RESUMO
Introduction: Urban green space (GS) exposure is recognized as a nature-based strategy for addressing urban challenges. However, the stress relieving effects and mechanisms of GS exposure are yet to be fully explored. The development of machine learning and street view images offers a method for large-scale measurement and precise empirical analysis. Methods: This study focuses on the central area of Shanghai, examining the complex effects of GS exposure on psychological stress perception. By constructing a multidimensional psychological stress perception scale and integrating machine learning algorithms with extensive street view images data, we successfully developed a framework for measuring urban stress perception. Using the scores from the psychological stress perception scale provided by volunteers as labeled data, we predicted the psychological stress perception in Shanghai's central urban area through the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. Additionally, this study employed the interpretable machine learning model eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to reveal the nonlinear relationship between GS exposure and residents' psychological stress. Results: Results indicate that the GS exposure in central Shanghai is generally low, with significant spatial heterogeneity. GS exposure has a positive impact on reducing residents' psychological stress. However, this effect has a threshold; when GS exposure exceeds 0.35, its impact on stress perception gradually diminishes. Discussion: We recommend combining the threshold of stress perception with GS exposure to identify urban spaces, thereby guiding precise strategies for enhancing GS. This research not only demonstrates the complex mitigating effect of GS exposure on psychological stress perception but also emphasizes the importance of considering the "dose-effect" of it in urban planning and construction. Based on open-source data, the framework and methods developed in this study have the potential to be applied in different urban environments, thus providing more comprehensive support for future urban planning.
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Aprendizado de Máquina , Estresse Psicológico , Humanos , China , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Cidades , Percepção , Algoritmos , Máquina de Vetores de Suporte , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Planejamento AmbientalRESUMO
Introduction: The rapid development of urbanization has brought about changes in residents' living environment and behavior, leading to health challenges such as hypertension. An improvement in the built-up environment in the community could contribute to the construction of a healthy city, promote the active life of the residents, and prevent and relieve hypertension. However, there is little research on the relationship between the built environment of the community and hypertension. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the relationship between communities' built environment, health behavior, and hypertension grade of residents in Yuhui District of Bengbu City. Methods: This study is based on data from the 2022 Health Survey of Residents in 21 communities. To investigate the impact of the community's built environment on residents' hypertension and the underlying mechanisms, regression and structural equation modeling were employed. Results and discussion: The results show that the built environment of urban communities has a significant impact on the residents' hypertension. The presence of high densities of supermarkets, convenience stores, parks and plazas, but low densities of clinics and hospitals, has been identified as a significant risk factor for the development of high blood pressure among the residents. Nevertheless, the adoption of healthy behaviors, including regular walking, physical activity, and a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, can play an important role in reducing the risk of hypertension. The findings of this study show that enhancements to the built environment in urban neighborhoods could contribute to a reduction in the prevalence of hypertension among residents. Furthermore, the implementation of efficacious health interventions in urban settings would facilitate the alteration of residents' health behaviors and enhance their overall health status.
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Ambiente Construído , Hipertensão , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Ambiente Construído/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Fatores de Risco , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Idoso , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Cidades , Planejamento Ambiental , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Exercício FísicoRESUMO
Early childhood (0-8 years) is a time of rapid brain development supported by spontaneous and informal learning from the surrounding environment. Meaningful contact with nature (a dynamic and varied source of informal learning) during the early years of life sets up rich scopes for such spontaneous learning-especially in the first three years, a period in life that determines all future learning, behavior, and health. Besides its learning affordances, nature-based environments provide numerous health and developmental benefits. Considering that more than 13 million children under 5 years of age in the US spend most of their waking hours in care facilities, the potential benefits of having a nature-based outdoor area in their primary care environments are immense. However, guidelines and assessment standards for designing nature-based outdoor environments for below-three children (infants and toddlers) are almost non-existent. This three-phase research holds the promise of addressing this issue. Phase 1 reviews the available limited literature on below-three children's outdoor play and learning environments and summarizes their design implications. Phase 2 extracts effective design guidelines and identifies assessment indicators from the Phase 1 studies. In Phase 3, empirical data (environmental assessment data) are collected to compare the existing and proposed design environment conditions of below-3 outdoor play and learning environments in a selected childcare facility. This phase highlights evidence-based assumptions of new criteria, guidelines, and indicators to assess any below-3 nature-based childcare outdoor environments. This research provides new information and insights for designing nature-based outdoor play and learning environments for below-3 children to increase their meaningful connections with natural elements while attending a care facility.
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Aprendizagem , Jogos e Brinquedos , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Natureza , Recém-Nascido , Planejamento AmbientalRESUMO
Despite the gradual development of students' sedentary habits and associated health problems, only a few studies have extensively and systematically measured campus built environments (CBE) and their impact on street walking activity. This study explores the association between CBEs and pedestrian volume (PV). Comprehensive questionnaires, field audits, and GIS were used to measure the CBE variables and PV of 892 street segments on eight Chinese campuses in Tianjin. We used negative binomial regression models without spatial autocorrelations to investigate the relationship between the CBEs and PV. The findings indicated that campus Walk Score, facility and residential land ratio, campus design qualities, sidewalk conditions, street amenities, and other streetscape features were positively associated with PV. This study presents implications for campus research and planning practices in designing a pedestrian-friendly, sustainable, and healthy campus.
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Ambiente Construído , Estudantes , Caminhada , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Universidades , China , Inquéritos e Questionários , Planejamento Ambiental , Adulto Jovem , Pedestres , AdultoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: With cycling gaining more popularity in urban areas, it is vital to obtain accurate knowledge of cyclists' behavior to develop behavioral models that can predict the cyclist's intent. Most conflicts between cyclists and vehicles happen at crossings where the road users share the path, especially at unsignalized intersections. However, few studies have investigated and modeled the interaction between cyclists and vehicles at unsignalized intersections. METHOD: A bike simulator experiment was conducted to scrutinize cyclists' response process as they interacted with a passenger car at an unsignalized intersection. An existing unsignalized intersection in Gothenburg was simulated for test participants. Two independent variables were varied across trials: the difference in time to arrival at the intersection (DTA) and intersection visibility (IV). Subjective and quantitative data were analyzed to model the cyclists' behavior. RESULTS: When approaching the intersection, cyclists showed a clear sequence of actions (pedaling, braking, and head turning). The distance from the intersection at which cyclists started braking was significantly affected by the two independent variables. It was also found that DTA, looking duration, and pedaling behavior significantly affected cyclists' decisions to yield. Finally, the questionnaire outputs show that participants missed eye contact or communication with the motorized vehicle. CONCLUSIONS: The kinematic interaction between cyclists and vehicles, along with the cyclist's response process (visual and kinematic), can be utilized to predict cyclists' yielding decision at intersections. From the infrastructural perspective, enhancing visibility at intersections has the potential to reduce the severity of interactions between cyclists and vehicles. The analysis of the questionnaire emphasizes the significance of visual communication between cyclists and drivers to support the cyclist's decision-making process when yielding. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The models can be used in threat assessment algorithms so that active safety systems and automated vehicles can react safely to the presence of cyclists in conflict scenarios.
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Ciclismo , Simulação por Computador , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Veículos Automotores , Adulto Jovem , Planejamento Ambiental , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Lane departure collisions account for many roadway fatalities across the United States. Many of these crashes occur on horizontal curves or ramps and are due to speeding. This research investigates factors that impact the odds of speeding on Interstate horizontal curves and ramps. METHOD: We collected and combined two unique sources of data. The first database involves comprehensive curve and ramp characteristics collected by an automatic road analyzer (ARAN) vehicle; the second database includes volume, average speed, and speed distribution gathered from probe data provided by StreetLight Insight®. We evaluated the impacts of level of service (LOS), which reflects traffic density or level of congestion, time of the day (morning, evening, and off-peak hours), time of the week (weekdays and weekends), and month of the year (Jan-Dec), and various information about geometric characteristics, such as curve radius, arc angle, and superelevation, on odds of speeding. RESULTS: The results show that the odds of speeding increases at horizontal curves with improved levels of service, as well as those with larger radii and superelevation. The odds of speeding decreases on curves with larger arc angles and during the winter months of the year. The findings indicate a reduction in odds of speeding at diagonal/loop ramps with larger arc angles and narrower lane widths. CONCLUSION: The results show the importance of using speed enforcement and other countermeasures to reduce speeding on curves with low traffic volumes, high speed limits, and large radius and superelevation, especially for those in rural areas. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results could be used to prioritize locations for the installation of speed countermeasures or dispatch enforcement resources to high-priority locations and times.
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Acidentes de Trânsito , Condução de Veículo , Humanos , Acidentes de Trânsito/prevenção & controle , Acidentes de Trânsito/estatística & dados numéricos , Condução de Veículo/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos , Planejamento Ambiental , Bases de Dados FactuaisRESUMO
The goal of this study was to understand how neighborhood greenspace access may support or hinder the effectiveness of community programs and policies (CPPs) aimed at reducing racial and ethnic inequities in screen time among 4598 US children. We found higher CPP intensity was significantly associated with fewer screen time behaviors in high greenspace neighborhoods, but not neighborhoods with low or moderate greenspace. Moreover, there were significant differences in greenspace access by neighborhood-level race and ethnicity. Implementing CPPs without regard for racial and ethnic greenspace inequities may be an underlying cause in the perpetuation of inequities in childhood screen time.
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Características da Vizinhança , Tempo de Tela , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Planejamento Ambiental , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Parques Recreativos , Estados Unidos , Grupos RaciaisRESUMO
The future will witness the substantial worldwide growth of older people with functional limitations or disabilities who have difficulties leaving their dwellings and traveling to their neighborhoods or other community destinations to realize their obligatory and discretionary needs and goals. This commentary offers conceptual arguments and literature findings proposing that the dwellings of this vulnerable population deserve new scrutiny because they have become more salient and positively experienced places to live where their occupants can maintain their independence and age in place. The catalyst for this commentary is the emergence of gerontechnological innovations relying on digital and sensor technologies, offering these older occupants a new category of dwelling connectivity solutions-constituting a paradigm shift-whereby goods, care, services, social supports, and information and leisure activities can be delivered to their houses and apartments. Incorporating this technological component has transformed their dwellings into dynamic "control centers," connecting their occupants in real-time with the resources and activities offered in other places. These solutions enable older people to cope more effectively with declines and losses because their ability to live independently is less threatened by challenges they face accessing destinations with inadequate transportation options and less age-friendly land use or physical design features. By occupying more supportive, safer, and connected dwellings, these older people have overall more positive and salient residential mastery emotional experiences and feel more competent and in control of their lives and environment. Planning or policy recommendations directed to the World Health Organization (WHO) and its age-friendly city/community agenda follow from its conclusions. They highlight how dwelling environments containing gerontechnological solutions are becoming more critical influences of "active aging." The commentary recommends that WHO allocates more resources to dwelling interventions that increase the awareness, availability, usability, and acceptability of these gerontechnological solutions, thus reducing the disincentives for older people to be adopters.
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Vida Independente , Limitação da Mobilidade , Humanos , Idoso , Planejamento Ambiental , Habitação para IdososRESUMO
Ecological security pattern is an important spatial way to maintain ecological processes and ensure the stability of ecosystem functions. As the implementation of landscape planning and decision-making, it is critically needed to consider the consistency of differentiated methods and their spatial outputs in the construction of ecological security patterns and the matching and applicability of research objects. From the perspective of integration, we combined the regional topography and landscape characteristics, integrated the morphological spatial pattern analysis and the importance evaluation results of ecosystem services to identify the ecological source, and constructed the ecological security pattern of the Ansai District of Yan'an City, the main implementation area of the Grain-for-Green Project on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the structural and functional construction methods had low consistency in the identification of spatial protection priority. The integration-oriented method could complement each other and achieve the dual goals of structural connectivity and functional improvement. There were 202 ecological sources in the study area, with a total area of 391.58 km2, accounting for 13.3% of the total area of the study area. There were 110 ecological corridors in the study area, with a total length of 599 km, which were mainly distributed around the river channel, showing a distribution pattern of 'short and narrow dense in the north and south, long and wide in the middle'. The structure-function integration method provides new insights for ecological restoration planning of land space and promotes the research of landscape pattern, process and service.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , China , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Altitude , Ecologia/métodos , Planejamento Ambiental , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodosRESUMO
Based on the socioecological conceptual model, the physical environment within the home, childcare and neighbourhood domains are key factors that influence preschool children's physical activity; however, the relative importance of each of these domains for preschool children's physical activity is unclear. We explored the physical environment characteristics within three latent profiles of 115 preschool children aged 2-5 years based on where they accumulated moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) across five GPS-derived environmental domains. The three profiles were "Active at home" (n = 41), "Active except close to home" (n = 61), and "Active except in local neighbourhood" (n = 13). Compared to other profiles, "Active at home" had fewer parks and playgrounds within their 500-1600 m neighbourhood. Findings suggest preschool children's MVPA profiles are reflections of their physical environmental opportunities.
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Exercício Físico , Características de Residência , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Masculino , Ambiente Domiciliar , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Planejamento Ambiental , Jogos e Brinquedos , Creches , Parques RecreativosRESUMO
Research has increasingly focused on the environmental features within talent and performance development settings. However, practitioner perspectives on their role in optimizing these environments are scarce. This study aimed to examine practitioner perspectives of the role of the environment, specifically, how they plan, deliver and review (p-D-R) to optimize environmental conditions for athletes. Ten sports practitioners (including managers, coaches and multidisciplinary support staff) took part in semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis and generated themes associated with Planning (Conceptualization, Planning and Meeting Athlete's Needs), Delivering (Explicit, Implicit, Support, Communication, Holistic Approach) and Reviewing (KPIs, Evaluation & Monitoring, Rolling Review, Review Process). Findings suggest that to offer the best possible experiences to participants, practitioners must have a clear view of their objectives and involve all stakeholders associated with delivery at the planning stage. Much of the delivery aspect aligned with notions of effective TDEs suggesting practitioners had a clear awareness of what works for them in their contexts. Reviewing the environment appeared to be the activity practitioners undertook the least, this may reflect the complex and dynamic nature of the environment in sports settings.
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Esportes , Humanos , Esportes/psicologia , Entrevistas como Assunto , Comunicação , Meio Ambiente , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Masculino , Instalações Esportivas e Recreacionais , Planejamento Ambiental , Desempenho Atlético/psicologia , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologiaRESUMO
It is widely assumed crime and related concerns, including neighborhood incivilities and fear of crime, are barriers to physical activity (PA). Past studies reveal mixed evidence. Studies of impacts for crime-protective factors are less common but have similarly mixed results. This paper evaluates a comprehensive transdisciplinary conceptual framework of cross-sectional associations between crime-related perceptions and reported minutes/week of recreational walking inside and outside one's home neighborhood. Safe and Fit Environments Study (SAFE) recruited and surveyed 2302 participants from adolescents to older adults from four U.S. metropolitan areas. A zero-inflated model estimated two components of each outcome: whether the respondent walked, and minutes/week walked. Correlates of recreational walking were location-specific, differing based on walking location. Fear of crime, risk evaluation, victimization, and incivilities were not consistently associated with walking for recreation inside one's neighborhood. People with crime concerns about their own neighborhoods, however, more commonly walked for recreation outside their neighborhoods. Protective crime-related perceptions that seldom have been studied in relation to PA, such as street efficacy (i.e., the perceived ability to avoid and manage danger), were strongly associated with recreational walking in both locations, indicating the additional heuristic value of the SAFE conceptual framework. Crime-related perceptions and walking for recreation: Evaluating a conceptual model.
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Crime , Recreação , Características de Residência , Caminhada , Humanos , Caminhada/psicologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Percepção , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem , Estados Unidos , Planejamento AmbientalRESUMO
There is evidence that neighbourhood walkability and greenery are associated with walking, but less is known about their joint associations. We investigated this using data from the AusDiab3 study (2011/12) with 3032 adults (mean age 60 years). Two-level logistic regression models were used with binary walking outcomes. There was an inverse relationship (r = -0.5) between walkability (a composite measure of residential, destinations and intersections densities) and greenery (the size of densely vegetated areas). However, both walkability and greenery were independently positively associated with odds of walking. Regarding joint associations, in low-walkability neighbourhoods, greenery was positively associated with walking. In high-walkability neighbourhoods, greenery was not associated with walking.
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Planejamento Ambiental , Características de Residência , Caminhada , Humanos , Caminhada/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Austrália , Idoso , Características da Vizinhança , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Parques Recreativos/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Urban environments pose challenges to mental health, an issue that Urban Green Spaces (UGS) can potentially mitigate. While the benefits of nature contact for mental wellbeing are recognized, a multidimensional analysis remains unexplored. PURPOSE: This study aims to fill this gap by examining the association between nature contact within UGS and mental health. It underscores the importance of considering multiple dimensions of nature engagement-such as naturalness, intensity, duration, frequency, and infrastructure-in enhancing psychological wellbeing. METHOD: A comprehensive analysis, including canonical correlation, multivariate analyses of variance, and Fisher discriminant analysis, was applied to survey data from several Brazilian metropolitan cities to assess how different aspects of nature contact influence mental health. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Findings reveal association between these dimensions and mental wellbeing indicators, highlighting the importance of a multidimensional perspective. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results advocate for incorporating diverse aspects of nature contact in UGS design and policy-making to enhance urban dwellers' mental health. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Further research should focus on longitudinal studies and explore the mediating effects of socio-demographic factors. Additionally, expanding research to include other developing countries will provide valuable comparative insights.
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Cidades , Saúde Mental , Parques Recreativos , Humanos , Brasil , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População Urbana , Planejamento Ambiental , AdolescenteRESUMO
Urban greenways are multipurpose and multi-user trails that provide a range of socio-ecological and health benefits, including active transportation, social interactions, and increased well-being. However, despite their numerous benefits, barriers exist that limit urban greenway access and use, particularly among older and disadvantaged adults. This study addresses a significant research gap by examining the nuanced factors that influence the choices and experiences of these specific user groups in Québec City, Canada. We use a mixed-methods' approach to explore the facilitators of and barriers to access and use of two urban greenway trails among older and disadvantaged adults. Our methods included a greenway user count, 96 observation time slots, and 15 semi-structured user interviews. The results revealed significant use of greenway trails by older adults for afternoon walks in both seasons studied (autumn and winter). We also observed variations in use patterns, such as higher levels of solitary walking, reduced levels of winter cycling, and the impracticality of the secondary greenway trail owing to snow conditions. In addition, the findings revealed a wide range of factors that influence greenway access and use, categorized as individual or personal, physical or built environment, social environment, and meteorological or climatic dimensions. Future research can build on these insights to design and assess interventions that capitalize on the facilitators and address any barriers, enhancing the value of urban greenways for older and disadvantaged adults.
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Populações Vulneráveis , Humanos , Quebeque , Feminino , Masculino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Caminhada/estatística & dados numéricos , Planejamento Ambiental , Meios de Transporte , População Urbana , Adulto , Entrevistas como Assunto , Ambiente Construído , Estações do Ano , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
Health-promoting outdoor environments designed for people living with dementia (PLwD) has proved to be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for treatment of symptoms and improved well-being. However, for individuals with Young-Onset Dementia (YOD), who have particular symptoms and needs, the content and design of these environments are underexplored. This study aimed to explore the needs of individuals with YOD in a garden setting, to generate design-related knowledge for 'dementia-friendly' outdoor environments, while contributing to the field of Evidence-Based Design (EBD). An 8-week long nature-based program was carried out in Alnarp's rehabilitation garden, a specifically developed garden based on research from e.g., landscape architecture, environmental psychology and medical science. The study used a triangulation of qualitative methods including six participants with YOD and a multidisciplinary team of five staff members. Content analysis was used for all gathered data, including 17 semi-structured interviews with participants with YOD and with staff. Data collection and analysis was performed based on the evidence-based Quality Evaluation Tool (QET). The study led to a target group adapted version of the QET for people with YOD containing 20 developed environmental qualities for designers to pursue in therapeutic gardens, including the additional quality of Calmness. A progression was noted, as a result of perceived positive effects during the intervention, indicating possible change and development of the group's needs and preferences in the outdoors.
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Demência , Jardins , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Demência/reabilitação , Demência/psicologia , Feminino , Masculino , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Planejamento Ambiental , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Jardinagem , IdosoRESUMO
Pedestrian fatalities comprise a quarter of all traffic deaths in Low-and-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The use of safer modes of transport such as buses can reduce road trauma as well as air pollution and traffic congestion. Although travelling by bus is safer than most other modes, accessing bus stops can be risky for pedestrians. This paper systematically reviews factors contributing to the safety of pedestrians near bus stops in countries of differing income levels. The review included forty-one studies from high (20), upper-middle (13) and lower-middle income countries (8) during the last two decades. The earliest research was conducted in high-income countries (HICs), but research has spread in the last decade. The factors influencing pedestrian safety fell into three groups: (a) characteristics of road users, (b) characteristics of bus stops and (c) characteristics of the road traffic environment. Pedestrians near bus stops are frequently exposed to a high risk of collisions and fatalities due to factors such as unsafe pedestrian behaviours (e.g., hurrying to cross the road), lack of bus stop amenities such as safe footpaths, high traffic speeds and traffic volumes, multiple lanes, and roadside hazards (e.g., parked cars obscuring pedestrians). Road crash statistics are commonly used to identify unsafe bus stops in HICs but the unavailability and unreliability of data have prevented more widespread use in LMICs. Future research is recommended to focus on surrogate safety measures to identify hazardous bus stops for pedestrians.
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Acidentes de Trânsito , Renda , Veículos Automotores , Pedestres , Segurança , Humanos , Acidentes de Trânsito/mortalidade , Acidentes de Trânsito/estatística & dados numéricos , Acidentes de Trânsito/prevenção & controle , Países Desenvolvidos/estatística & dados numéricos , Países em Desenvolvimento/estatística & dados numéricos , Planejamento Ambiental , Veículos Automotores/estatística & dados numéricos , Pedestres/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Segurança/estatística & dados numéricos , Caminhada/lesões , Caminhada/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This research aims to: (i) compare the effects of different sidewall entrainment facilities on drivers' visual behavior; (ii) compare the effects of the same sight entrainment facilities on drivers in different lanes; (iii) give recommendations for engineering applications based on the results of the study. METHODS: The study designed four different scenes, each with symmetrically designed visual facilities on the both sidewalls of the tunnel, scene a represents a typical urban tunnel in China (horizontal stripes on sidewalls), scene b includes vertical stripes on sidewalls in addition to scene a, scene c introduces an LED-arch based on scene b, and scene d features a rhythmic pattern (Wave pattern on sidewalls). 30 participants, 21 men and 9 women, aged 21-54, drove the four scenes. Eye movement data of participants in each lane for different scenes were collected using an eye-tracking device. Visual performance indicators including fixation duration, number of fixations, saccade duration, and saccade amplitude were utilized to comprehensively evaluate drivers' visual behavior. Factor analysis was employed to analyze the impact of different visual guiding facilities on drivers' visual searching abilities. RESULTS: There is a significant effect of sidewall guiding facilities and lane location on drivers' visual behavior and loading. Across scenes, drivers' visual load is ranked as follows, from highest to lowest: scene a (baseline) > scene b (horizontal stripes added to scene a) > scene c (LED-arch added to scene b) > scene d (Wave pattern). Furthermore, under the same scene, drivers' visual load in each lane is ranked in descending order: Middle lane > Right lane > Left lane. CONCLUSION: Due to the effect of the tunnel structure on the drivers' visual field, drivers in the left lane have the highest visual load in any scenario compared to the other two lanes, which can be ameliorated but not eliminated. Traditional guiding facilities and decorated pattern both improve the visual behavior and reduce drivers' visual load in urban tunnels, especially in scene c and scene d, but scene d should not be used for the entire length of the tunnel in order to prevent driver distraction. In engineering practice, scene c (LED-arch added to scene b) can be set up in general sections of urban tunnels, and decorated pattern can be added to fatigue reminder regions to alleviate driving fatigue.
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Condução de Veículo , Planejamento Ambiental , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Movimentos Oculares/fisiologia , Atenção , Tecnologia de Rastreamento Ocular , Ambiente Construído , ChinaRESUMO
Statistical analysis of traffic crash frequency is significant for figuring out the distribution pattern of crashes, predicting the development trend of crashes, formulating traffic crash prevention measures, and improving traffic safety planning systems. In recent years, the theory and practice for traffic safety management have shown that road crash data have characteristics such as spatial correlation, temporal correlation, and excess zeros. If these characteristics are ignored in the modeling process, it may seriously affect the fitting performance and prediction accuracy of traffic crash frequency models and even lead to incorrect conclusions. In this research, traffic crash data from rural two-way two-lane from four counties in Pennsylvania, USA was modeled considering the spatiotemporal effects of crashes. First, a negative binomial Lindley spatiotemporal effect model of crash frequency was constructed at the micro level; Simultaneously, the characteristics and problems of excess zeros and potential heterogeneity of the crash data were resolved; Finally, the effects of road characteristics on crash frequency were analyzed. The results indicate a significant spatial correlation between the crash frequency of adjacent road sections. Compared with the negative binomial model, the negative binomial Lindley model can better handle the excess zeros characteristics in traffic crash data. The model that considers both spatial correlation and temporal conditional autoregressive effects has the best fit for the observed data. In addition, for road sections that allow passing and have a speed limitation of not less than 50 miles per hour, the crash frequency corresponding to these sections is lower due to their good visibility and road conditions. The increase in average turning angle and intersection density on the horizontal curve of the road section corresponds to an increase in crash frequency.
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Acidentes de Trânsito , Modelos Estatísticos , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Acidentes de Trânsito/estatística & dados numéricos , Acidentes de Trânsito/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Pennsylvania , Planejamento Ambiental , Distribuição Binomial , Condução de Veículo/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
As vulnerable road users, pedestrians and cyclists are facing a growing number of injuries and fatalities, which has raised increasing safety concerns globally. Based on the crash records collected in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) in Australia from 2012 to 2021, this research firstly establishes an extended crash dataset by integrating road network features, land use features, and other features. With the extended dataset, we further explore pedestrian and cyclist crashes at macro- and micro-levels. At the macro-level, random parameters negative binomial (RPNB) model is applied to evaluate the effects of Suburbs and Localities Zones (SLZs) based variables on the frequency of pedestrian and cyclist crashes. At the micro-level, binary logit model is adopted to evaluate the effects of event-based variables on the severity of pedestrian and cyclist crashes. The research findings show that multiple factors are associated with high frequency of pedestrian total crashes and fatal/injury crashes, including high population density, high percentage of urban arterial road, low on-road cycleway density, high number of traffic signals and high number of schools. Meanwhile, many factors have positive relations with high frequency of cyclist total crashes and fatal/injury crashes, including high population density, high percentage of residents cycling to work, high median household income, high percentage of households with no motor vehicle, high percentage of urban arterial road and rural road, high number of bus stops and high number of schools. Additionally, it is found that more severe pedestrian crashes occur: (i) at non-signal intersections, (ii) in suburb areas, (iii) in early morning, and (iv) on weekdays. More severe cyclist crashes are observed when the crash type is overturned or struck object/pedestrian/animal; when more than one cyclist is involved; and when crash occurs at park/green space/nature reserve areas.