. The importance of home gardens as a venue for medicinal plants is another facet of this adaptive process. Traditional knowledge is resilient too, because despite the many changes that have occurred, Polish people have maintained phytotherapy as their preferred form of treating ailments, and managed to retain certain species brought from Europe as the most relevant.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Fitoterapia/métodos , Preparações de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Plantas Medicinais/química , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Argentina , Etnofarmacologia , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/etnologiaRESUMO
In this article we discuss the importance of food plants, both introduced and native, in the pharmacopoeia of the Polish community in Misiones, Argentina. Food species constitute a relevant portion of all botanicals used by Polish settlers in home therapies (41%), while introduced food species prevail among the continued herbal remedies used by the study group. We explain this pattern of use by food plant availability, their versatility as reflected in the number of medicinal applications, and also their importance in cross-cultural relations. Finally, we conclude that several food plants used by Polish migrants (e.g., Allium sativum, Mentha xpiperita, and Camellia sinensis) may have served to "strengthen" migrants' identity within the host country.
Assuntos
Dieta , Emigração e Imigração , Etnobotânica , Fitoterapia , Plantas Comestíveis , Plantas Medicinais , Migrantes , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Argentina , Cidades , Cultura , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/etnologia , Características de ResidênciaRESUMO
O presente trabalho se insere no âmbito da história social da imigração para São Paulo, focalizando especificamente o período comumente classificado como a retomada da imigração, no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando as entradas se dividem basicamente em dois momentos: 1947-1951, com o apoio da Organização Internacional das Migrações (OIR); e 1952-1980, com o apoio do Comitê Intergovernamental para as Migrações Europeias (Cime). O estudo enfoca a nacionalidade polonesa no quadro da imigração dos chamados "deslocados de guerra", provenientes dos campos de refugiados da Alemanha e da Áustria. Com base na documentação do Memorial do Imigrante, sistematizada em um banco de dados, e nos artigos publicados na Revista de Imigração e Colonização (RIC), procura-se contextualizar a discussão do período, sobre a necessidade e conveniência ou não da entrada desses imigrantes deslocados que foram introduzidos graças a acordos entre o Brasil e a OIR, além de traçar o perfil desses imigrantes, que formavam o maior grupo entre as nacionalidades entradas no período. O foco na imigração polonesa do pós-guerra ressalta a especificidade desse fluxo, cujo perfil se diferencia das levas anteriores num contexto marcado, preferencialmente, pela proteção ao trabalhador nacional e ao migrante interno...
This paper deals with the social history of the immigration to São Paulo. It focuses specifically on the period that is usually known as the resumption of immigration after World War II, when the arrivals of immigrants were divided basically into two periods: 1947-1951, with backing from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and from 1952 to 1980, with the support of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM). This paper focuses on the so-called "displaced persons" of Polish nationality, one among many groups of different nationalities who were freed from the refugee camps in Germany and Austria. This study was supported by documentation from the Immigrant Memorial, which has been systemized into a database, and is based on articles published in the Journal of Immigration and Colonization (JIC). The aim of this study is to contextualize the discussion on the need and convenience of the arrival of these displaced Polish immigrants, who were taken in through agreements between Brazil and the IRO at that time. This paper also outlines the profile of these immigrants, characterized as the largest group among the nationalities that arrived in Brazil during that period. The focus on post-war Polish immigration indicates the specific character of this group, whose profile differed from previous waves of immigrants to Brazil in a context strongly marked by movements to protect Brazilian workers and internal migrants...
El presente artículo se inserta en el ámbito de la historia social de la inmigración hacia São Paulo, enfocando específicamente el periodo que se suele clasificar como la retomada de la inmigración, en la pos Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando las entradas se dividen básicamente en dos periodos: 1947-1951, con el apoyo de la Organización Internacional de las Migraciones (OIR) y 1952-1980, con el apoyo del Comité Intergubernamental para las Migraciones Europeas (CIME). Enfoca la nacionalidad polonesa en el marco de la inmigración de los chamados "desplazados de guerra", constituidos por personas provenientes de distintas ciudades en los campos de refugiados de Alemania y Austria. Apoyado en la documentación del Memorial del Inmigrante, sistematizada en un banco de datos, y en los artículos publicados en la Revista de Imigração e Colonização (RIC), tiene el objetivo de contextualizar la discusión del periodo, sobre la necesidad y la conveniencia del ingreso de dichos inmigrantes desplazados que fueron introducidos gracias a acuerdos entre Brasil y la OIR, además de trazar el perfil de estos inmigrantes, que se caracterizaban como el mayor grupo entre las nacionalidades que ingresaron en el mencionado periodo. El enfoque en la inmigración polonesa de la posguerra destaca la especificidad de este flujo, cuyo perfil se diferencia de los flujos anteriores en un contexto marcado preferentemente por la protección al trabajador nacional y al migrante interno...
Assuntos
Humanos , Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Emigração e Imigração/história , Refugiados , Categorias de Trabalhadores , Brasil/etnologia , Polônia/etnologia , II Guerra MundialRESUMO
Mapping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes potentially involved in immune responses may help understand the pathophysiology of infectious diseases in specific geographical regions. In this context, we have aimed to analyze the frequency of immunogenetic markers, focusing on genes CD209 (SNP -336A/G), FCγRIIa (SNP -131H/R), TNF-α (SNP -308A/G) and VDR (SNP Taq I) in two populations of the Espirito Santo State (ES), Brazil: general and Pomeranian populations. Peripheral blood genomic DNA was extracted from one hundred healthy individuals of the general population and from 59 Pomeranians. Polymorphic variant identification was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). SNP genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. There was no statistically significant difference in allelic and genotypic distributions between the two populations studied. Statistically significant differences were observed for SNP genotype distribution in genes CD209, TNF-α and VDR when comparing the ES populations with other Brazilian populations. This is the first report of CD209, FcγRIIa, TNF-α and VDR allelic frequencies for the general and Pomeranian populations of ES.
Assuntos
Genes/imunologia , Variação Genética , Fenômenos Imunogenéticos/genética , Brasil , Primers do DNA/genética , Frequência do Gene , Genes/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/imunologia , Alemanha Oriental/etnologia , Humanos , Polônia/etnologia , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Adding a craving criterion--presently in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, diagnosis of alcohol dependence--has been under consideration as one possible improvement to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and was recently proposed for inclusion by the DSM Substance-Related Disorders Work Group in the Fifth Revision of diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorders. To inform cross-cultural applicability of this modification, performance of a craving criterion was examined in emergency departments in four countries manifesting distinctly different culturally based drinking patterns (Mexico, Poland, Argentina, United States). METHOD: Exploratory factor analysis and item response theory were used to examine psychometric properties and individual item characteristics of the 11 DSM-IV abuse and dependence criteria with and without craving for each country separately. Differential item functioning analysis was performed to examine differences in the difficulty of endorsement (severity) and discrimination of craving across countries. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis found craving fit well within a one-dimensional solution, and factor loadings were high across all countries. Results from item-response theory analyses indicated that both discrimination and difficulty estimates for the craving item were located in the middle of the corresponding discrimination and difficulty ranges for the other 11 items for each country but did not substantially increase the efficiency (or information) of the overall diagnostic scheme. Across the four countries, no differential item functioning was found for difficulty, but significant differential item functioning was found for discrimination (similar to other DSM-IV criteria). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that, although craving performed similarly across emergency departments in the four countries, it does not add much in identification of individuals with alcohol use disorders.
Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/etnologia , Comportamento Aditivo/diagnóstico , Comportamento Aditivo/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Argentina/etnologia , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Humanos , México/etnologia , Polônia/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
AIM: To determine if children adopted to Swedish families from countries with a high carrier rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are infected or colonized with MRSA. METHODS: From January 2000 to May 2005, 23 adopted children from 6 countries were examined for MRSA at the University hospital in Lund after their arrival in Sweden. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 23 children (57%) were MRSA positive with a median age of the children at the time MRSA was detected of 6 (range 3-16) months. All MRSA positive children had a history of hospitalization in their native country before arriving in Sweden. The throat was the most frequent and persistent site where MRSA was seen while in sites such as the anterior nares and perineum, MRSA was found more intermittently. The MRSA-positive children were adopted into 13 Swedish families and in 3 families, 6 of 10 family members became MRSA positive. CONCLUSION: Children adopted from foreign countries to Swedish families and with a history of hospitalization in their native country were commonly colonized with MRSA. The throat was the most frequent site colonized and transmission of MRSA from adopted children to other family members occurred.
Assuntos
Adoção , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Emigração e Imigração , Resistência a Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , China/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Coreia (Geográfico)/etnologia , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Nariz/microbiologia , Períneo/microbiologia , Faringe/microbiologia , Polônia/etnologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/transmissão , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This is the first study to assess the prevalence of headache and migraine among Pomeranian descendents in Brazil. A high prevalence of headache in the last 6 months was found (53.2 percent). Most headache sufferers were diagnosed as having migraine (55 percent). More women reported to have headache than men (65 percent and 33.8 percent, respectively). Migraine was the most common headache found among women (62.2 percent). Among men migraine was responsible for only 37.8 percent of the cases of headache. A high impact of headache was found, especially among migraineurs. Most of the headache sufferers declared to seek medical assistance for headache (67 percent) and most of them used to take common analgesics for headache relief. None of them was under prophylactic therapy.
Este estudo é o primeiro a avaliar a prevalência da cefaléia e da migrânea entre descendentes de pomeranos no Brasil. Demonstrou-se alta prevalência de cefaléia (53,2 por cento), sendo que a migrânea foi responsável por 55 por cento das cefaléias. Houve maior prevalência de cefaléia entre as mulheres (65 por cento) do que entre os homens (33,8 por cento). Entre as mulheres verificou-se maior prevalência de migrânea (62,2 por cento) sobre as outras cefaléias (37,8 por cento). Entre os homens a migrânea foi responsável por apenas 34,6 por cento dos casos de cefaléia. Verificou-se importante impacto da cefaléia nesta população, especialmente entre os portadores de migrânea. A maior parte (67 por cento) dos portadores de cefaléia recebia algum tipo de orientação médica em relação ao problema, e a maioria fazia uso de medicamentos analgésicos comuns. Nenhum dos indivíduos estava em tratamento profilático.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Cefaleia/etnologia , Transtornos de Enxaqueca/etnologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cefaleia/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Enxaqueca/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Polônia/etnologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
This is the first study to assess the prevalence of headache and migraine among Pomeranian descendents in Brazil. A high prevalence of headache in the last 6 months was found (53.2%). Most headache sufferers were diagnosed as having migraine (55%). More women reported to have headache than men (65% and 33.8%, respectively). Migraine was the most common headache found among women (62.2%). Among men migraine was responsible for only 37.8% of the cases of headache. A high impact of headache was found, especially among migraineurs. Most of the headache sufferers declared to seek medical assistance for headache (67%) and most of them used to take common analgesics for headache relief. None of them was under prophylactic therapy.
Assuntos
Cefaleia/etnologia , Transtornos de Enxaqueca/etnologia , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Cefaleia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos de Enxaqueca/epidemiologia , Polônia/etnologia , Prevalência , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of country of birth on body mass index (BMI) after adjustment for age, educational status, physical activity and smoking habits. Two random samples of men and women, aged 27-60, were used: 1,957 immigrants and 2,975 Swedes, both from 1996. Men and women were analysed in separate models by the use of linear regression. The BMI levels were significantly higher among Polish (0.8 BMI units) and Chilean (0.7 BMI units) men, and Chilean (1.9 BMI units) and Turkish (1.5 BMI units) women than among their Swedish controls, after adjustment for all explanatory variables. Other intermediate risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as physical inactivity and daily smoking, were also more frequent among almost all the immigrant subgroups. This study shows a strong influence of country of birth on BMI even after adjustment for age, educational status, physical activity and smoking habits.
Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Chile/etnologia , Escolaridade , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia/etnologia , Fumar , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Suécia , Turquia/etnologiaRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study hypothesises that the presumed increased risk of self reported longstanding psychiatric illness and intake of psychotropic drugs among Iranian, Chilean, Turkish, and Kurdish adults, when these groups are compared with Polish adults, can be explained by living alone, poor acculturation, unemployment, and low sense of coherence. DESIGN: Data from a national sample of immigrants/refugees, who were between the ages of 20-44 years old, upon their arrival in Sweden between 1980 and 1989. Unconditional logistic regression was used in the statistical modelling. SETTING: Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: 1059 female and 921 male migrants from Iran, Chile, Turkey, Kurdistan and Poland and a random sample of 3001 Swedes, all between the ages of 27-60 years, were interviewed in 1996 by Statistics Sweden. MAIN RESULTS: Compared with Swedes, all immigrants had an increased risk of self reported longstanding psychiatric illness and for intake of psychotropic drugs, with results for the Kurds being non-significant. Compared with Poles, Iranian and Chilean migrants had an increased risk of psychiatric illness, when seen in relation to a model in which adjustment was made for sex and age. The difference became non-significant for Chileans when marital status was taken into account. After including civil status and knowledge of the Swedish language, the increased risks for intake of psychotropic drugs for Chileans and Iranians disappeared. Living alone, poor knowledge of the Swedish language, non-employment, and low sense of coherence were strong risk factors for self reported longstanding psychiatric illness and for intake of psychotropic drugs. Iranian, Chilean, Turkish and Kurdish immigrants more frequently reported living in segregated neighbourhoods and having a greater desire to leave Sweden than their Polish counterparts. CONCLUSION: Evidence substantiates a strong association between ethnicity and self reported longstanding psychiatric illness, as well as intake of psychotropic drugs. This association is weakened by marital status, acculturation status, employment status, and sense of coherence.
Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais/etnologia , Psicotrópicos/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/etnologia , Iraque/etnologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Polônia/etnologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do Sul/etnologia , Suécia/epidemiologia , Turquia/etnologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This paper addresses the extent to which equity of treatment according to need, as defined by self-reported health status, is received by members of ethnic minorities in Swedish health services. METHODS: The study was based on a multivariate analysis of cross-sectional data from the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions and Immigrant Survey of Living Conditions in 1996 on use of health services, morbidity and socioeconomic indicators. The study population consisted of 1,890 Swedish residents aged 27-60 years born in Chile, Poland, Turkey and Iran and 2,452 age-matched, Swedish-born residents. MAIN RESULTS: Residents born in Chile, Iran and Turkey were more likely to have consulted a physician during the 3 months prior to the interview compared to Swedish-born residents; odds ratios (ORs) 1.4 (95% CI: 1.2-1.7), 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1-1.7) and 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3-1.9) respectively. The higher consultation rate in these ethnic minorities was primarily explained by a less satisfactory, self-reported health status compared to Swedish-born residents. Thirty-eight percent of the minority study groups reported exposure to organised violence in their country of origin, which was associated with a higher level of use of consultations with a physician (OR 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.6). CONCLUSIONS: This study did not indicate any gross pattern of inequity in access to care for ethnic minorities in Sweden. Systems for allocating resources to health authorities need to consider the possibility that ethnic minorities in Sweden and in particular victims of organised violence, use health services more than is suggested by socioeconomic indicators only.
Assuntos
Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Grupos Minoritários/estatística & dados numéricos , Justiça Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Chile/etnologia , Feminino , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Irã (Geográfico)/etnologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/etnologia , Polônia/etnologia , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Suécia/epidemiologia , Turquia/etnologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study use of analgesics, and psychotropic drugs in relation to health indicators in four ethnic minorities in Sweden in comparison with Swedish-born. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study based on data from the Survey of Living Conditions and Immigrant Survey of Living Conditions in Sweden in 1996. STUDY POPULATION: Random samples of 1890 Swedish residents, in the age range 27-60 years, born in Chile, Poland, Turkey and Iran and 2452 age-matched Swedish-born residents. RESULTS: A two fold higher use of prescribed analgesics and antidepressants and a five to sixfold higher use of hypnotic and sedative drugs was demonstrated in members of ethnic minorities in Sweden in comparison with Swedish-born. In a multivariate analysis the higher use of prescribed analgesics and antidepressants was explained almost entirely by a higher morbidity in the minority study groups. A twofold higher use of sedatives and hypnotics was demonstrated in the minority study populations compared to the Swedish-born sample even after adjustment for extensive indicators of psychiatric and physical health in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The higher use of sedatives and hypnotics in relation to health in the minority samples in the present study indicates a differential treatment of minor psychiatric disorders of members of ethnic minorities in Swedish health services. Further studies that yield more qualitative data regarding the interaction of Swedish physicians with migrant patients are needed to explain these differences and to create a basis for intervention.
Assuntos
Uso de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Chile/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Etnicidade , Feminino , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/etnologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Grupos Minoritários , Polônia/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suécia , Migrantes , Turquia/etnologiaRESUMO
This study uses data collected in 1996 by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. By means of interviews with 1980 foreign-born immigrants, an attempt was made to determine the impact of a) migration status (country of birth/ethnicity), b) exposure to violence, c) Antonovsky's sense of coherence, d) acculturation status (knowledge of Swedish), e) sense of control over one's life, f) economic difficulties, and g) education, both on psychological distress (using General Health Questionnaire 12) and psychosomatic complaints (daytime fatigue, sleeping difficulties, and headache/migraine). Iranians and Chileans (age-adjusted) were at great risk for psychological distress as compared with Poles, whereas Turks and Kurds exhibited no such risk. When the independent factors were included in the model, the migration status effect decreased to insignificance (with the exception of Iranian men). A low sense of coherence, poor acculturation (men only), poor sense of control, and economic difficulties were strongly associated with the outcomes, generally accounting for a convincing link between migration status and psychological distress. Furthermore, a low sense of coherence, poor acculturation (men only), poor sense of control, and economic difficulties in exile seemed to be stronger risk factors for psychological distress in this group than exposure to violence before migration.
Assuntos
Aculturação , Etnicidade/psicologia , Transtornos Psicofisiológicos/epidemiologia , Refugiados/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Violência/psicologia , Adulto , Chile/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Polônia/etnologia , Prevalência , Distribuição Aleatória , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Suécia/epidemiologia , Turquia/etnologia , Violência/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe access to dental care in a population-based sample of foreign-born Swedish residents in relation to dental health. DESIGN: The study was based on data from the Immigrant Survey of Living Conditions in four minority study groups consisting of a total of 1,898 Swedish residents born in Poland, Chile, Turkey and Iran aged 27-60. An age-matched study group of 2,477 Swedish-born residents from the Survey of Living Conditions of 1996 was added as a comparison group. The study also included 2,228 children aged 3-15 years in the minority households and 2,892 children in the households of the Swedish-born study group. RESULTS: The risk of poor dental health was higher in all four minority study groups than for the Swedish-born study group after adjusting for socio-economic variables. In the adult minority study groups the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for having prostheses and problems with chewing was 6.3 (4.3-9.1) and 2.7 (1.8-4.3), respectively, for the Polish-born, 4.8 (3.3-7.1) and 3.2 (2.1-4.9) for the Chilean-born, 4.6 (3.1-6.9) and 4.8 (3.6-7.2) for the Turkish-born, and 2.7 (1.5-4.8) and 6.5 (4.1-10.3) for the Iranian-born compared with the Swedish-born. In the child study group all four minority groups had an increased risk of caries ranging from OR 1.6 (1.3-2.1) in the Chilean group to 2.5 (2.0-3.0) in the Turkish group compared with the children with Swedish-born parents. The adults in all four minority study groups more often lacked regular treatment by a dentist than Swedish-born residents. The OR for not having been treated by a dentist during the 2 years preceding the interview ranged from 1.9 (1.4-2.6) in the Polish-born study group to 3.0 (2.3-4.0) in the Chilean-born study group after adjustment for socio-economic factors and general health. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that adults in minority populations in Sweden use less dental care despite having greater needs of dental treatment than the majority population. This inequity calls for action in health policy and preventive dental health programmes.