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This study aimed to assess the genetic differentiation and relationship among five sea cucumber species from the Red Sea in Egypt, namely Holothuria atra, H. impatiens, H. leucospilota, Actinopyga crassa and A. mauritiana, using Inter Simple Sequence Repeated (ISSR) and Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. A collection of 100 specimens, with 20 individuals per species, was gathered for the analysis. With ten ISSR primers, 135 amplified bands were detected, including 11 distinct species-specific bands, indicating high-level polymorphism among species. Using ten SCoT primers, 151 amplicons were generated, including 30 species-specific bands, with 52% polymorphic bands indicating high-level polymorphism among species. The degree of genetic similarity (GS) among the different genotypes of species was calculated based on ISSR bands analysis, which ranged from 93% between H. atra and H. impatiens to 86% between H. atra and A. crassa. The highest genetic similarity was observed between H. atra and H. impatiens (90%), while the lowest was identified between A. crassa and A. mauritiana (75%) using SCoT bands. Notably, the ISSR and SCoT-based DNA analysis revealed similar genetic relationships between H. atra and H. impatiens compared to other sea cucumber species studied. This study provides new insights into the genetic diversity and relationship among sea cucumber species in the Red Sea, which could have implications for their conservation and management.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diferenciação genética e a relação entre cinco espécies de pepinos-do-mar do Mar Vermelho no Egito, quais sejam, Holothuria atra, Holothuria impatiens, Holothuria leucospilota, Actinopyga crassa e Actinopyga mauritiana, usando marcadores Inter Simple Sequence Repeated (ISSR) e Start Codon Targeted (SCoT). Uma coleção de 100 espécimes, com 20 indivíduos por espécie, foi reunida para análise. Com 10 primers ISSR, 135 bandas amplificadas foram detectadas, incluindo 11 bandas específicas de espécies distintas, indicando polimorfismo de alto nível entre as espécies. Usando 10 primers SCoT, 151 amplicons foram gerados, incluindo 30 bandas específicas da espécie, com 52% de bandas polimórficas indicando polimorfismo de alto nível entre as espécies. O grau de similaridade genética (GS) entre os diferentes genótipos das espécies foi calculado com base na análise das bandas ISSR, que variou de 93% entre H. atra e H. impatiens a 86% entre H. atra e A. crassa. A maior similaridade genética foi observada entre H. atra e H. impatiens (90%), enquanto a menor foi identificada entre A. crassa e A. mauritiana (75%) usando bandas SCoT. Notavelmente, a análise de DNA baseada em ISSR e SCoT revelou relações genéticas semelhantes entre H. atra e H. impatiens em comparação com outras espécies de pepino-do-mar estudadas. Este estudo fornece novas informações sobre a diversidade genética e a relação entre as espécies de pepino-do-mar no Mar Vermelho, o que pode ter implicações para sua conservação e manejo.

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The types of nominal species of Echinodermata in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo are catalogued: Holothuroidea (19 species ­ 16 holotypes, 1 paratype and 2 neotypes) and Ophiuroidea (4 species ­ 1 neotype and 3 paratypes). Photographs of all the type specimens are given. A brief account of the history of the MZUSP's echinoderm collections is presented.(AU)

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A new species of Dendrochirotida sea cucumber, Parathyone itapuaensis, is described and illustrated herein based on specimens collected from rocky intertidal regions of the northeastern coast of Brazil. The new species is characterized by a suite of morphological characters revealed by light stereomicroscope, SEM and microCT studies of the calcareous ring, dermal ossicles, Polian vesicles and madreporite. Parathyone itapuaensis sp. nov. is characterized by having 10 tentacles, two Polian vesicles and single madreporite; length of anterior process (radial plate) larger than length of the base of the radial plate; body wall with buttons with triangular knobs and knobbed multiperforated plates in the anal region; and tentacles with arched rods, knobbed in the margins and shallow cups knobbed in the outer and inner surfaces. A key to the recognition of Parathyone species is given.

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Introducción: Guerrero es el cuarto Estado más biodiverso en México, ejemplo de ello, es la riqueza de equinodermos habitantes en sus costas, alberga el mayor número de especies en comparación con los estados del Pacífico Sur Mexicano, presenta 135 especies, mientras que Oaxaca 94 y Chiapas 15. El presente estudio se desarrolló en isla La Roqueta en Acapulco, Guerrero, México, es parte del 0.3 % del territorio nacional. Las islas son el hábitat de mayor número de especies y de endemismos, comparadas con áreas continentales de igual dimensión, isla La Roqueta, como otras islas en México, son reconocidas como sitios de gran valor, sin embargo, enfrentan graves amenazas que ponen en riesgo su estabilidad. Objetivo: Enlistar las especies de equinodermos en isla La Roqueta de Acapulco, Guerrero, México. Métodos: Se realizaron recolectas en agosto y octubre 2018 y mayo 2019, mediante buceo libre y Scuba en cuatro sitios, usando técnicas de captura directa, búsqueda de barrido, aleatorio y transecto. Resultados: 214 ejemplares fueron recolectados, en cuatro clases, nueve órdenes, 16 familias y 23 géneros, para un total de 40 especies. Se reconocen registros importantes: Ophiocoma sp., Phataria sp., Pentaceraster sp., Cucumaria sp., Astropyga sp., Meoma sp., Diadema sp., Afrocucumis ovulum, Pseudocnus californicus, Neocucumis veleronis y Holothuria imitans. Además, se destacan nuevos registros para el estado. Conclusiones: La complejidad de los diversos ambientes y sustratos marinos en Guerrero, en particular de isla La Roqueta, denota la posibilidad de nuevas especies.

Introduction: Guerrero is the fourth most biodiverse state in Mexico, an example of this is the wealth of echinoderms that inhabit its coasts, it houses the largest number of species compared to the states of the Mexican South Pacific, it has 135 species, while Oaxaca 94 and Chiapas 15. The present study was developed on La Roqueta Island in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, it is part of 0.3% of the national territory. The islands are the habitat of a greater number of species and endemisms, compared to continental areas of the same size, isla La Roqueta, like other islands in Mexico, are recognized as sites of great value, however, they face serious threats that put their stability at risk. Objective: To list the species of echinoderms on the island of La Roqueta de Acapulco, Guerrero, México. Methods: We collected in August and October 2018 and May 2019, through free diving and Scuba, at four sites, using direct capture, sweep search, random and transect techniques. Results: 214 specimens were collected, in four classes, nine orders, 16 families and 23 genera, for a total of 40 species. Important records are recognized: Ophiocoma sp., Phataria sp., Pentaceraster sp., Cucumaria sp., Astropyga sp., Meoma sp., Diadema sp., Afrocucumis ovulum, Pseudocnus californicus, Neocucumis veleronis and Holothuria imitans. Conclusions: The complexity of the various marine environments and substrates in Guerrero, particularly on La Roqueta Island, denotes the possibility of new species.

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Introducción: Los cucumáridos son un grupo cosmopolita de pepinos de mar que habitan en sedimentos rocosos-arenosos, desde la zona intermareal hasta la zona abisal. Objetivo: Presentar nuevos registros para el Pacífico mexicano. Métodos: Se utilizó estereoscopio y microscopía electrónica de barrido para mostrar la morfología externa e interna de especímenes de la colección de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Resultados: Presentamos una sinopsis taxonómica de cucumáridos en el Pacífico mexicano y revisamos su taxonomía en las espículas. Se confirma la identidad taxonómica de Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus y Pseudocnus lubricus y se descarta la presencia de Trachythyone peruana. Conclusiones: Se presentan cuatro nuevos registros para el Pacífico mexicano: Leptopentacta nina, Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus y Pseudocnus lubricus.

Introduction: Cucumarids are a cosmopolitan group of sea cucumbers that inhabit rocky-sandy sediments, from the intertidal zone to the hadal zone. Objective: To present new records for the Mexican Pacific. Methods: We applied stereoscope and scanning electron microscopy to external and internal morphology of specimens in the collection of the National Autonomous University, Mexico. Results: We present a taxonomic synopsis of cucumarids in the Mexican Pacific and review their taxonomy on the ossicles. The taxonomic identity of Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus and Pseudocnus lubricus is confirmed, and the presence of Trachythyone peruana is ruled out. Conclusions: Four new records are presented for the Mexican Pacific: Leptopentacta nina, Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus and Pseudocnus lubricus.

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Introducción: El género Leptopentacta solo ha sido reportado previamente en Florida, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica y Surinam. Objetivo: Presentar el primer registro del género para Nicaragua. Métodos: Los caracteres morfológicos del material nicaragüense del Smithsonian Institution (USNM 1014529), fueron corroborados con la descripción original. Resultados: Los cinco especímenes recolectados en el Caribe nicaragüense coinciden con el género. Conclusiones: Leptopentacta se reporta por primera vez en el Mar Caribe de Nicaragua. Esto aumenta el número de equinodermos nicaragüenses a 194 especies.

Introduction: The genus Leptopentacta has only been previously reported from Florida, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Suriname. Objective: To present the first record of the genus for Nicaragua. Methods: The morphological characters of Nicaraguan material at the Smithsonian Institution (USNM 1014529), were corroborated with the original description. Results: The five specimens collected in the Nicaraguan Caribbean match the genus. Conclusions: Leptopentacta is reported for the first time from the Nicaraguan Caribbean Sea. This increases the number of Nicaraguan echinoderms to 194 species.

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Ypsilothuria bitentaculata bitentaculata (Ludwig, 1893), previously known from several localities in the Pacific Ocean, is recorded herein for the first time from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean based on eight specimens caught off the coast of southeastern Brazil, between 505-511 m deep. Several morphological details are added to the description of Y. b. bitentaculata, including photographs of specimens and calcareous ring plates, as well as scanning electron microscope images of the ossicles from the body wall, oral and anal siphons and introvert. Additionally, Y. b. bitentaculata is compared to its congeners.(AU)

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Ypsilothuria bitentaculata bitentaculata (Ludwig, 1893), previously known from several localities in the Pacific Ocean, is recorded herein for the first time from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean based on eight specimens caught off the coast of southeastern Brazil, between 505-511 m deep. Several morphological details are added to the description of Y. b. bitentaculata, including photographs of specimens and calcareous ring plates, as well as scanning electron microscope images of the ossicles from the body wall, oral and anal siphons and introvert. Additionally, Y. b. bitentaculata is compared to its congeners.

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Most species of Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867 are known from shallow water in the Indo-Pacific, with other records in Antarctica, Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic. A new species of Taeniogyrus is described and illustrated here from the continental slope of Campos Basin, southeast of Brazil. In this species, sigmoid hooks (336-405 µm) are much larger than in any other in the genus, bearing a long and conspicuous hook region. Wheels with six spokes (86-169 µm), inner margin with 60-125 continuous teeth, are confined to round papillae along each interradius. Polian vesicles are ventral, numerous (15-21), of different sizes, and tubular shaped with a terminal round region. This new species represents the deepest record of the genus Taeniogyrus. It increases to three the number of chiridotids in Brazilian waters, and the number of Taeniogyrus species in the Atlantic. Additionally, Taeniogyrus furcipraeditus (Salvini-Plawen, 1972) from the Mediterranean Sea and Taeniogyrus havelockensis (Rao, 1975) from the Andaman Sea are proposed as new combinations.

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Resumen La fauna de equinodermos de México está representada por 643 especies. Dentro de éstas, 113 pertenecen a la Clase Holothuroidea (pepinos de mar). Los filofóridos (Holothuroidea: Phyllophoridae) se distinguen por presentar más de 10 tentáculos y un anillo calcáreo con prolongaciones posteriores, formado por piezas pequeñas a manera de mosaico. Sus hábitos crípticos han hecho difícil su registro a través de muchos años en la historia de la taxonomía del grupo en México. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, informar el estado del conocimiento sobre la diversidad de pepinos de mar, de la familia Phyllophoridae, en las aguas territoriales mexicanas. Se presentan 16 especies, pertenecientes a seis géneros, habitantes tanto de las zonas someras (0 - 200 m) como de las profundas (> 200 m) del Pacífico mexicano, Golfo de California, Caribe mexicano y Golfo de México. Dentro de éstas, se incluyen tres nuevos registros para México. Se elaboró un catálogo taxonómico de identificación para cada especie, brindando información sobre la morfología externa e interna, el material examinado, el material y localidad tipo, los reportes previos para México, así como la distribución geográfica y batimétrica; además se incluyen las fotografías tomadas con Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MEB) de la forma y combinación de las espículas. El trabajo se complementa con una clave dicotómica para su identificación.

Abstract The fauna of the echinoderms of Mexico is represented by 643 species. Within these, 113 belong to the class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). The phyllophorids (Holothuroidea: Phyllophoridae) are characterized by the presence of more than 10 tentacles and a calcareous ring prolonged posteriorly with small pieces forming a mosaic-like appearance. Their cryptic habits have made them difficult to record during the many years of taxonomic studies regarding this group in Mexico. This paper aims to raise awareness of the state of knowledge on the diversity of the Phyllophoridae family in Mexican territorial waters. We present 16 species belonging to six genera, living in shallow (0 - 200 m) to deep (> 200 m) waters in the Mexican Pacific, Gulf of California, Mexican Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Within these, three new records are included. A taxonomic identification catalog was obtained for each species, providing information about external and internal morphology; the material was examined and recorded with information from type material and locality, all previous reports for Mexico, the geographic and bathymetric distribution as well as photographs taken with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the shape and combination of the spicules. The work is complemented with a dichotomous key for identification. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 2): 77-85. Epub 2015 June 01.

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Twenty species of marine invertebrates from the Brazilian coast were screened for hemagglutinating/hemolytic activity. In at least twelve tested species, hemagglutinating activity was different for different blood types, suggesting the presence of lectins. Extracts from four species showed hemolytic activity. Two new lectins were purified from the marine sponge Cliona varians (CvL-2) and sea cucumber Holothuria grisea (HGL). CvL-2 was able to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes and was inhibited by galactosides. The hemagglutinating activity was optimal in pH neutral and temperatures below 70 °C. CvL-2 is a trimeric protein with subunits of 175 kDa. On the other hand, HGL showed both hemagglutinating and hemolytic activity in human and rabbit erythrocytes, but hemolysis could be inhibited by osmotic protection, and agglutination was inhibited by mucin. HGL was stable in pH values ranging from 4 to 10 and temperatures up to 90 °C. In electrophoresis and gel filtration, HGL was a monomeric protein with 15 kDa. CvL-2 and HGL showed different levels of toxicity to Artemia naplii. CvL-2 showed LC50 of 850.1 µg/mL, whereas HGL showed LC50 of 9.5 µg/mL.

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This is a taxonomic work on the aspidochirotid sea cucumbers from shallow waters in Northeast Brazil. We studied 165 specimens, classified into 2 families, 3 genera, 7 subgenera and 9 species. Descriptions, illustrations and literature data are included for each species, in addition to ecological notes and information on their distribution in the northeast coast of Brazil. A taxonomic key is provided for the identification of the species.

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A new species of sea cucumber of the genus Lissothuria Verrill, 1867 is described. Lissothuria caboblanquensis n. sp. was found in the Costa Rican Pacific, at 17 m depth. The presence of towers with spiny apex and the elaborated shape of the hourglasses in the dorsal body wall, make this species unique among the species of this genus. This species is distinctive within the genus. The shape of the ossicles shows some similarities with L. nutriens H. L. Clark, 1901 and L. hancocki (Deichmann, 1941).

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Havelockia pegi sp. nov., is here described from shallow waters of the Argentine Sea. This new species is distinctive in the purple colouration of its tentacles, scarcity of body wall ossicles and the presence of rosette-shaped ossicles in both the introvert and the tentacles. It is not closely related to any of its congenors. This is the first record of a true sclerodactylid from Argentina. Thandarum hernandezi Martinez & Brogger, 2012, described in the family Sclerodactylidae, is now classified in the family Sclerothyonidae.

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Enypniastes eximia Théel, 1882 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) a swimming sea cucumber is reported for the first time from Peru. The species was collected in the Continental rise (563-1,201 m) off Trujillo Department. Reference material has been deposited in the Coleccion Cientifica del Instituto del Mar del Peru (IMARPE), Lima, Peru.

Se registra por primera vez para el Perú la especie pelágica de pepino de mar Enypniastes eximia Théel, 1882 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). La especie fue recolectada en el talud continental (563-1,201 m) frente al departamento de Trujillo. Material de referencia se encuentra depositado en la Colección Científica del Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Lima, Perú.

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Holothurian populations in the Caribbean have been significantly depleted in some areas, and others are still in danger to satisfy international markets. In Venezuela, this marine resource has been illegally exploited since the early 1990s. To contribute with their management and protection, this work analyzed the distribution, abundance and population structure of two commercial holothurians Isostichopus badionotus and Holothuria mexicana in Cubagua Island shores. A total of 52 stations were studied around the island during the year 2008. Surveys included visits to each station, for which a band transect of 50 m2 with four replicates were carried out. The results show that I. badionotus has a higher distribution on the East coast of the island, and is found over Thalassia testudinum beds or bivalve molluscs aggregations, with an average density of 0.011 ind/m2, C.I. 95% = 0.005-0.017, n = 122, and a general abundance estimated in 117 ind/ha. H. mexicana has been practically depleted (0.001 ind/m2 C.I. 95% = 0.0002-0.0013, 7.7 ind/ha, n = 8). We recommend the maintenance of the total ban adopted in 1997 to assure the protection of these species, mainly because no previous data supported the start of the fishery, and also, because the current densities are still very low when compared to other areas in Venezuela and the Caribbean. These are animals easy to catch, susceptible to overfishing, and with a very low recovery rate; thus, more control is required from the local authorities.

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Distribution and density of two holothurian species in Cubagua Island, Venezuela. Holothurian populations in the Caribbean have been significantly depleted in some areas, and others are still in danger to satisfy international markets. In Venezuela, this marine resource has been illegally exploited since the early 1990s. To contribute with their management and protection, this work analyzed the distribution, abundance and population structure of two commercial holothurians Isostichopus badionotus and Holothuria mexicana in Cubagua Island shores. A total of 52 stations were studied around the island during the year 2008. Surveys included visits to each station, for which a band transect of 50m² with four replicates were carried out. The results show that I. badionotus has a higher distribution on the East coast of the island, and is found over Thalassia testudinum beds or bivalve molluscs aggregations, with an average density of 0.011ind/m², C.I. 95%=0.005-0.017, n=122, and a general abundance estimated in 117ind/ha. H. mexicana has been practically depleted (0.001 ind/m2 C.I. 95%=0.0002-0.0013, 7.7 ind/ha, n=8). We recommend the maintenance of the total ban adopted in 1997 to assure the protection of these species, mainly because no previous data supported the start of the fishery, and also, because the current densities are still very low when compared to other areas in Venezuela and the Caribbean. These are animals easy to catch, susceptible to overfishing, and with a very low recovery rate; thus, more control is required from the local authorities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 843-852. Epub 2011 June 01.

En algunas zonas del Caribe, poblaciones enteras de holoturias han sido agotadas. En Venezuela, éste recurso ha sido explotado ilegalmente desde inicios de 1990. Por esta razón, se planteó estimar la distribución, abundancia y estructura poblacional de las holoturias comerciales Isostichopus badionotus y Holothuria mexicana en la isla Cubagua. Para ello, durante el año 2008, se realizaron cuatro transectas bandas de 50m² cada una en 52 estaciones ubicadas alrededor de la isla. Entre los resultados obtenidos destacan: I. badionotus presenta mayor distribución en el lado este de la isla, sobre fondos de Thalassia testudinum o bancos de moluscos bivalvos; con una densidad promedio de 0.011±0.022ind/m² (n=122), y una abundancia general estimada en 117ind/ha. Se identificaron cinco posibles zonas de crianza para esta última especie. H. mexicana ha sido prácticamente agotada (0.001±0.002ind/m², 7.7ind/ ha, n=8). Se recomienda mantener la veda total implantada en 1997, principalmente por no tener conocimiento de las densidades previas al inicio de la pesquería; por considerar que la densidad actual sigue siendo muy baja en comparación con otras zonas de Venezuela, y por ser animales de fácil captura, rápidamente sobreexplotables y de recuperación lenta.

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This is an updated taxonomic catalogue of neritic-benthonic Echinodermata (Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) from Cuba, that includes locality, range, habitat and depth where each species is found. The species list is based on the collections of the Oceanology Institute; Havana, and the "Felipe Poey" Museum (Havana University) Specimens for those collections were captured by a variety of field techniques, narcotized with Cloral hydrate, fixed in formalin and stored in 70-80% alcohol. A total of 53 species were recorded (eight Crinoids, 22 Echinoids and 23 Holothuroids), in 37 genera, 19 families and 12 orders. Ocnus suspectus (Ludwig, 1874) and Phyllophorus (Urodemella) occidentalis (Ludwig, 1885) are new records for Cuban waters

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This is an updated taxonomic catalogue of neritic-benthonic Echinodermata (Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) from Cuba, that includes locality, range, habitat and depth where each species is found. The species list is based on the collections of the Oceanology Institute; Havana, and the "Felipe Poey" Museum (Havana University) Specimens for those collections were captured by a variety of field techniques, narcotized with Cloral hydrate, fixed in formalin and stored in 70-80% alcohol. A total of 53 species were recorded (eight Crinoids, 22 Echinoids and 23 Holothuroids), in 37 genera, 19 families and 12 orders. Ocnus suspectus (Ludwig, 1874) and Phyllophorus (Urodemella) occidentalis (Ludwig, 1885) are new records for Cuban waters.

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Taxonomic and biological aspects are presented on five species of shallow water holothurians from the Cayos Cochinos Biological Reserve-CCBR located on the northern Honduran shelf, western Caribbean at 16 degrees N, 86 degrees W. This article provides a taxonomic key of the recorded holothurians and morphometric/morphologic descriptions of their corresponding spicules. These five species belong to a single order (Aspidochirotida) and two families: Stichopodidae (Isostichopus badionotus) and Holothuriidae (Holothuria mexicana, H. thomasi, H. arenicola and Actinopyga agassizi). In addition, the commensal pearlfish, Carapus bermudensis is recorded from H. mexicana and A. agassizi.

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