RESUMO
The Latin American region is particularly prone to climate-related natural hazards. However, this article argues that natural hazards are only partly to blame for the region's vulnerability to natural disasters with quantitative evidence suggesting instead that income per capita and inequality are main determinants of natural disaster mortality in Latin America. Locally, the region's poor are particularly susceptible to climate-related natural hazards. As a result of their limited access to capital, adaptation based on social assets constitutes an effective coping strategy. Evidence from Bolivia and Belize illustrates the importance of social assets in protecting the most vulnerable against natural disasters.
Assuntos
Mudança Climática , Desastres , Governo , Pobreza , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Populações Vulneráveis , Belize/etnologia , Bolívia/etnologia , Mudança Climática/economia , Mudança Climática/história , Planejamento em Desastres/economia , Planejamento em Desastres/história , Planejamento em Desastres/legislação & jurisprudência , Desastres/economia , Desastres/história , Governo/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , América Latina/etnologia , Pobreza/economia , Pobreza/etnologia , Pobreza/história , Pobreza/legislação & jurisprudência , Pobreza/psicologia , Classe Social/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Populações Vulneráveis/etnologia , Populações Vulneráveis/legislação & jurisprudência , Populações Vulneráveis/psicologiaRESUMO
During disasters, partnerships between public and nonprofit organizations are vital to provide fast relief to affected communities. In this article, we develop a process model to support a performance evaluation of such intersectoral partnerships. The model includes input factors, organizational structures, outputs and the long-term outcomes of publicnonprofit partnerships. These factors derive from theory and a systematic literature review of emergency, public, nonprofit, and network research. To adapt the model to a disaster context, we conducted a case study that examines public and nonprofit organizations that partnered during the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The case study results show that communication, trust, and experience are the most important partnership inputs; the most prevalent governance structure of publicnonprofit partnerships is a lead organization network. Time and quality measures should be considered to assess partnership outputs, and community, network, and organizational actor perspectives must be taken into account when evaluating partnership outcomes.
Assuntos
Comunicação , Planejamento em Desastres , Desastres , Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos , Parcerias Público-Privadas , Comunicação/história , Planejamento em Desastres/economia , Planejamento em Desastres/história , Planejamento em Desastres/legislação & jurisprudência , Desastres/economia , Desastres/história , Haiti/etnologia , História do Século XXI , Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos/economia , Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos/história , Organizações sem Fins Lucrativos/legislação & jurisprudência , Parcerias Público-Privadas/economia , Parcerias Público-Privadas/história , Parcerias Público-Privadas/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
While subject to increasing articulation and institutionalisation, stabilisation is a long-standing concept and practice that has consistently engaged with and, at times, conflicted with varied understandings of humanitarianism and humanitarian action. Reviewing selected historical experiences, including the Philippines (1898-1902), Algeria (1956-62), Vietnam (1967-75) and El Salvador (1980-92), this paper argues that contemporary models of stabilisation build on and repeat mistakes of the past, particularly the overt securitisation of aid and the perception that humanitarian and development actors are able to purchase security effectively. Where current stabilisation differs from its earlier incarnations, as in the introduction of the private sector and incorporation of humanitarian action into war-fighting strategies, the implications are shown to be troubling if not outright disastrous. T his examination of historical experience, which includes many failures and few, if any, successes, raises the likelihood that it is not solely the design or implementation of individual stability operations that require modification but perhaps the entire concept of stabilisation itself.
Assuntos
Planejamento em Desastres/organização & administração , Relações Interinstitucionais , Cooperação Internacional , Política Pública , Socorro em Desastres/organização & administração , Argélia , Altruísmo , Planejamento em Desastres/história , El Salvador , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Militares , Filipinas , Socorro em Desastres/história , Estados Unidos , Vietnã , GuerraRESUMO
The January 2010 earthquake in Haiti was a catastrophe not only for the loss of life it caused, but also because it destroyed the very thin layer of state administrative capacity that was in place in the country. This article argues that the fragility of the Haitian state institutions was exacerbated by international strategies that promoted NGOs as substitutes for the state. These strategies have generated a vicious circle that, while solving immediate logistical problems, ended up weakening Haiti's institutions. However, the article does not call for an overarching condemnation of NGOs. Instead, it explores two cases of community-based NGOs, Partners In Health and Fonkoze, that have contributed to creating durable social capital, generated employment and provided functioning services to the communities where they operated. The article shows that organisations that are financially independent and internationally connected, embrace a needs-based approach to their activities and share a long-term commitment to the communities within which they operate can contribute to bringing about substantial improvement for people living in situations of extreme poverty. It concludes that in the aftermath of a crisis of the dimension of the January earthquake it is crucial to channel support towards organisations that show this type of commitment.
Assuntos
Terremotos , Organizações , Áreas de Pobreza , Assistência Pública , Saúde Pública , Socorro em Desastres , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Distúrbios Civis/economia , Distúrbios Civis/etnologia , Distúrbios Civis/história , Distúrbios Civis/legislação & jurisprudência , Distúrbios Civis/psicologia , Planejamento em Desastres/economia , Planejamento em Desastres/história , Planejamento em Desastres/legislação & jurisprudência , Terremotos/história , Haiti/etnologia , História do Século XXI , Direitos Humanos/economia , Direitos Humanos/educação , Direitos Humanos/história , Direitos Humanos/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos Humanos/psicologia , Organizações/economia , Organizações/história , Organizações/legislação & jurisprudência , Medicina Preventiva/economia , Medicina Preventiva/educação , Medicina Preventiva/história , Medicina Preventiva/legislação & jurisprudência , Assistência Pública/economia , Assistência Pública/história , Assistência Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Logradouros Públicos/economia , Logradouros Públicos/história , Logradouros Públicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Socorro em Desastres/economia , Socorro em Desastres/história , Socorro em Desastres/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , População Urbana/históriaRESUMO
This paper reviews how Nicaragua has recovered from Hurricane Mitch of October 1998. In particular, it examines how the assumptions and claims that were made during initial recovery planning have proven relevant in light of subsequent development. One must consider the response to Hurricane Mitch from the perspective of the broader trends that have driven recovery, including household, community and government initiatives and the wider economic context. Recovery efforts have not 'transformed' Nicaragua. In fact, market upheavals and livelihood changes in rural areas have had a more profound impact on poverty profiles than recovery programmes. Social protection programmes have been piloted, but patron-client ties and relations with aid providers are still more reliable sources of support in a time of crisis. Risk reduction has become more deeply integrated into the rural development discourse than was the case before the disaster, but risk reduction initiatives continue to place undue emphasis on hazard response rather than addressing vulnerability.
Assuntos
Tempestades Ciclônicas/história , Planejamento em Desastres/história , Socorro em Desastres/história , Trabalho de Resgate/história , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Tempestades Ciclônicas/economia , Planejamento em Desastres/métodos , Abastecimento de Alimentos , História do Século XX , Direitos Humanos , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Nicarágua , Socorro em Desastres/organização & administração , Trabalho de Resgate/métodos , Trabalho de Resgate/organização & administração , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Apoio SocialRESUMO
Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of natural disasters. This article aims to gain a deeper understanding of the specific effects of natural disasters on children and how they could better be involved in the disaster risk reduction (DRR) process. The article begins with a review of the literature published on the Child-led Disaster Risk Reduction (CLDRR) approach and describes the key issues. Then it identifies the effects of floods on children in Bangladesh and analyses the traditional coping mechanisms developed by communities, highlighting where they could be improved. Finally, it analyses how DRR stakeholders involve children in the DRR process and identifies the opportunities and gaps for the mainstreaming of a CLDRR approach in Bangladesh. This should contribute to a better understanding of how key DRR stakeholders can protect children during natural disasters. Encouraging the building of long-term, child-sensitive DRR strategies is an essential part of this process.
Assuntos
Proteção da Criança , Criança , Planejamento em Desastres , Inundações , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Segurança , Bangladesh/etnologia , Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Comportamento Infantil/fisiologia , Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Proteção da Criança/economia , Proteção da Criança/etnologia , Proteção da Criança/história , Proteção da Criança/legislação & jurisprudência , Proteção da Criança/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Planejamento em Desastres/economia , Planejamento em Desastres/história , Planejamento em Desastres/legislação & jurisprudência , Desastres/economia , Desastres/história , Inundações/economia , Inundações/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Psicologia da Criança/economia , Psicologia da Criança/educação , Psicologia da Criança/história , Segurança/economia , Segurança/história , Segurança/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
This article analyzes Cuba's medical role in Haiti since Hurricane Georges in 1998, with particular emphasis on the Cuban government's response to the 2010 earthquake. The article examines two central themes. First, it assesses the enormous impact on public health that Cuba has made since 1998, and second, it provides a comparative analysis of Cuba's medical role since the earthquake.
Assuntos
Medicina de Desastres , Desastres , Corpo Clínico , Prática de Saúde Pública , Socorro em Desastres , Cuba/etnologia , Tempestades Ciclônicas/economia , Tempestades Ciclônicas/história , Medicina de Desastres/economia , Medicina de Desastres/educação , Medicina de Desastres/história , Medicina de Desastres/legislação & jurisprudência , Planejamento em Desastres/economia , Planejamento em Desastres/história , Planejamento em Desastres/legislação & jurisprudência , Desastres/economia , Desastres/história , Terremotos/economia , Terremotos/história , Haiti/etnologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Corpo Clínico/economia , Corpo Clínico/educação , Corpo Clínico/história , Corpo Clínico/legislação & jurisprudência , Corpo Clínico/psicologia , Médicos/economia , Médicos/história , Médicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Médicos/psicologia , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Prática de Saúde Pública/economia , Prática de Saúde Pública/história , Prática de Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Socorro em Desastres/economia , Socorro em Desastres/história , Socorro em Desastres/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Two historical examples provide important insight into how federal government policies can integrate regional and local food systems to achieve food security during a time of acute crisis. During World War II, American home gardeners, through the federal government's Victory Garden program, supplied 40 percent of the nation's fresh produce, while simultaneously maintaining pre-war commodity production policies favoring large agricultural interests. The recent food crisis in Cuba, precipitated by the collapse of Soviet-bloc trade in the early 1990s, is another historical example that could inform U.S. policymakers on how to achieve food self-sufficiency through reemphasis on small farmers using sustainable practices supplemented with urban gardening. This article aims to ignite government action to strengthen and integrate regional and local food systems into federal food security planning so that citizens can be best prepared for a food emergency. The article first examines laws, regulations and policies put in place during World War II that employed regional and local food networks to satisfy a significant amount of civilian food supply needs. The article also looks at more recent Cuban efforts to achieve forced food self-reliance when, after the end of the Cold War, Soviet subsidies and preferential trading of energy and food supplies ceased almost overnight.
Assuntos
Agricultura/organização & administração , Defesa Civil/organização & administração , Planejamento em Desastres/organização & administração , Abastecimento de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Medidas de Segurança/organização & administração , Agricultura/história , Agricultura/legislação & jurisprudência , Defesa Civil/história , Defesa Civil/legislação & jurisprudência , Cuba , Planejamento em Desastres/história , Planejamento em Desastres/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria Alimentícia , Abastecimento de Alimentos/história , Jardinagem/organização & administração , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Relações Interinstitucionais , Medidas de Segurança/história , Medidas de Segurança/legislação & jurisprudência , Ataques Terroristas de 11 de Setembro , Terrorismo , Estados Unidos , United States Department of Agriculture , United States Department of Homeland Security , United States Food and Drug Administration , II Guerra MundialRESUMO
In 1979 the Caribbean was struck by three consecutive disasters. In April the Soufriere Volcano in St. Vincent erupted, forcing the authorities to temporarily resettle 20 percent of the population of the island to the already densely populated south. In July, floods caused extensive damage to the western parishes in Jamaica. In September, Dominica was left in a state of shock and complete destruction by Hurricane David, one of the most powerful hurricanes of this century. In all these disasters the immediate aftermath was characterized by uncertainty and fear of communicable disease outbreaks. In recent years the relationship between disasters and communicable disease outbreaks has been investigated several times. Little association was found to exist. In order to monitor closely what occurs following major disasters, specific post-disaster epidemiologic surveillance systems have been proposed. This report describes the experiences with setting up such surveillance systems in the Caribbean following the disasters in St. Vincent, Jamaica and Dominica. A similiar system was used, with variable degrees of success, in all three countries. The system was essentially based on the use of simple and sensitive infectious disease indicators through symptom-monitoring and the rapid investigation of reported outbreaks