RESUMO
Background: Toxicological events in animals may be accidental or intentional and could occur in the home environment.These events could involve different agents such as pesticides, rodenticides, medicines, foods, and plants. Indiscriminateuse of medication in pets by their owners is common. Self-medication of animals with drugs for human use can cause irreversible damage to their health. The emergency contraceptive pill (morning-after pill), comprising concentrated hormonalcompounds, is sold freely in Brazil. The objective of this article was to report a case of pyometra in a bitch possibly causedby simultaneous administration of human emergency contraceptive pill along with a veterinary contraceptive medication.Case: A 6-year-old bitch was referred to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for abdominal enlargement. Accordingto the guardian, during estrus (30 days before the consultation) the female dog was covered. After intercourse, the owneradministered a human emergency contraceptive pill (morning-after pill - Levonorgestrel) and a veterinary contraceptive(Estradiol Cypionate). Physical examination revealed severe dehydration (10%) and high temperature, besides the abdominalenlargement. The hemogram revealed leukocytosis with a left shift, characteristic of infection. After clinical examination,closed pyometra was suspected, and later confirmed by ultrasonography. Due to the poor clinical condition, fluid therapywas performed, and a systemic antibiotic was administered. After stabilization, the patient underwent ovariohysterectomy.In the postoperative period, the fluid therapy was continued, and antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs were administered.Two days after surgery, the patient was discharged for home recovery.Discussion: Most cases of drug poisoning in animals involve female dogs, similar to the patient in this report. There isno theory elucidating the same, but the rate of incidence in female dogs has been reported to be higher...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Piometra/etiologia , Piometra/veterinária , Combinação Etinil Estradiol e Norgestrel/efeitos adversos , Combinação Etinil Estradiol e Norgestrel/toxicidade , Automedicação/veterinária , Animais de EstimaçãoRESUMO
Background: Toxicological events in animals may be accidental or intentional and could occur in the home environment.These events could involve different agents such as pesticides, rodenticides, medicines, foods, and plants. Indiscriminateuse of medication in pets by their owners is common. Self-medication of animals with drugs for human use can cause irreversible damage to their health. The emergency contraceptive pill (morning-after pill), comprising concentrated hormonalcompounds, is sold freely in Brazil. The objective of this article was to report a case of pyometra in a bitch possibly causedby simultaneous administration of human emergency contraceptive pill along with a veterinary contraceptive medication.Case: A 6-year-old bitch was referred to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for abdominal enlargement. Accordingto the guardian, during estrus (30 days before the consultation) the female dog was covered. After intercourse, the owneradministered a human emergency contraceptive pill (morning-after pill - Levonorgestrel) and a veterinary contraceptive(Estradiol Cypionate). Physical examination revealed severe dehydration (10%) and high temperature, besides the abdominalenlargement. The hemogram revealed leukocytosis with a left shift, characteristic of infection. After clinical examination,closed pyometra was suspected, and later confirmed by ultrasonography. Due to the poor clinical condition, fluid therapywas performed, and a systemic antibiotic was administered. After stabilization, the patient underwent ovariohysterectomy.In the postoperative period, the fluid therapy was continued, and antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs were administered.Two days after surgery, the patient was discharged for home recovery.Discussion: Most cases of drug poisoning in animals involve female dogs, similar to the patient in this report. There isno theory elucidating the same, but the rate of incidence in female dogs has been reported to be higher...
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Combinação Etinil Estradiol e Norgestrel/efeitos adversos , Combinação Etinil Estradiol e Norgestrel/toxicidade , Piometra/etiologia , Piometra/veterinária , Animais de Estimação , Automedicação/veterináriaRESUMO
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)-pyometra syndrome is one of the most common diseases of noncastrated female dogs. However, determination of etiological mechanisms and differential diagnosis of CEH-pyometra syndrome are undefined. The aim of this study is to compare immunohistochemically the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inflammatory mediator, Ki-67 antigen proliferation marker, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) angiogenesis mediator and its FLT-1 and KDR receptors, and correlate with Doppler velocimetry of uterine artery and endometrial vascularization in bitches with CEH-pyometra syndrome. Bitches were allocated into CEH-mucometra Group (n = 13), Pyometra Group (n = 11), and Control Group (n = 8). Pyometra Group presented cytoplasmatic staining intensity for COX-2, VEGF-A, and FLT-1 and KDR receptors in luminal epithelium cells significantly higher compared to CEH-mucometra and Control groups. For the glandular epithelium, Pyometra Group had higher immunostaining score for VEGF-A and its receptors (FLT-1 and KDR). Hemodynamic indexes showed negative correlation with VEGF-A and its receptors as well as with COX-2. On the other hand, uterine vascularization score showed positive correlation in relation to immunostaining of COX-2, VEGF-A, and receptors in the endometrium luminal epithelium. In conclusion, uterus of bitches with CEH-pyometra syndrome show inflammatory process characterized by COX-2 expression, resulting in greater expression of proliferative Ki-67 marker as tissue response against the infectious agent. Furthermore, the increased VEGF-A expression and its receptors in CEH-pyometra reflect the increased blood flow and lower vascular resistance. Therefore, canine pyometra is characterized by an inflammatory, proliferative, and vascular disorder.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Piometra/veterinária , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Doenças do Cão/metabolismo , Doenças do Cão/fisiopatologia , Cães , Endométrio/irrigação sanguínea , Feminino , Hemodinâmica , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Piometra/etiologia , Piometra/metabolismo , Piometra/fisiopatologia , Artéria Uterina/fisiopatologia , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Receptor 1 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
E. coli is the main bacteria isolated from infected uterus and bacterial endotoxin can lead to fatal endotoxic shock. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) precedes the endotoxic shock. Thus, early recognition of SIRS is important for patient treatment and prognostic. In Brazil, Gram positive bacteria are responsible for approximately 20% of all pyometra cases, and there is limited information about pathophysiology of shock and tissue injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of Gram positive bacteria to cause SIRS in bitches with pyometra. A prospective follow-up of 67 bitches with pyometra was performed, which were classified as SIRS + and SIRS- on admission. All bitches were surgically treated (ovariohysterectomy), uterine contents were collected in a sterile manner and the material was submitted to microbiological evaluation. Were identified in 55.2% of bitches E. coli (G1), 23.9% other Gram negative bacteria (G2) and 20.9% Gram positive bacteria (G3). The leukocyte profile, serum biochemistry and prevalence of SIRS were similar between the groups. It is concluded that Gram positive bacteria have the capacity to promote tissue damage and can lead the patient to death after SIRS and shock, as well as by E. coli and other Gram negative.(AU)
A Escherichia coli é reportada como principal agente etiológico da piometra canina e as endotoxinas bacterianas podem desencadear choque endotóxico e óbito. A síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS) antecede o choque e sua identificação pode predizer o prognóstico do paciente. No Brasil, bactérias Gram positivas são responsáveis por aproximadamente 20% dos casos de piometra, e informações a respeito da fisiopatologia do choque ou da lesão tecidual nesses casos são escassos. Assim, o objetivo foi investigar a capacidade de bactérias Gram positivas desencadear SIRS em cadelas com piometra. Foram acompanhadas de maneira prospectiva 67 cadelas com piometra, que na admissão passaram por exame clínico, exames laboratoriais e foram classificadas como SIRS+ e SIRS-. Todos os animais foram tratados cirurgicamente (ovariohisterectomia), o conteúdo uterino foi coletado de forma estéril e o material foi submetido à avaliação microbiológica. Em 55,2% das cadelas foi identificada E. coli (G1), 23,9% outras bactérias Gram negativas (G2) e 20,9% Gram positivas (G3). O perfil leucocitário, a bioquímica sérica e a prevalência de SIRS foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Conclui-se que bactérias Gram positivas possuem capacidade de promover dano tecidual podendo levar o paciente a óbito após desencadear SIRS e choque, assim como por E. coli e outras Gram negativas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Piometra/etiologia , Piometra/veterinária , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Síndrome de Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica/veterinária , Escherichia coli , Hiperplasia Endometrial/veterináriaRESUMO
E. coli is the main bacteria isolated from infected uterus and bacterial endotoxin can lead to fatal endotoxic shock. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) precedes the endotoxic shock. Thus, early recognition of SIRS is important for patient treatment and prognostic. In Brazil, Gram positive bacteria are responsible for approximately 20% of all pyometra cases, and there is limited information about pathophysiology of shock and tissue injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of Gram positive bacteria to cause SIRS in bitches with pyometra. A prospective follow-up of 67 bitches with pyometra was performed, which were classified as SIRS + and SIRS- on admission. All bitches were surgically treated (ovariohysterectomy), uterine contents were collected in a sterile manner and the material was submitted to microbiological evaluation. Were identified in 55.2% of bitches E. coli (G1), 23.9% other Gram negative bacteria (G2) and 20.9% Gram positive bacteria (G3). The leukocyte profile, serum biochemistry and prevalence of SIRS were similar between the groups. It is concluded that Gram positive bacteria have the capacity to promote tissue damage and can lead the patient to death after SIRS and shock, as well as by E. coli and other Gram negative.
A Escherichia coli é reportada como principal agente etiológico da piometra canina e as endotoxinas bacterianas podem desencadear choque endotóxico e óbito. A síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS) antecede o choque e sua identificação pode predizer o prognóstico do paciente. No Brasil, bactérias Gram positivas são responsáveis por aproximadamente 20% dos casos de piometra, e informações a respeito da fisiopatologia do choque ou da lesão tecidual nesses casos são escassos. Assim, o objetivo foi investigar a capacidade de bactérias Gram positivas desencadear SIRS em cadelas com piometra. Foram acompanhadas de maneira prospectiva 67 cadelas com piometra, que na admissão passaram por exame clínico, exames laboratoriais e foram classificadas como SIRS+ e SIRS-. Todos os animais foram tratados cirurgicamente (ovariohisterectomia), o conteúdo uterino foi coletado de forma estéril e o material foi submetido à avaliação microbiológica. Em 55,2% das cadelas foi identificada E. coli (G1), 23,9% outras bactérias Gram negativas (G2) e 20,9% Gram positivas (G3). O perfil leucocitário, a bioquímica sérica e a prevalência de SIRS foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Conclui-se que bactérias Gram positivas possuem capacidade de promover dano tecidual podendo levar o paciente a óbito após desencadear SIRS e choque, assim como por E. coli e outras Gram negativas.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Escherichia coli , Piometra/etiologia , Piometra/veterinária , Síndrome de Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica/veterinária , Hiperplasia Endometrial/veterináriaRESUMO
Piometra é o processo inflamatório purulento uterino, resultante da prolongada estimulação hormonal associada à infecção bacteriana. Avaliou-se o perfil da população canina diagnosticada com piometra atendida na unidade hospitalar (UH) da Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Realizou-se um levantamento de prontuários e selecionados casos de cadelas com piometra diagnosticados cirurgicamente. Quanto à idade, cadelas adultas a idosas foram as mais acometidas, sendo a do tipo aberta mais prevalente. A maioria não fez uso de contraceptivos. Conclui-se que a piometra é uma realidade na UH, principalmente em cadelas adultas a idosas, com tipo aberta mais prevalente. O uso de contraceptivos foi mínimo.
Pyometra is the purulent uterine inflammatory process resulting from prolonged hormonal stimulation associated with bacterial infection. Evaluated the profile of the canine population diagnosed with pyometra met at the hospital (UH) of the State University of Ceará. We conducted a survey of records and selected cases of dogs with surgically diagnosed pyometra. Regarding age, adult dogs for the elderly were the most affected, with the most prevalent type open. Most did not use contraceptives. It is concluded that the reality is a pyometra UH, especially in the elderly adult dogs with more prevalent open type. Contraceptive use was minimal.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Piometra/epidemiologia , Piometra/etiologia , Piometra/veterinária , Anticoncepcionais , Hiperplasia EndometrialRESUMO
Piometra é o processo inflamatório purulento uterino, resultante da prolongada estimulação hormonal associada à infecção bacteriana. Avaliou-se o perfil da população canina diagnosticada com piometra atendida na unidade hospitalar (UH) da Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Realizou-se um levantamento de prontuários e selecionados casos de cadelas com piometra diagnosticados cirurgicamente. Quanto à idade, cadelas adultas a idosas foram as mais acometidas, sendo a do tipo aberta mais prevalente. A maioria não fez uso de contraceptivos. Conclui-se que a piometra é uma realidade na UH, principalmente em cadelas adultas a idosas, com tipo aberta mais prevalente. O uso de contraceptivos foi mínimo. (AU)
Pyometra is the purulent uterine inflammatory process resulting from prolonged hormonal stimulation associated with bacterial infection. Evaluated the profile of the canine population diagnosed with pyometra met at the hospital (UH) of the State University of Ceará. We conducted a survey of records and selected cases of dogs with surgically diagnosed pyometra. Regarding age, adult dogs for the elderly were the most affected, with the most prevalent type open. Most did not use contraceptives. It is concluded that the reality is a pyometra UH, especially in the elderly adult dogs with more prevalent open type. Contraceptive use was minimal. (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Piometra/epidemiologia , Piometra/etiologia , Piometra/veterinária , Anticoncepcionais , Hiperplasia EndometrialRESUMO
En Brasil, hay una gran población de perros con riesgo de desarrollar un panorama de la piometra ya que sólo un pequeño porcentaje de perros sanos se presenta generalmente a ovariohisterectomía electiva. La patogénesis de la piometra canina no se entiende completamente y puede presentar una forma abierta o cerrada, caracterizado por la presencia o ausencia de secreción vaginal, respectivamente. El relajamiento cervical es un factor importante para el diagnóstico, para establecer el prognóstico y para elegir el mejor tratamiento. La inducción de la relajación cervical, independiente del ciclo estral, también podría facilitar los examenes citológicos e histopatológicos del endométrio para el diagnóstico de procesos inflamatorios y neoplásicos. Hay numerosos factores que deben tenerse en cuenta al estudiar los mecanismos de apertura y cierre de cuello de útero, como la concentración sérica de estrógeno y progesterona, los receptores de hormonas en el útero, el porcentaje de colágeno en el cuello del útero, infiltrado inflamatorio, prostaglandinas, interleucinas y óxidos de nitrógeno. El propósito de esta revisión de la literatura es dilucidar los factores que intervienen en los mecanismos de la abertura del cuello uterino en las hembras que sufren de piometra.(AU)
In Brazil, there is a large population of female dogs at risk of developing pyometra, since only a small percentage of healthy bitches is usually submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy. Pathogenesis of canine pyometra is not fully understood and can be presented in open or closed forms characterized by the presence or absence of vaginal discharge, respectively. The cervical opening is an important factor for diagnosis, prognosis and for choosing an effective treatment. The cervical opening, regardless of the estrous cycle, would also facilitate cytological and histopathological tests for endometrial inflammatory and neoplastic processes diagnosis. Numerous factors must be considered when studying the mechanisms of cervical opening and closing, such as the serum concentration of estrogen and progesterone hormone, receptors in the uterus, the percentage of collagen in the cervix, inflammatory infiltrate, prostaglandins, interleukins and nitric oxide. The aim of this review is to elucidate the factors involved in the mechanisms of cervical opening in bitches with pyometra.(AU)
No Brasil existe uma grande população de cadelas com risco de desenvolver um quadro de piometra, pois apenas uma pequena porcentagem de cadelas sadias é normalmente submetida à ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. A patogênese da piometra canina não é completamente esclarecida e pode se apresentar de forma aberta ou fechada, caracterizada pela presença ou ausência de secreção vaginal, respectivamente. O relaxamento cervical é um fator importante para o diagnostico, para o estabelecimento de um prognóstico e para a escolha de um tratamento eficiente. O relaxamento cervical, independente do ciclo estral, poderia também facilitar a realização de exames citológicos e histopatológicos do endométrio para diagnóstico de processos inflamatórios e neoplásicos. Inúmeros fatores devem ser considerados quando se estuda os mecanismos de abertura e fechamento cervical, tais como: a concentração sérica de estrógeno e progesterona, os receptores hormonais no útero, a porcentagem de colágeno na cérvix, infiltrado inflamatório, prostaglandinas, interleucinas e óxidos nítricos. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é elucidar possíveis fatores envolvidos nos mecanismos de abertura cervical em cadelas portadoras de piometra.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Piometra/fisiopatologia , Piometra/veterinária , /fisiopatologia , Piometra/etiologia , Ciclo Estral/fisiologiaRESUMO
En Brasil, hay una gran población de perros con riesgo de desarrollar un panorama de la piometra ya que sólo un pequeño porcentaje de perros sanos se presenta generalmente a ovariohisterectomía electiva. La patogénesis de la piometra canina no se entiende completamente y puede presentar una forma abierta o cerrada, caracterizado por la presencia o ausencia de secreción vaginal, respectivamente. El relajamiento cervical es un factor importante para el diagnóstico, para establecer el prognóstico y para elegir el mejor tratamiento. La inducción de la relajación cervical, independiente del ciclo estral, también podría facilitar los examenes citológicos e histopatológicos del endométrio para el diagnóstico de procesos inflamatorios y neoplásicos. Hay numerosos factores que deben tenerse en cuenta al estudiar los mecanismos de apertura y cierre de cuello de útero, como la concentración sérica de estrógeno y progesterona, los receptores de hormonas en el útero, el porcentaje de colágeno en el cuello del útero, infiltrado inflamatorio, prostaglandinas, interleucinas y óxidos de nitrógeno. El propósito de esta revisión de la literatura es dilucidar los factores que intervienen en los mecanismos de la abertura del cuello uterino en las hembras que sufren de piometra.
In Brazil, there is a large population of female dogs at risk of developing pyometra, since only a small percentage of healthy bitches is usually submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy. Pathogenesis of canine pyometra is not fully understood and can be presented in open or closed forms characterized by the presence or absence of vaginal discharge, respectively. The cervical opening is an important factor for diagnosis, prognosis and for choosing an effective treatment. The cervical opening, regardless of the estrous cycle, would also facilitate cytological and histopathological tests for endometrial inflammatory and neoplastic processes diagnosis. Numerous factors must be considered when studying the mechanisms of cervical opening and closing, such as the serum concentration of estrogen and progesterone hormone, receptors in the uterus, the percentage of collagen in the cervix, inflammatory infiltrate, prostaglandins, interleukins and nitric oxide. The aim of this review is to elucidate the factors involved in the mechanisms of cervical opening in bitches with pyometra.
No Brasil existe uma grande população de cadelas com risco de desenvolver um quadro de piometra, pois apenas uma pequena porcentagem de cadelas sadias é normalmente submetida à ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. A patogênese da piometra canina não é completamente esclarecida e pode se apresentar de forma aberta ou fechada, caracterizada pela presença ou ausência de secreção vaginal, respectivamente. O relaxamento cervical é um fator importante para o diagnostico, para o estabelecimento de um prognóstico e para a escolha de um tratamento eficiente. O relaxamento cervical, independente do ciclo estral, poderia também facilitar a realização de exames citológicos e histopatológicos do endométrio para diagnóstico de processos inflamatórios e neoplásicos. Inúmeros fatores devem ser considerados quando se estuda os mecanismos de abertura e fechamento cervical, tais como: a concentração sérica de estrógeno e progesterona, os receptores hormonais no útero, a porcentagem de colágeno na cérvix, infiltrado inflamatório, prostaglandinas, interleucinas e óxidos nítricos. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é elucidar possíveis fatores envolvidos nos mecanismos de abertura cervical em cadelas portadoras de piometra.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Piometra/etiologia , Piometra/fisiopatologia , Piometra/veterinária , Ciclo Estral/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: McKusick Kaufman Syndrome (MKS), a rare genetic condition, presents in the neonatal period with a classic triad of postaxial polydactyly, congenital heart disease, and hydrometrocolpos. The diagnosis is typically clinical, based on the presence of polydactyly and hydrometrocolpos. CASE: We report the case of a 13-year-old female, who was diagnosed with MKS in infancy and underwent vaginal reconstructive surgery for a urogenital sinus. She was lost to follow-up thereafter. She presented to our institution at age 13 with pyometra, pyosalpinx, and tubo-ovarian abscess due to a stenotic cervix obstructing menstrual outflow. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Gynecologic follow-up is imperative in patients with history of vaginal reconstruction to monitor for hematometra from outflow obstruction to prevent life threatening secondary bacterial infections.