RESUMO
The significant growth of the industrial sector in recent decades has led to an increase in the volume of waste, which if not properly destined, could cause serious environmental problems. In the context of aquaculture, liquid effluents with a high organic content are generated in large quantities in the fish processing industries, and if their disposal is carried out improperly, serious damage to the environment is caused. The general objective of this study is to evaluate: the efficiency of removal of COD and BOD, in addition to the influence on pH; alkalinity; chlorides; ammonia; nitrite; nitrate; phosphate; turbidity; total, fixed and volatile solids, from the effluent of fish processing treated by coagulation and sedimentation using the natural chitosan coagulant. pH 5.5 followed by pH 6 showed better results for the use of chitosan coagulant in the process of treatment by effluent coagulation of fish processing industry. Chitosan does not act on the parameters TVS, alkalinity, chlorides, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate, regardless of the dosage used. However, it acts on BOD, COD, TS, TFS and turbidity. Thus, the best dosage of chitosan is 0.25 g L-1 in optimized activity at pH of 5.5.
O crescimento expressivo do setor industrial nas últimas décadas acarretou o aumento do volume de resíduos, que, se não forem destinados adequadamente, poderão causar sérios problemas ambientais. No contexto da aquacultura, efluentes líquidos com um alto teor orgânico são gerados em grandes quantidades nas indústrias de processamento de pescado, e, se seu descarte for realizado de maneira inadequada, há sérios prejuízos ao ambiente. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar: a eficiência de remoção de DQO e DBO, além da influência sobre o pH, a alcalinidade, os cloretos, a amônia, o nitrito, o nitrato, o fosfato, a turbidez, os sólidos totais, fixos e voláteis, bem como do efluente do processamento de pescado tratado por coagulação e da sedimentação, utilizando-se o coagulante natural quitosana. O pH 5,5, seguido pelo pH 6, apresentou melhores resultados para uso do coagulante quitosana no processo de tratamento por coagulação de efluente de indústria de processamento de pescado. A quitosana não atua sobre os parâmetros STV, alcalinidade, cloretos, amônia, nitrito, nitrato e fosfato, independentemente da dosagem utilizada. Mas atua sobre DBO, DQO, ST, STF e turbidez. Assim, a melhor dosagem de quitosana é 0,25 g L-1 em atividade otimizada no pH de 5,5.
Assuntos
Animais , Qualidade da Água , Efluentes Industriais , Ciclídeos , Quitosana/farmacocinética , Pesqueiros/normasRESUMO
La raya látigo Hypanus longus, ha pasado de ser una especie de captura incidental a una especie objetivo en la pesca artesanal del Pacífico de Guatemala. Esta actividad es realizada sin considerar criterios biológicos esenciales para su aprovechamiento sostenible. Aunado a ello, H. longus es una especie sensible, presentando características biológicas como: madurez sexual tardía, ciclos reproductivos largos y baja fecundidad. El presente estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de la raya látigo. Durante mayo de 2019 a marzo de 2020 se realizaron 11 muestreos de los desembarques de la pesca artesanal en la comunidad de Sipacate, Escuintla, en cada muestreo se registró el ancho de disco (AD), el peso, sexo y estado de maduración sexual de H. longus. En total se registraron 336 organismos, que presentaron una proporción sexual de 1:1, un AD para hembras de M = 82.33 cm, DS = 22.24 y de M = 76.91 cm, DS = 11.86 para machos. A partir de las evaluaciones externas e internas de los aparatos reproductores se determinó la talla de madurez sexual (L50), siendo de 88.2 y 79.3 cm AD para hembras y machos respectivamente. Finalmente, este estudio evidencio que el 65.68% de hembras y el 52.10% de machos son capturados por debajo de la L50, por lo cual se recomienda elaborar e implementar estra-tegias o medidas tendientes a la regulación de las prácticas pesqueras o artes de pesca que permitan la captura de organismos mayores a 95 cm de AD.
The whip ray Hypanus longushas gone from being a bycatch species to a target species in artisanal fisheries in the Pacific of Guatemala. This activity is carried out without considering essential biological criteria for its sustainable use. In addition, H. longusis a sensitive species, presenting biological characteristics such as late sexual maturity, long reproductive cycles and low fecundity. The present study contributes to the knowledge of the reproductive biology of the whip ray. During May 2019 to March 2020, 11 samplings were conducted from artisanal fishery landings in the community of Sipacate, Escuintla, in each sampling the disc width (AD), weight, sex and sexual maturation stage of H. longus were recorded. A total of 336 organisms were recorded, which pre-sented a sex ratio of 1:1, with a female AD of M = 82.33 cm, SD = 22.24 and M = 76.91 cm, SD = 11.86 for males. From the external and internal evaluations of the reproductive apparatus, the size at sexual maturity (L50) was determined to be 88.2 and 79.3 cm AD for females and males, respectively. Finally, this study showed that 65.68% of females and 52.10% of males are caught below L50, so it is recommended to develop and implement strategies or measures to regulate fishing practices or fishing gear that allow the capture of organisms larger than 95 cm AD.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Rajidae/anatomia & histologia , Pesqueiros/normas , Caça , Maturidade Sexual , Biologia , Rajidae/fisiologia , GuatemalaRESUMO
O exame pericial é imprescindível para a instrução do inquérito policial sobre crimes ambientais. Objetivou-se relatar caso em que foram realizados exames periciais de identificação de espécies da ictiofauna e apetrechos apreendidos pela polícia rodoviária federal na região de Luziânia-Goiás em Outubro de 2020. Tal exame demonstrou que princípios de taxonomia e anatomia comparada considerados na literatura são parâmetros básicos para identificação de espécimes da ictiofauna e contribuíram para materializar manejos criminosos praticados em desfavor de espécimes silvestres da ictiofauna apreendidas. Conclui-se que o protocolo de exame pericial em espécimes da ictiofauna desenvolvido contribui para materialização de fatos criminosos em inquérito policial.
Forensic examination is essential for the investigation of the police inquiry into environmental crimes.The objective of this study was to report a case in which forensic examinations were performed to identify ichthyofauna species and seized pieces by the federal highway police in the region of Luziânia-Goiás in October 2020. Such an examination demonstrated that principles of taxonomy and comparative anatomy considered in the literature are basic parametes for the identification of ichthyofauna specimens and contributed to materialize criminal practices practiced in disfavor of apprehended wild species of ichthyofauna. It is concluded that the protocol of expert examination in specimens of ichthyofauna developed contributes to materialization of criminal facts in police investigation.
Assuntos
Animais , Exploração de Recursos Naturais/políticas , Peixes/classificação , Pesqueiros/normas , Prova Pericial/métodos , Brasil , Desequilíbrio EcológicoRESUMO
O exame pericial é imprescindível para a instrução do inquérito policial sobre crimes ambientais. Objetivou-se relatar caso em que foram realizados exames periciais de identificação de espécies da ictiofauna e apetrechos apreendidos pela polícia rodoviária federal na região de Luziânia-Goiás em Outubro de 2020. Tal exame demonstrou que princípios de taxonomia e anatomia comparada considerados na literatura são parâmetros básicos para identificação de espécimes da ictiofauna e contribuíram para materializar manejos criminosos praticados em desfavor de espécimes silvestres da ictiofauna apreendidas. Conclui-se que o protocolo de exame pericial em espécimes da ictiofauna desenvolvido contribui para materialização de fatos criminosos em inquérito policial.(AU)
Forensic examination is essential for the investigation of the police inquiry into environmental crimes.The objective of this study was to report a case in which forensic examinations were performed to identify ichthyofauna species and seized pieces by the federal highway police in the region of Luziânia-Goiás in October 2020. Such an examination demonstrated that principles of taxonomy and comparative anatomy considered in the literature are basic parametes for the identification of ichthyofauna specimens and contributed to materialize criminal practices practiced in disfavor of apprehended wild species of ichthyofauna. It is concluded that the protocol of expert examination in specimens of ichthyofauna developed contributes to materialization of criminal facts in police investigation.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Exploração de Recursos Naturais/políticas , Prova Pericial/métodos , Peixes/classificação , Pesqueiros/normas , Desequilíbrio Ecológico , BrasilRESUMO
In this study, the length-weight relationships (LWR) were estimated for six fish species captured during prawn fishing in the Lower Amazon region (Pará, Brazil). Prawn fishing boosts the socioeconomic development of riverine communities and is a relevant activity as a source of income and subsistence in this region. In addition, we registered new LWRs for the species Ossancora punctata and Hypoptopoma elongatum. The samplings were performed in prawn catches monthly from February 2018 to January 2019, using a matapi, which consists of a semi-fixed trap that has a galvanized iron structure (2.5 m height by 2.0 m in length) and nylon mesh (1.40 x 1.60 mm mesh), and has two tapered openings to facilitate the entry and trapping of the prawn. The results show that 75% of the fish caught as prawn bycatches had not yet reached sexual maturity. Thus, it is clear that fisheries need to develop fishing gear that allow small fish to escape from the traps during the prawn fishery.(AU)
Neste estudo, as relações de peso-comprimento (RPC) foram estimadas para seis espécies de peixes capturadas durante a pesca do camarão de água doce na região da Baixa Amazônia (Pará, Brasil). A pesca do camarão promove o desenvolvimento socioeconômico das comunidades ribeirinhas, sendo uma atividade de fonte de renda e subsistência nesta região. Além disso, registramos novas RPCs para as espécies Ossancora punctata e Hypoptopoma elongatum. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente em capturas de camarão, entre fevereiro de 2018 e janeiro de 2019, com o uso de matapi, que consiste em uma armadilha semifixa, com estrutura de ferro galvanizado (com altura de 2,5 m por 2,0 m de comprimento) e tela de náilon (malha de 1,40 mm x 1,60 mm), com duas aberturas afuniladas para facilitar a entrada e aprisionamento do camarão. Os resultados mostraram que 75% dos peixes capturados como fauna acompanhante de camarão ainda não tinha atingido a maturidade sexual. Assim, é evidente que as pescarias precisam desenvolver equipamentos de pesca que permitam que os peixes menores escapem da captura durante a pesca do camarão.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Fauna Aquática/economia , Pesqueiros/organização & administração , Pesqueiros/normas , Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
In this study, the length-weight relationships (LWR) were estimated for six fish species captured during prawn fishing in the Lower Amazon region (Pará, Brazil). Prawn fishing boosts the socioeconomic development of riverine communities and is a relevant activity as a source of income and subsistence in this region. In addition, we registered new LWRs for the species Ossancora punctata and Hypoptopoma elongatum. The samplings were performed in prawn catches monthly from February 2018 to January 2019, using a matapi, which consists of a semi-fixed trap that has a galvanized iron structure (2.5 m height by 2.0 m in length) and nylon mesh (1.40 x 1.60 mm mesh), and has two tapered openings to facilitate the entry and trapping of the prawn. The results show that 75% of the fish caught as prawn bycatches had not yet reached sexual maturity. Thus, it is clear that fisheries need to develop fishing gear that allow small fish to escape from the traps during the prawn fishery.
Neste estudo, as relações de peso-comprimento (RPC) foram estimadas para seis espécies de peixes capturadas durante a pesca do camarão de água doce na região da Baixa Amazônia (Pará, Brasil). A pesca do camarão promove o desenvolvimento socioeconômico das comunidades ribeirinhas, sendo uma atividade de fonte de renda e subsistência nesta região. Além disso, registramos novas RPCs para as espécies Ossancora punctata e Hypoptopoma elongatum. As amostragens foram realizadas mensalmente em capturas de camarão, entre fevereiro de 2018 e janeiro de 2019, com o uso de matapi, que consiste em uma armadilha semifixa, com estrutura de ferro galvanizado (com altura de 2,5 m por 2,0 m de comprimento) e tela de náilon (malha de 1,40 mm x 1,60 mm), com duas aberturas afuniladas para facilitar a entrada e aprisionamento do camarão. Os resultados mostraram que 75% dos peixes capturados como fauna acompanhante de camarão ainda não tinha atingido a maturidade sexual. Assim, é evidente que as pescarias precisam desenvolver equipamentos de pesca que permitam que os peixes menores escapem da captura durante a pesca do camarão.
Assuntos
Animais , Fauna Aquática/economia , Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pesqueiros/normas , Pesqueiros/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a primary strategy for marine conservation worldwide, having as a common goal the protection of essential habitats to enhance fish population recovery. However, MPAs alone may not be effective because species are not isolated from critical impacts occurring outside their boundaries. We evaluated how protecting critical nursery habitats affect the population of an important fishing target, using a 6-year database to predict juvenile hotspots and estimate population trends of the endemic and endangered parrotfish Scarus trispinosus within a mosaic of MPAs at the Abrolhos Bank, NE Brazil. We found that important nursery habitats are within no-take areas, but both juvenile and adult populations still show a declining trend over time. MPAs failed to ensure population maintenance and recovery likely due to overfishing in adjacent areas and the lack of compliance to management rules within multiple-use and within no-take MPAs. MPAs alone are not enough to protect ecologically important endangered species, but is still one of the only conservation strategies, particularly in developing countries. Our results shed light on the need for a wider adoption of more effective conservation policies in addition to MPAs, both in Brazil and in countries with similar governance contexts.
Assuntos
Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Pesqueiros/normas , Peixes/fisiologia , Animais , Oceano Atlântico , Biomassa , ReproduçãoRESUMO
This study describes a recreational fishing method focused on marine catfish, Genidens barbus (Endangered-EN), through the adoption of its eggs as a natural bait during its reproductive period in southern Brazilian ecosystems. Male G. barbus perform parental care, collecting eggs released by females after the fertilization process. Owing to this male behavioural pattern during the reproductive period, these individuals are easily caught in recreational fisheries that use eggs of the same species as a natural bait. The current adoption of G. barbus eggs as bait may intensify the fishing pressure on its populations.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/fisiologia , Pesqueiros , Óvulo , Animais , Brasil , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Feminino , Pesqueiros/normas , Masculino , Reprodução/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual AnimalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several health conditions among professional fishermen have been reported. Among the risks to the health of fishermen, it should be noted that high noise levels cause hearing loss and general health problems. OBJECTIVE: to investigate the effects of exposure to occupational noise on hearing in professional fishermen at the main large-scale commercial fishing center in Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, 466 Brazilian commercial fishermen participated in the study, all males, ages range 18-67 years. A total of 15 vessels were included in the study. The first phase involved assessment of the sound pressure levels (SPLs) in the vessels, the second phase involved the use of a questionnaire and audiological assessment. RESULTS: Most compartments registered SPLs greater than 80 dBA and the noisiest compartment was the engine-room, where the vessel pilot works. Among the fishermen, tinnitus was the most commonly reported symptom (48.63%). A higher prevalence of hearing loss was observed in engine-room keepers. Longer the length of time in service, and consequently, exposure to noise (in years), were associated with higher auditory thresholds. CONCLUSION: the tolerance limits to noise exposure were exceeded according to legislation. Fishing activities are associated with noise-induced hearing loss, with the risk increasing with the length of service.
Assuntos
Pesqueiros/normas , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/diagnóstico , Ruído Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Pesqueiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/epidemiologia , Perda Auditiva Provocada por Ruído/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ruído Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The concentration of Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, U, V, and Zn was analyzed in water, sediment, and different organs of Prochilodus lineatus (muscle, liver and gill) in three most commercially important catch areas along La Plata Basin, namely High Paraná River (HPR), Middle Paraná River (MPR) and Río de la Plata Estuary (RPE). The concentration of As, Cu and Zn (RPE) and Se (HPR) in water and As (RPE), Ni (HPR and MPR), Cu and Cr (all sites) in sediments exceeded the limits considered as hazardous for aquatic life. With the exception of Se (sediment-liver) and Pb (sediment-liver and sediment-gill), it was not observed a significant correlation between the element concentration in tissues and that found in water and sediment. No correlation was found between the size fish and element concentrations. Liver appeared to be the main storage tissue of trace elements and was classified as a macroconcentrator of Ag, Cu, Hg and Zn. Levels of trace elements in muscle of streaked prochilod were below recommended maximum levels established by national and international guidelines. According to Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), the consumption of muscle of P. lineatus from three sampling sites did not present toxicological risk for general and fishermen populations. Multivariate analyses suggest that the three groups studied remain with an important degree of geographical segregation, indicating that regulations should be revised according to the presence of contaminants in the different fishing areas.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluição Ambiental/análise , Pesqueiros/normas , Oligoelementos/química , Água/química , Animais , Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , Humanos , Medição de Risco , América do Sul , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Introdução: A produção e a distribuição de pele humana pelos Bancos de Pele do Brasil é insuficiente para atender a demanda do país, suprindo menos de 1% da necessidade para tratar as vítimas de queimaduras. O objetivo do trabalho foi apresentar a elaboração e o desenvolvimento da implantação do primeiro Banco de Pele Animal do Brasil para tratamento da queimadura. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico. O Banco de Pele Animal Aquático foi elaborado, desenvolvido e instalado a partir do desenvolvimento do processamento de pele da tilápia, da revisão sistemática de estudos referentes a banco de pele animal, de visitas à pscicultura em Jaguaribara-CE, da visita técnica aos bancos de pele humana no Brasil, de consulta técnica e de treinamento no Banco de Pele de Recife, da observação de todas as fases de processamento da pele de tilápia e da identificação da estrutura física da área onde ocorrem todos os processos. Resultados: Além da produção e da distribuição da pele da tilápia para os estudos em vítima de queimaduras, o banco está processando mais de 5000 peles de tilápia e encontra-se em fase de distribuição desta pele para estudos multicêntricos em outros estados e outras especialidades, que desenvolvem pesquisas nas áreas de ginecologia, ortopedia, endoscopia, estomaterapia, cirurgia vascular, odontologia e veterinária. Conclusão: este trabalho possibilitou a elaboração, o desenvolvimento e a implementação do primeiro Banco de Pele Animal do país e o primeiro Banco de Pele Aquática do mundo.
Introduction: The production and distribution of human skin by Brazilian skin banks is insufficient to meet the country's demand, supplying less than 1% of the need for treating burn victims. The objective of this work was to present the elaboration and development of the first animal skin bank of Brazil for the treatment of burns. Methods: This methodological study elaborated, developed, and installed The Aquatic Animal Skin Bank in terms of the development of tilapia skin processing after a systematic review of studies referring to animal skin banks based on visits to the pisciculture center in Jaguaribara-CE, technical visits to human skin banks in Brazil, technical consultation and training in the Recife Skin Bank, the observation of all phases of tilapia skin processing, and the identification of the physical structure of the area where the processes occur. Results: In addition to the production and distribution of tilapia skin for studies on burn victims, the bank is processing more than 5000 tilapia skin samples and is in the distribution phase of this skin for multicentric studies in other states and specialties including gynecology, orthopedics, endoscopy, stomatherapy, vascular surgery, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. Conclusion: This work enabled the elaboration, development, and implementation of Brazil's first animal skin bank and the world's first aquatic skin bank.
Assuntos
Animais , História do Século XXI , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Materiais Biocompatíveis/uso terapêutico , Curativos Biológicos , Queimaduras , Tilápia , Pele Artificial , Ciclídeos , Pesqueiros , Materiais Biocompatíveis/análise , Curativos Biológicos/normas , Curativos Biológicos/provisão & distribuição , Queimaduras/reabilitação , Tilápia/cirurgia , Pele Artificial/normas , Ciclídeos/cirurgia , Pesqueiros/normasRESUMO
Researchers involved in community-based participatory research often face challenges due to numerous dynamic factors, including the physical location of the study population, willingness to participate, language barriers, cultural norms, social stigmas, and unpredictable weather and other disasters. Investigators who work with commercial fishermen are all too familiar with these potential obstacles and barriers to performing occupational safety and health research. Such has been the case along the Texas and Louisiana gulf coasts, where the burden of occupational fatalities in the shrimp fishery remains high. Moreover, the need for strategic community, regulatory agency, and research partnerships in order to explore solutions that can help to reduce this burden is ongoing. The IFISH 5 conference and the panel session described in this brief report offered a venue to acknowledge and create awareness of these barriers and opportunities for developing sustainable solutions that can have an impact on this loss of life. The approach taken was to explore the perspectives of a panel of regional collaborators including two researchers, an outreach community liaison, and a marine safety and health official from the U. S. Coast Guard. Key barriers emerging from the panel fell into four themes, each emphasized by one of the four panel members, allowing for discussion of potential solutions. The themes included: (1) language gap; (2) cultural influences and use of personal flotation devices; (3) relationships with the community; and (4) enforcement agency role as a trusted opinion leader. This panel session can readily serve as a model to promote similar exploration of barriers and solutions in commercial fishing across other regions of the US and internationally as well.
Assuntos
Pesqueiros/normas , Saúde Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Cultura , Pesqueiros/economia , Golfo do México , Humanos , Louisiana , Saúde Ocupacional/economia , Equipamentos de Proteção/normas , TexasRESUMO
The Bay of Guanabara is an estuarine environment recognized as an important fishing pole for the state of Rio de Janeiro, with undisputed social and economic value. This study aims to analyze and pinpoint whether the Brazilian legislation has measures that correspond to a sustainable ordering of fishing activity in this coastal ecosystem and its fishery resources and, if not, indicate necessary changes to make it suitable to the application of these legal norms. The survey and analysis of legal standards were performed between August 2010 and June 2011, using two themes: (I) Protection of the Coastal Zone and (ii) Fishing management. The survey of fisheries legislation applied to Guanabara Bay resulted in 214 legal standards, divided between the axes I and II in 60% and 40% respectively. Differences or lack of management measures were caused by problems with the writing or the official coverage of legal standards, some fish stocks were being harmed by these failures further aggravating the species that have overexploited and vulnerable to extinction. Concluding that the legislation analyzed contemplates fishing in Bay of Guanabara, but an adaptation of existing legal rules is necessary in view new species, conceptualizing the term inland waters and adopting other definitions given by the National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries.(AU)
A Baía de Guanabara é um ambiente estuarino reconhecido como importante polo pesqueiro para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresentando incontestável valor social e econômico. Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar e apontar se a legislação brasileira possui medidas que correspondem a um ordenamento adequado da atividade pesqueira nesse ecossistema costeiro e seus recursos pesqueiros e, em caso negativo, indicar mudanças necessárias para tornar mais apropriada à aplicação dessas normas jurídicas. O levantamento e análise das normas jurídicas foram desempenhados entre agosto de 2010 e junho de 2011, usando dois eixos temáticos: (I) Proteção à Zona Costeira e (II) Medidas de Ordenamento. O levantamento da legislação pesqueira aplicada à Baía de Guanabara resultou em 214 normas jurídicas, divididas entre os eixos I e II em 60% e 40%, respectivamente. Divergências ou ausência de medidas de ordenamento foram causadas por problemas com a redação oficial ou com a abrangência das normas jurídicas, demonstrando ausência de medidas de ordenamento para alguns recursos pesqueiros na área de estudo. Conclui-se que para a legislação contemplar plenamente a atividade pesqueira na Baía de Guanabara se faz necessária a adequação das normas jurídicas existentes a partir de ajustes,considerando novas espécies de pescado, conceituando o termo águas interiores e adotando áreasde pesca, assim como as demais definições dadas pela Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Aquicultura e Pesca.(AU)
Assuntos
Pesqueiros/legislação & jurisprudência , Pesqueiros/organização & administração , Pesqueiros/normas , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Brasil , Costa , EstuáriosRESUMO
The Bay of Guanabara is an estuarine environment recognized as an important fishing pole for the state of Rio de Janeiro, with undisputed social and economic value. This study aims to analyze and pinpoint whether the Brazilian legislation has measures that correspond to a sustainable ordering of fishing activity in this coastal ecosystem and its fishery resources and, if not, indicate necessary changes to make it suitable to the application of these legal norms. The survey and analysis of legal standards were performed between August 2010 and June 2011, using two themes: (I) Protection of the Coastal Zone and (ii) Fishing management. The survey of fisheries legislation applied to Guanabara Bay resulted in 214 legal standards, divided between the axes I and II in 60% and 40% respectively. Differences or lack of management measures were caused by problems with the writing or the official coverage of legal standards, some fish stocks were being harmed by these failures further aggravating the species that have overexploited and vulnerable to extinction. Concluding that the legislation analyzed contemplates fishing in Bay of Guanabara, but an adaptation of existing legal rules is necessary in view new species, conceptualizing the term inland waters and adopting other definitions given by the National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries.
A Baía de Guanabara é um ambiente estuarino reconhecido como importante polo pesqueiro para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresentando incontestável valor social e econômico. Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar e apontar se a legislação brasileira possui medidas que correspondem a um ordenamento adequado da atividade pesqueira nesse ecossistema costeiro e seus recursos pesqueiros e, em caso negativo, indicar mudanças necessárias para tornar mais apropriada à aplicação dessas normas jurídicas. O levantamento e análise das normas jurídicas foram desempenhados entre agosto de 2010 e junho de 2011, usando dois eixos temáticos: (I) Proteção à Zona Costeira e (II) Medidas de Ordenamento. O levantamento da legislação pesqueira aplicada à Baía de Guanabara resultou em 214 normas jurídicas, divididas entre os eixos I e II em 60% e 40%, respectivamente. Divergências ou ausência de medidas de ordenamento foram causadas por problemas com a redação oficial ou com a abrangência das normas jurídicas, demonstrando ausência de medidas de ordenamento para alguns recursos pesqueiros na área de estudo. Conclui-se que para a legislação contemplar plenamente a atividade pesqueira na Baía de Guanabara se faz necessária a adequação das normas jurídicas existentes a partir de ajustes,considerando novas espécies de pescado, conceituando o termo águas interiores e adotando áreasde pesca, assim como as demais definições dadas pela Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Aquicultura e Pesca.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Pesqueiros/legislação & jurisprudência , Pesqueiros/normas , Pesqueiros/organização & administração , Brasil , Costa , EstuáriosRESUMO
Overfishing has affected the population abundance trends of many commercial fish species. In the Amazon, the fishery of a catfish commonly known as "mota" or "piracatinga" (Calophysus macropterus) has become an important economic activity in the region as this species has replaced a number of other overexploited great catfish species in the markets. Due to this high exploitation, ways in which to increase captures have been identified. One strategy is to use decomposing animal carcasses as bait. Such strategy has increased the hunting pressure on endangered species such as caimans and river dolphins. We investigated which catfish species are currently commercialized in Colombian fish markets using DNA barcoding, and measured mercury concentration in the tissues of fish molecularly identified as C. macropterus. We collected 86 fish samples in markets of four Colombian cities. Sixty-eight of these were identified molecularly as C.macropterus. The mercury concentration of 29 such samples was analyzed. Samples presented total Hg concentrations higher than the limit for human consumption established by the WHO (0.5 µg/g). These results are worrisome and suggest that (1) C. macropterus is a widely used fish species for human consumption in Colombia and (2) C. macropterus has high concentrations of total Hg, making its consumption a public health risk. Results presented here suggest that C. macropterus has replaced capaz in most Colombian markets. This fishery threatens wild species of river dolphins and caimans, and is also a public health risk given the high mercury levels we found in a subsample of these fishes.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/metabolismo , Pesqueiros/normas , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Mercúrio/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Peixes-Gato/genética , Colômbia , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , Extinção Biológica , Pesqueiros/métodos , Humanos , Rios/químicaRESUMO
The rapid increase in body size and abundance of most species inside Management and Exploitations Areas for Benthic Resources (MEABRs) has led to the proposal of these areas as a good complement for achieving the conservation objectives of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). However, when evaluating MEABRs and MPAs as conservation and/or management tools, their impact upon parasite populations has rarely been considered, despite the fact that epidemiological theory suggests an increased susceptibility to parasitism under high population abundance. We evaluated the effects of MEABRs on the parasite abundance of Proctoeces lintoni and its impact on the growth of the host limpet Fissurella crassa in central Chile. Parasitic magnitude was higher inside MEABRs than in Open-Access Areas, and parasitized limpets showed a greater shell length, muscular foot biomass, and gonadosomatic index compared to non-parasitized limpets of the same age. Our results suggest that the life cycle of P. lintoni and, consequently, its trophic links have been strengthened inside MEABRs. The increased growth rate could reduce the time required to reach the minimum catch size and increase the reproductive and muscular output of the host population. Thus, parasitism should be considered in the conservation and management of economically important mollusk hosts.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Pesqueiros/métodos , Peixes/parasitologia , Gastrópodes/parasitologia , Trematódeos/parasitologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Chile , Ecossistema , Pesqueiros/normas , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Trematódeos/patogenicidade , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterináriaRESUMO
R. percellens is incidentally caught in Venezuela by the artisanal fishery using bottom gillnets. This species was classified by the IUCN as being "near threatened", and there is poor knowledge about its biology and fishery in Venezuela. For this reason, we analyzed the specimens caught by the artisanal fleet in playa La Pared, once a week, from January to December 2007. We determined total length, sex and maturity for each captured specimen. A total of 210 specimens were analyzed, 159 females and 51 males. The 81% of all specimens caught were adults, but within this group 27% were pregnant. The average size of sexual maturity was found between 51 and 52cm for females and males, respectively. Adult females were found all year round, and pregnant females in seven of the months sampled; highest numbers were found between February-March and September. The analyzed females had a total of 96 embryos with a size range between 2 and 19cm, with a maximum fertility of four embryos per litter. February and June-July showed the maximum breeding time, and considering the broad range of embryos sizes and the frequency of pregnant females along the different months, allow us to believe that they reproduce throughout the year. Fishing regulation including minimum catch size in relation to maturity length and release of pregnant females in water is recommended.
Assuntos
Pesqueiros/normas , Reprodução/fisiologia , Rajidae/fisiologia , Viviparidade não Mamífera/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Estações do Ano , Rajidae/anatomia & histologia , VenezuelaRESUMO
R. percellens is incidentally caught in Venezuela by the artisanal fishery using bottom gillnets. This species was classified by the IUCN as being near threatened, and there is poor knowledge about its biology and fishery in Venezuela. For this reason, we analyzed the specimens caught by the artisanal fleet in playa La Pared, once a week, from January to December 2007. We determined total length, sex and maturity for each captured specimen. A total of 210 specimens were analyzed, 159 females and 51 males. The 81% of all specimens caught were adults, but within this group 27% were pregnant. The average size of sexual maturity was found between 51 and 52cm for females and males, respectively. Adult females were found all year round, and pregnant females in seven of the months sampled; highest numbers were found between February-March and September. The analyzed females had a total of 96 embryos with a size range between 2 and 19cm, with a maximum fertility of four embryos per litter. February and June-July showed the maximum breeding time, and considering the broad range of embryos sizes and the frequency of pregnant females along the different months, allow us to believe that they reproduce throughout the year. Fishing regulation including minimum catch size in relation to maturity length and release of pregnant females in water is recommended.
Rhinobatos percellens es capturada en Venezuela por la flota artesanal que opera con redes de fondo. Está clasificada por la IUCN como casi amenazada, y no existen estudios sobre su biología o pesquería en el país. Por ello, se analizaron desembarques de la pesca artesanal de playa la Pared (isla de Margarita) durante enero-diciembre 2007. A cada ejemplar capturado se le determinó la longitud total, sexo y madurez. Fueron analizados 210 ejemplares, 159 hembras y 51 machos. El 81% de los ejemplares se encontraban maduros y un 27% de este grupo correspondió a hembras grávidas. La talla media de madurez sexual quedó ubicada en 51 y 52cm para hembras y machos, respectivamente. Se detectaron hembras maduras todo el año, y hembras grávidas en siete meses. Fueron analizados 96 embriones con tallas entre 2-19cm, siendo la fecundidad máxima cuatro embriones. La variación de las longitudes de los embriones entre los meses del año indican dos picos máximos de alumbramiento al año pero no existe una sincronía en la cópula ya que la especie se reproduce prácticamente todo el año. Se recomienda elaborar regulaciones pesqueras que incluyan una talla mínima de captura en función de la talla de madurez señalada y liberar las hembras grávidas al agua.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Pesqueiros/normas , Reprodução/fisiologia , Rajidae/fisiologia , Viviparidade não Mamífera/fisiologia , Estações do Ano , Rajidae/anatomia & histologia , VenezuelaRESUMO
There is intense fishing activity, mainly artisanal, in the Cananéia, Iguape and Ilha Comprida Estuarine System. White mullet (Mugil curema) is one of the local fishery resources and is usually caught with gillnets and fish traps. This study aimed to characterise the Mugil curema fisheries thereby underpinning the management of the species in the region. The study was developed with data collected from landings in the town of Cananéia, São Paulo state, Brazil, from 1995 to 2009. Production data, fishing effort and CPUE were used to assess the evolution of captures. The gillnets were characterised by interviewing fishermen from 16 communities in Cananéia. White mullet fishery has aroused the interest of fishermen in the region since the 80s and today it is one of the main products of artisanal estuarine fishery off the south coast of São Paulo. The major landings occur in the warmer months with fish traps and gillnets being the main fishing gear used. The largest catches occur in the spawning months of the species from October to April. The highest landings varied according to different fishing gear, showing differences primarily due to trade preferences and to the structure of the fishing gear. According to the index of abundance used in this study, the resource is overfished due to the progressive increase in fishing effort, so it is suggested that measures should be taken to control fishing effort, such as special fishing permits to catch white mullet, especially with gillnets. The current management measures neither meet the needs of fishermen nor the preservation of the resource, and must be reviewed in a participatory way with management agencies and the fishery sector, ensuring greater legitimacy and success in the sustainability of the activity.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Pesqueiros/métodos , Smegmamorpha , Animais , Brasil , Pesqueiros/normas , HumanosRESUMO
There is intense fishing activity, mainly artisanal, in the Cananéia, Iguape and Ilha Comprida Estuarine System. White mullet (Mugil curema) is one of the local fishery resources and is usually caught with gillnets and fish traps. This study aimed to characterise the Mugil curema fisheries thereby underpinning the management of the species in the region. The study was developed with data collected from landings in the town of Cananéia, São Paulo state, Brazil, from 1995 to 2009. Production data, fishing effort and CPUE were used to assess the evolution of captures. The gillnets were characterised by interviewing fishermen from 16 communities in Cananéia. White mullet fishery has aroused the interest of fishermen in the region since the 80s and today it is one of the main products of artisanal estuarine fishery off the south coast of São Paulo. The major landings occur in the warmer months with fish traps and gillnets being the main fishing gear used. The largest catches occur in the spawning months of the species from October to April. The highest landings varied according to different fishing gear, showing differences primarily due to trade preferences and to the structure of the fishing gear. According to the index of abundance used in this study, the resource is overfished due to the progressive increase in fishing effort, so it is suggested that measures should be taken to control fishing effort, such as special fishing permits to catch white mullet, especially with gillnets. The current management measures neither meet the needs of fishermen nor the preservation of the resource, and must be reviewed in a participatory way with management agencies and the fishery sector, ensuring greater legitimacy and success in the sustainability of the activity.
No Complexo Estuarino Lagunar de Cananeia-Iguape-Paranaguá ocorre uma intensa atividade pesqueira, principalmente artesanal, tendo o parati (Mugil curema) um dos recursos pesqueiros, sendo capturado geralmente com redes de emalhe e cercos-fixos. O presente trabalho visa caracterizar a pesca do Mugil curema, trazendo subsídios para o ordenamento de sua exploração. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com os dados de desembarque no município de Cananeia, no período de 1995 a 2009. Utilizaram-se dados de produção, esforço pesqueiro e CPUE para avaliar a evolução das capturas, e a rede de emalhe foi descrita através de entrevistas com os pescadores de 16 comunidades de Cananeia. A pesca de parati despertou interesse dos pescadores da região a partir da década de 1980, sendo atualmente um dos principais produtos pesqueiros da pesca artesanal estuarina no litoral sul de São Paulo. Seus maiores desembarques ocorrem nos meses quentes, tanto com redes de emalhe, como outro aparelho de pesca denominado de "cerco-fixo". As maiores capturas ocorrem no período de desova da espécie entre os meses de outubro a abril. A diferença no período de maiores desembarques entre os aparelhos de pesca ocorreu principalmente devido a preferências comerciais e por causa da estrutura do aparelho. De acordo com os índices de abundância utilizados o recurso está em sobre-pesca, devido ao progressivo aumento do esforço pesqueiro, assim sugere-se que sejam tomadas medidas para controle do esforço pesqueiro, como permissões especiais para pescadores trabalharem na pesca do parati, principalmente com redes de emalhe. As atuais medidas de ordenamento não atendem os pescadores, nem a preservação do recurso, tendo de ser revistas de maneira participativa entre os órgãos gestores e o setor pesqueiro, garantindo maior legitimidade e sucesso na sustentabilidade da atividade.