RESUMO
In this study, we investigated how different proportions blends of Rhamnogalacturonan-I pectic polysaccharides and hesperidin impact the gut microbiota and metabolites using an in vitro simulated digestion and fermentation model. The results indicated that both of them could modulate the gut microbiota and produce beneficial metabolites. However, their blends in particular proportions (such as 1:1) exhibited remarkable synergistic effects on modulating the intestinal microenvironment, surpassing the effects observed with individual components. Specifically, these blends could benefit the host by increasing short-chain fatty acids production (such as acetate), improving hesperidin bioavailability, producing more metabolites (such as hesperetin, phenolic acids), and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. This synergistic and additive effect was inseparable from the role of gut microbiota. Certain beneficial bacteria, such as Blautia, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotella, exhibited strong preferences for those blends, thereby contributing to host health through participating in carbohydrate and flavonoid metabolism.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hesperidina , Pectinas , Hesperidina/farmacologia , Hesperidina/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/metabolismo , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Pectinas/metabolismo , Pectinas/química , Pectinas/farmacologia , Fermentação , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/química , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Digestão , Modelos BiológicosRESUMO
Probiotics and polyphenols have multiple bioactivities, and developing co-encapsulated microcapsules (CM) is a novel strategy to enhance their nutritional diversity. However, the development of CMs is challenged by complicated processing, single types, and unclear in vivo effects and applications. In this study, the co-microencapsulations of polyphenol and probiotic were constructed using pectin, alginate (WGCA@LK), and Fu brick tea polysaccharides (WGCF@LK), respectively, with chitosan-whey isolate proteins by layer-by-layer coacervation reaction, and their protective effects, in vivo effectiveness, and application potential were evaluated. WGCA@LK improved the encapsulation rate of polyphenols (42.41 %), and remained high viability of probiotics after passing through gastric acidic environment (8.79 ± 0.04 log CFU/g) and storage for 4 weeks (4.59 ± 0.06 log CFU/g). WGCF@LK exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (19.40 ± 0.25 µmol/mL) and its prebiotic activity removed the restriction on probiotic growth. WGCA@LK showed strong in vitro colonic adhesion, but WGCF@LK promoted in vivo retention of probiotics at 48 h. WGCF@LK showed excellent anti-inflammatory effects and alleviated symptoms of acute colitis in mice. These findings provide unique insights into the fortification of probiotic-polyphenol CMs by different polysaccharides and the development of novel health foods with rich functional hierarchies and superior therapeutic effects.
Assuntos
Cápsulas , Colite , Polifenóis , Polissacarídeos , Probióticos , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/química , Animais , Polifenóis/química , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Camundongos , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Alimentos Fortificados , Alginatos/química , Alginatos/farmacologia , Masculino , Pectinas/química , Pectinas/farmacologia , Chá/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Quitosana/química , Sulfato de Dextrana/química , Composição de Medicamentos/métodosRESUMO
Microcarriers for large-scale cell culture have a broader prospect in cell screening compared with the traditional high cost, low efficiency, and cell damaging methods. However, the equal biological affinity to cells has hindered its application. Therefore, based on the antifouling strategy of zwitterionic polymer, we developed a cell-specific microcarrier (CSMC) for shielding non-target cells and capturing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which has characteristics of high biocompatibility, low background noise and high precision. Briefly, [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide and glycidyl methacrylate were grafted onto polygalacturonic acid, respectively. The former built a hydration layer through solvation to provide an excellent antifouling surface, while the latter provided active sites for the click reaction with sulfhydryl-modified cell-specific peptides, resulting in rapid immobilization of peptides. This method is applicable to the vast majority of polysaccharide materials. The accurate capture ratio of MSCs by CSMC in a mixed multicellular environment is >95 % and the proliferation rate of MSCs on microcarriers is satisfactory. In summary, this grafting strategy of bioactive components lays a foundation for the application of polysaccharide materials in the biomedical field, and the specific adhesive microcarriers also open up new ideas for the development of stem cell screening as well.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Pectinas , Peptídeos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Pectinas/química , Peptídeos/química , Metacrilatos/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Epóxi/química , Humanos , Animais , Materiais Biocompatíveis/químicaRESUMO
High methyl-esterified citrus pectin (HMCP) is often used as a thickness in food products and is considered a poor emulsifier, especially in neutral pH solutions. Our previous findings show that the emulsifying capacity of HMCP could be significantly enhanced by calcium cations. Besides, the pH of the solution decreased in the presence of calcium cations. However, the impact of solution pH on HMCP emulsifying capacity in the presence of calcium cations is unclear. In this study, the pH of the HMCP solution was adjusted from 3.00 to 8.00 before adding calcium cations. The solution properties and emulsifying properties were analyzed in light of the existence of calcium cations. The results showed that the pH of the HMCP solutions decreased after bringing calcium cations into them. Calcium cations could change the solution rheological properties, particle size distributions and morphologies, and the particle microenvironmental hydrophobic areas in HMCP solutions while increasing the pH of HMCP solutions, contributing to improving the emulsifying capacity of HMCP. HMCP had the best emulsifying ability when the pH of the HMCP solutions was kept at a neutral level. This research gives us new ideas to adjust the emulsifying property of HMCP.
Assuntos
Cálcio , Emulsificantes , Pectinas , Pectinas/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cálcio/química , Emulsificantes/química , Reologia , Emulsões/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Cátions/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Esterificação , Citrus/químicaRESUMO
Pectin, a natural polysaccharide predominantly sourced from the cell walls of terrestrial plants, is widely regarded for its gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties, which have extensive applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological industries. This review discusses the mechanistic pathways by which pectin mediates its lipid-lowering properties, such as pectin's antioxidant activity, the modulation of gut microbiota, its anti-inflammatory properties, its capacity to bind bile acids and cholesterol, and its impact on the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism. To enhance its hypolipidemic properties, chemical, physical, and enzymatic modification techniques are explored. Additionally, the synergistic effects of pectin in combination with other bioactive compounds such as phytosterols and polyphenols, as well as its potential in nanocarrier-mediated delivery systems for lipid-lowering agents, are highlighted. The review also conducts a critical analysis of the safety and regulatory considerations associated with pectin use, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive toxicological evaluations and adherence to regulatory standards. This paper underscores the growing potential of pectin not only as a dietary fiber but also as a multifaceted agent for ameliorating hyperlipidemia, catalyzing a shift toward more targeted and efficacious lipid-lowering strategies.
Assuntos
Portadores de Fármacos , Pectinas , Pectinas/química , Humanos , Animais , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Hipolipemiantes/química , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hiperlipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMO
Hyperspectral microscope imaging (HMI) technique was employed to assess the changes in physicochemical parameters and microstructure of 'Golden Delicious' apples flesh during storage. Four regions of interest (ROIs), including whole-cell ROI, intercellular space ROI, cytoplasm ROI, and cell wall ROI were investigated to assess their relationships with physicochemical parameters. Different ROIs presented similar vibrational profiles, but with slight differences in spectral intensity, especially in the range of 800-1000 nm. Spectral angle mapper (SAM) was applied to the HMI of apple tissues at different storage stages to clearly show the structural changes of parenchyma cells, while principal component analysis (PCA) could highlight the distribution of sugars, water and pigments in apple flesh at the cellular scale. Simultaneously with the degradation of acid-soluble pectin (ASP), middle lamella dissolution and increased intercellular space were observed using SEM and TEM. Single feature variables were used to construct linear models based on pearson correlation analysis, with R2 of 0.96 for moisture at 982 nm, 0.85 for water-soluble pectin (WSP) at 420 nm, 0.82 for L* at 946 nm, 0.77 for soluble solids content (SSC) at 484 nm, and 0.66 for firmness at 490 nm. This work demonstrated the great potential of HMI technology as a fast, accurate and efficient solution for assessing the quality of 'Golden Delicious' apples.
Assuntos
Frutas , Imageamento Hiperespectral , Malus , Pectinas , Malus/química , Frutas/química , Imageamento Hiperespectral/métodos , Pectinas/química , Pectinas/análise , Análise de Componente Principal , Microscopia/métodos , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Parede Celular/químicaRESUMO
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a plant of industrial importance, its fibres being presently used for high-value textile applications, composite reinforcements as well as natural actuators. Human interest in this fibre-rich plant dates back several millennia, including to Ancient Egypt where flax was used extensively in various quotidian items. While the recent technical developments of flax fibres continue to diversify through scientific research, the historical use of flax also has rich lessons for today. Through careful examination of ancient Egyptian and modern flax fibres, this study aims to conduct a multi-scale characterization from the yarn to the fibre cell wall scale, linking differences in structure and polysaccharide content to the mechanical performance and durability of flax. Here, a multi-scale biochemical study is enriched by scanning electron microscopy and nanomechanical investigations. A key finding is the similarity of cellulose features, crystallinity index and local mechanical performances between ancient and modern fibres. Biochemically speaking, monosaccharides analysis, deep-UV and NMR investigations demonstrate that ancient fibres exhibit less pectins but a similar hemicellulosic content, especially through uronic acids and galactose, suggesting the sensitivity of these non-crystalline components.
Assuntos
Parede Celular , Linho , Polissacarídeos , Linho/química , Parede Celular/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Celulose/química , Ácidos Urônicos/química , Ácidos Urônicos/análise , Egito , Pectinas/química , Microscopia Eletrônica de VarreduraRESUMO
In this work we developed an eco-friendly valorisation of Citrus wastes (CWs), through a solvent-assisted ultrasonication extraction technique, thus having access to a wide range of bio-active compounds and polysaccharides, extremely useful in different industrial sectors (food, cosmetics, nutraceutical). Water-based low-amplitude ultrasonication was examined as a potential method for pectin extraction as well as polar and non-polar citrus extractives (CEs), among which hesperidin and triglycerides of 18 carbon fatty acids were found to be the most representative ones. In addition, citric acid:glycerol (1:4)-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) in combination with ultrasonic extraction was utilized to extract microcellulose (CMC), from which stable cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with glycerol-assisted high amplitude ultrasonication were obtained. The physical and chemical properties of the extracted polysaccharides (pectin, micro and nanocellulose) were analysed through DLS, ζ-potential, XRD, HP-SEC, SEM, AFM, TGA-DSC, FTIR, NMR, and PMP-HPLC analyses. The putative structure of the extracted citrus pectin (CP) was analysed and elucidated through enzyme-assisted hydrolysis in correlation with ESI-MS and monosaccharide composition. The developed extraction methods are expected to influence the industrial process for the valorisation of CWs and implement the circular bio-economy.
Assuntos
Celulose , Citrus , Resíduos Industriais , Nanopartículas , Pectinas , Pectinas/química , Pectinas/isolamento & purificação , Citrus/química , Celulose/química , Nanopartículas/química , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Sonicação/métodos , Hesperidina/química , Hesperidina/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) is a medicinal plant widely used for promoting longevity. Recently, homogalacturonan (HG) domain-rich pectins purified from some plants have been reported to have anti-aging-related activities, leading us to explore the longevity-promoting activity of the HG pectins from ginseng. In this study, we discovered that two of low methyl-esterified ginseng HG pectins (named as WGPA-2-HG and WGPA-3-HG), whose degree of methyl-esterification (DM) was 16 % and 8 % respectively, promoted longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results showed that WGPA-2-HG/WGPA-3-HG impaired insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signalling (IIS) pathway, thereby increasing the nuclear accumulation of transcription factors SKN-1/Nrf2 and DAF-16/FOXO and enhancing the expression of relevant anti-aging genes. BLI and ITC analysis showed that the insulin-receptor binding, the first step to activate IIS pathway, was impeded by the engagement of WGPA-2-HG/WGPA-3-HG with insulin. By chemical modifications, we found that high methyl-esterification of WGPA-2-HG/WGPA-3-HG was detrimental for their longevity-promoting activity. These findings provided novel insight into the precise molecular mechanism for the longevity-promoting effect of ginseng pectins, and suggested a potential to utilize the ginseng HG pectins with appropriate DM values as natural nutrients for increasing human longevity.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans , Caenorhabditis elegans , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I , Insulina , Longevidade , Panax , Pectinas , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/efeitos dos fármacos , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Panax/química , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Pectinas/farmacologia , Pectinas/metabolismo , Pectinas/química , Longevidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Insulina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , EsterificaçãoRESUMO
Gelation is a critical property of citrus pectin. However, the roles played by neutral sugar side-chains on acid-induced pectin gelation remain poorly understood. Herein, galactan- or/and arabinan-eliminated pectins (P-G, P-A, and P-AG) were used to investigate the effects of side-chains on gelation. The gel hardness values of citrus pectin, P-G, P-A, and P-AG were 42.6, 39.9, 5.3, and 2.1 g, respectively, suggesting that arabinan contributed more to gelation than galactan. We next found that arabinan branches promoted pectin chain entanglement more effectively than arabinan backbones. Destabilizer addition experiments showed that hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction were the main forces affecting pectin gel networks and strength, which was further validated by molecular dynamic simulations. The total number of hydrogen bonds between the arabinan branches and galactan/HG (65.7) was significantly higher than that between the arabinan backbones and galactan/HG (39.1), indicating that arabinan branches predominated in terms of such interactions. This study thus elucidated the roles played by neutral-sugar side-chains, especially the arabinan branches of acid-induced pectin gels, in term of enhancing high-methoxyl pectin gelation, and offers novel insights into the structure-gelling relationships of citrus pectin.
Assuntos
Géis , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Pectinas , Pectinas/química , Géis/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Citrus/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e HidrofílicasRESUMO
Incorporating 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) into a colon-specific carrier is crucial for treating inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), as it enhances therapeutic efficacy, targets the affected regions directly, and minimizes side effects. This study evaluated the impact of incorporating cellulose nanofibers (CNF) on the in vitro and in vivo biological performance of retrograded starch/pectin (RS/P) microparticles (MPs) containing 5-ASA. Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, shifts in the spectra of retrograded samples containing CNF were observed with increasing CNF proportions, suggesting the establishment of new supramolecular interactions. Liquid absorption exhibited pH-dependent behaviors, with reduced absorption in simulated gastric fluid (â¼269 %) and increased absorption in simulated colonic fluid (â¼662 %). Increasing CNF concentrations enhanced mucoadhesion in porcine colonic sections, with a maximum force of 3.4 N at 50 % CNF. Caco-2 cell viability tests showed biocompatibility across all tested concentrations (0.0625-2.0000 mg/mL). Evaluation of intestinal permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayers demonstrated up to a tenfold increase in 5-ASA permeation, ranging from 29 % to 48 %. An in vivo study using Galleria mellonella larvae, with inflammation induced by LPS, showed reduction of inflammation. Given the scalability of spray-drying, these findings suggest the potential of CNF-incorporated RS/P microparticles for targeted 5-ASA delivery in IBD.
Assuntos
Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Mesalamina , Nanofibras , Pectinas , Amido , Mesalamina/química , Mesalamina/farmacologia , Mesalamina/administração & dosagem , Animais , Células CACO-2 , Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/tratamento farmacológico , Nanofibras/química , Nanofibras/toxicidade , Suínos , Pectinas/química , Amido/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/patologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagemRESUMO
A complex heteropolysaccharide SCP-2 named schisanan B (Mw = 1.005 × 105 g/mol) was obtained from water extracts of Schisandra chinensis fruits, and its planar structure was finally deduced as a galacturonoglucan by a combination of monosaccharide compositions, methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis and 1D/2D-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The conformation of SCP-2 exhibited a globular shape with branching in ammonium formate aqueous solutions. The rheological properties of SCP-2 were investigated on concentrations, temperature, pH and salts. The in vitro immunomodulatory activity assay demonstrated that SCP-2 significantly enhanced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and stimulated the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophages. Through a combination of high-resolution live-cell imaging, surface plasmon resonance, and molecular docking techniques, SCP-2 exhibited a strong binding affinity with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Moreover, western blot analysis revealed that SCP-2 effectively induced downstream signaling proteins associated with TLR4 activation, thereby promoting macrophage activation. The evidence strongly indicates that TLR4 functions as a membrane protein target in the activation of macrophages and immune regulation induced by SCP-2.
Assuntos
Frutas , Reologia , Schisandra , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Schisandra/química , Camundongos , Frutas/química , Células RAW 264.7 , Animais , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Pectinas/química , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Glucanos/química , Interleucina-6/metabolismoRESUMO
This study investigated the structural composition and antioxidant properties of pectic polysaccharides extracted from Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth. Pectins, which belong to a complex category of acidic polysaccharides, possess a wide range of biological effects stemming from their distinctive structural domains. The polysaccharides were extracted using water, and were subsequently purified through ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. In order to elucidate their structural features, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques were applied. Two specific polysaccharides, WRJP-A2a and WRJP-A3b, with molecular weights of 42.7 kDa and 64.1 kDa, respectively, were identified to contain varying proportions of homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I, and rhamnogalacturonan II domains. Regarding antioxidant capacity, WRJP-A3b exhibited superior scavenging capabilities against DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals, potentially attributed to its higher galacturonic acid content and abundance of homogalacturonan domains. These results enhance our comprehension of the structure-activity interplay of pectic polysaccharides sourced from Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth and their potential utility in the healthcare and functional food sectors.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Pectinas , Polissacarídeos , Pectinas/química , Pectinas/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Peso Molecular , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/farmacologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Picratos/química , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácidos HexurônicosRESUMO
Binary systems of citrus peel pectin (a major food carbohydrate) and mucin (a principal oral-gastrointestinal glycoprotein) are studied, as to understand the interactions and thermodynamics between food and biofluids during oral processing and digestion. The fluorimetry emission spectra of mucin were quenched by pectin addition at 293, 301, 310 and 318 K, indicating direct contact between the two macromolecular populations. A red shift, suggesting pectin-induced alterations on mucin conformation, has been observed at 318 K. Intensity-based Stern - Volmer plots fitted second-order polynomial equations, suggesting the coexistence of both static and dynamic quenching, while the increase of the slopes with temperature points to the predominance of dynamic phenomena. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements also point to dynamic quenching related to transient interactions, rather than to specific bonding. Thermodynamic analysis yields negative free energy changes in all cases, with positive changes for enthalpy and large positive values for TΔS. These are in agreement with the Stern - Volmer analysis, suggesting the predominance of transient, dynamic (here entropic) interactions. These provide an image of mucin interacting with pectin macromolecules during the oral processing and digestion of foods, and can relate to the texture, flavor (e.g. astringency) and bioavailability of polysaccharide-based foods.
Assuntos
Mucinas , Pectinas , Fluorometria/métodos , Mucinas/química , Mucinas/metabolismo , Pectinas/química , Pectinas/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Espectrometria de Fluorescência/métodos , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
To improve the gelation behaviour of pectin, the effect of deacetylated konjac glucomannan (DKGM) with various deacetylation degrees (27.44 %, 44.32 %, 60.25 %, and 71.77 %) on the heat-induced gel characteristics of Ficus pumila Linn. pectin was studied. The hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness of the gel increased as the degree of deacetylation increased from 27.44 % to 60.25 %, but decreased at 71.77 %. Additionally, DKGM addition resulted in higher apparent viscosity and non-Newtonian fluid behaviour in the composite gel. The incorporation of DKGM into the gel matrix strengthened the gel structure by promoting hydrogen bond formation and shortening relaxation time compared to the control. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the densification of the pectin gel network increased as the degree of deacetylation of konjac glucomannan rose from 27.44 % to 60.25 %, but then loosened when it exceeded 71.77 %. As the degree of deacetylation increased, the hydrophobic interaction between pectin and DKGM increased. Overall, the addition of DKGM effectively modulated the gel properties of Ficus pumila Linn. pectin, thus broadening its industrial application on different gel products.
Assuntos
Ficus , Géis , Mananas , Pectinas , Mananas/química , Ficus/química , Pectinas/química , Géis/química , Acetilação , Viscosidade , ReologiaRESUMO
Previous studies have shown that modified citrus pectin (MCP) is an anti-tumor material of food grade. In this study, two enzymatically modified Ougan (Citrus Suavissima Hort. ex Tanaka) peel pectins (EMP1 and EMP2, the ones extracted by alkali and enzymatic methods) were used to investigate their differential effects on viability and physiology of Hela cells. The results showed that EMP1 and EMP2 had 88.00 % and 81.01 % galacturonic acid, 21.31 % and 20.25 % esterification degree, 10,417 g/mol and 6416 g/mol molecular weight (Mw), 82.86 % and 50.62 % RG-I, and 8.91 % and 15.70 % HG, respectively. EMP2 had higher intensities of absorption peaks than EMP1. They were irregularly shaped, with more holes on EMP1 but more wrinkles on EMP2. Both could inhibit the growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion of HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with better efficiency in EMP2. Meanwhile, EMP2 was more efficient than EMP1 in blocking the cell cycle in S phase, resulting in apoptosis. In conclusion, the variations caused by extraction resulted in differences in anti-tumor activity of MCP and EMP2 with lower Mw and higher HG exhibited better anti-tumor effects. This study would provide an experimental basis and reference for the research and development of anti-tumor supplements from citrus pectin.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Citrus , Pectinas , Humanos , Células HeLa , Pectinas/farmacologia , Pectinas/química , Citrus/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In this study, pectin extracted from pomelo peel was investigated using three different combination methods of pulsed electric field (PEF) and cellulase. Three action sequences were performed, including PEF treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis followed by PEF treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis simultaneously treated by PEF. The three corresponding pectins were namely PEP, EPP and SP. The physiochemical, molecular structural and functional properties of the three pectins were determined. The results showed that PEP had excellent physiochemical properties, with the highest yield (12.08 %), total sugar (80.17 %) and total phenol content (38.20 %). The monosaccharide composition and FT-IR analysis indicated that the three pectins were similar. The molecular weights of PEP, EPP and SP were 51.13, 88.51 and 40.00 kDa, respectively. PEP showed the best gel properties, emulsification stability and antioxidant capacity among the three products, due to its high galacturonic acid and total phenol content, appropriate protein and low molecular weight. The mechanism of PEF-assisted cellulase hydrolysis of pomelo peel was also revealed by SEM analysis. These results suggested that PEF pretreatment was the best method, which not only improved the efficiency of enzymatic extraction, but also reduced resource waste and increased financial benefits.
Assuntos
Celulase , Citrus , Peso Molecular , Pectinas , Hidrólise , Celulase/metabolismo , Celulase/química , Pectinas/química , Citrus/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Eletricidade , Fenômenos Químicos , Fenóis/química , Frutas/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Monossacarídeos/análiseRESUMO
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a kind of solvent prepared by mixing hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors, and have become a hot topic in ecological civilization construction due to its low toxicity and sustainability. Its excellent properties such as low volatility, thermal stability and biodegradability make it stand out among many organic solvents and widely used in fields including medicine, chemical industry and agriculture, with broad development prospects. In recent years, the application of DES in the food field has mostly focused on the extraction of small molecular substances, and there are few summaries on the application of DES in macromolecular substances. In this review, we introduced the synthesis, classification and properties of DES, and summarized the application of DES in the food industry for macromolecular substances, including the extraction of macromolecular substances such as chitosan and pectin, as well as the preparation of related macromolecular substrate films. At the same time, we analyzed the characteristics of DES and its advantages and limitations in application, and provided prospects for future development.
Assuntos
Solventes Eutéticos Profundos , Substâncias Macromoleculares , Substâncias Macromoleculares/química , Substâncias Macromoleculares/síntese química , Solventes Eutéticos Profundos/química , Quitosana/química , Solventes/química , Pectinas/químicaRESUMO
Steam explosion (SE) is a potential method to modify pectin structure, which might be connected to its emulsifying characteristics and the bioavailability of encapsulated polymethoxyflavone like nobiletin. However, the relationship between SE-modified pectin and the bioavailability of encapsulated nobiletin is still unclear. In this study, nobiletin-loaded emulsion was fabricated using citrus pectin modified with SE (0.15-0.9 MPa, 3 min) as emulsifier for in vitro digestion study, and the transport and absorption of nobiletin in Caco-2 cells to investigate the bioavailability-promoting effect. The results showed that SE treatment lowered the droplet size of emulsion from 21.38 ± 2.30 µm to 2.14 ± 0.12 µm, enhanced the nobiletin encapsulation efficiency from 23.73 ± 0.78% to 86.27 ± 3.81%, improved the nobiletin bioaccessibility in vitro from 2.48 ± 0.10% to 25.42 ± 0.10% and increased the intracellular accumulation of nobiletin by over 10 times, even higher than that of Tween 80. In conclusion, pectin from SE-treated citrus peel exhibited good emulsion properties and bioavailability-promoting effect in vitro of nobiletin.
Assuntos
Disponibilidade Biológica , Citrus , Emulsões , Flavonas , Pectinas , Vapor , Flavonas/química , Flavonas/farmacologia , Flavonas/farmacocinética , Pectinas/química , Pectinas/farmacologia , Humanos , Emulsões/química , Células CACO-2 , Citrus/químicaRESUMO
Saussurea laniceps is a traditional medicinal herb. In our previous study, a pectin polysaccharide, SLP-4, was isolated from the petals of S. laniceps. In this study, the immunomodulatory activity of SLP-4 was studied by analyzing its effects on macrophage (RAW 264.7 cells) polarization. The immunomodulatory activity assays indicated that SLP-4 could significantly enhance the pinocytic and phagocytic capacity and promote the expression and secretion of cytotoxic molecules (nitric oxide, increased by 6.4 times when the SLP-4 concentration was 800 µg/mL) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 increased by 7.7 and 11.9 times, respectively) in original macrophage. The possible mechanism could be attributed to the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways through Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Moreover, SLP-4 significantly induced M1 polarization of original macrophages and transferred macrophages from M2 to M1, but had little effect on the conversion of M1 macrophages into M2 phenotype. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of SLP-4 as an attractive immunomodulating functional supplement.