RESUMO
This paper examines the association between the frequency of use of urban green spaces (UGS) and the subjective well-being (SWB) of Mexico City's residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an online survey (N = 1954) regarding individuals' perceptions and use of UGS and their SWB, evaluated through the short version of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale. Multilevel mixed-effects regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between the frequency of UGS use and SWB, including individual and municipal level characteristics as covariates. Our results suggest that respondents who used UGS once or more per week during the pandemic reported higher SWB scores (8.7%) than those with zero visits. These findings have public policy implications that could enhance the role of UGS in urban environments during times of crisis.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Saúde Mental , Parques Recreativos , Adulto , Idoso , Cidades , Humanos , Internet , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Parques Recreativos/provisão & distribuição , Segurança , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the association of county-level food access, recreational opportunities, and natural amenities with participant engagement in a weight management program. METHODS: In this cohort study, participants in the Veterans Health Administration MOVE! weight management program between October 1, 2007, and September 30, 2013, were observed for 12 months after enrollment. Engagement was measured as the number of program visits per year at 12 months. Cross-sectional analysis and spatial regression were used to examine county characteristics associated with greater participant engagement at 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 321,624 participants in 2,708 counties were included. Greater engagement was associated with older age, female sex, white race, being married, and being retired. After accounting for similarities between nearby communities, engagement at 12 months was 3.1 visits higher for each additional farmers' market per 1,000 population (P = 0.01). Engagement was highest for participants living in counties with the most natural amenities (P < 0.001). Recreational opportunities had only a small effect on engagement in the program (ß = 0.02 visits at 12 months; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Consideration of a participant's county characteristics in addition to other known demographics and program factors may help to explain variation in engagement in weight management programs.
Assuntos
Planejamento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Abastecimento de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Parques Recreativos/provisão & distribuição , Recreação/fisiologia , Veteranos/estatística & dados numéricos , Programas de Redução de Peso , Adulto , Idoso , Alaska/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Frutas/provisão & distribuição , Havaí/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Parques Recreativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Filipinas/epidemiologia , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Verduras/provisão & distribuição , Programas de Redução de Peso/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
BACKGROUND:: The association of green spaces such as urban public parks and mental health might vary according to personal characteristics and characteristics of the park and be mediated by the use of the park. AIMS:: We investigate the association between urban public park coverage and mental health in adult women, the moderation of this association by personal and park-related characteristics, and the mediation of the association by use of public space. METHODS:: Combining data from a cross-sectional survey of the adult female population of Tijuana (Mexico) in 2014, and a study of public spaces in 2013, we analyzed the association between park coverage in buffers of 400 and 800 m from participants' homes and score in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). We tested for mediation by use of park and interaction of urban park coverage with personal and park characteristics. RESULTS:: Urban public park coverage in the 400-m buffer had an inverse association with CES-D score that was moderated by age (significant only for younger participants), with no evidence of mediation. Park coverage in the 800-m buffer also had an inverse association with CES-D score, moderated by age and occupation (significant for younger participants and homemakers), and a mediated association was also observed. There was no interaction between park coverage and park characteristics in their association with CES-D score. CONCLUSION:: Our results confirm the potential of public parks to improve mental health and suggest that this effect could be more important at some stages in the life course for women. The upper-middle-income, Latin American country setting adds to the current knowledge that is mostly based on high-income countries.
Assuntos
Planejamento Ambiental , Saúde Mental , Parques Recreativos/provisão & distribuição , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , México , Análise de Regressão , Meio Social , População UrbanaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE Investigate the association between exposure to green spaces and mortality from ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases, and the role of socioeconomic status in this relationship, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS Ecological study, with the census tracts as unit of analysis. This study used data from deaths due to ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases among residents aged over 30 years, from 2010 to 2012. Exposure to green was estimated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based on satellite images. The associations between exposure to green spaces and mortality rates due to ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases, standardized by gender and age, were analyzed using conditional autoregressive models, adjusted for the density of light and heavy traffic routes, pollution proxy, and by the socioeconomic situation, measured by the Social Development Index. Analyzes stratified by socioeconomic levels were also carried out, given by the tertiles of the Social Development Index. RESULTS Among the greener sectors, with a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index above the third quartile, the reduction in mortality due to ischemic heart disease was 6.7% (95%CI 3.5-9.8) and cerebrovascular was 4.7% (95%CI 1.2-8.0). In the stratified analysis, the protective effect of green spaces on ischemic heart disease mortality was observed among the greenest sectors of all strata, and it was higher for those with a lower socioeconomic level (8.6%, 95%CI 1.8-15.0). In the case of mortality due to cerebrovascular diseases, the protective effect was verified only for the greenest sectors of the lowest socioeconomic level (9.6%, 95%CI 2.3-16.5). CONCLUSIONS Mortality rates for ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases are inversely associated with exposure to green spaces when controlling socioeconomic status and air pollution. The protective effect of green spaces is greater among the tracts of lower socioeconomic level.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/mortalidade , Isquemia Miocárdica/mortalidade , Parques Recreativos/provisão & distribuição , Adulto , Poluição do Ar/análise , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Causas de Morte , Demografia , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Distribuição por Sexo , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Investigate the association between exposure to green spaces and mortality from ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases, and the role of socioeconomic status in this relationship, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS Ecological study, with the census tracts as unit of analysis. This study used data from deaths due to ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases among residents aged over 30 years, from 2010 to 2012. Exposure to green was estimated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based on satellite images. The associations between exposure to green spaces and mortality rates due to ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases, standardized by gender and age, were analyzed using conditional autoregressive models, adjusted for the density of light and heavy traffic routes, pollution proxy, and by the socioeconomic situation, measured by the Social Development Index. Analyzes stratified by socioeconomic levels were also carried out, given by the tertiles of the Social Development Index. RESULTS Among the greener sectors, with a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index above the third quartile, the reduction in mortality due to ischemic heart disease was 6.7% (95%CI 3.5-9.8) and cerebrovascular was 4.7% (95%CI 1.2-8.0). In the stratified analysis, the protective effect of green spaces on ischemic heart disease mortality was observed among the greenest sectors of all strata, and it was higher for those with a lower socioeconomic level (8.6%, 95%CI 1.8-15.0). In the case of mortality due to cerebrovascular diseases, the protective effect was verified only for the greenest sectors of the lowest socioeconomic level (9.6%, 95%CI 2.3-16.5). CONCLUSIONS Mortality rates for ischemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases are inversely associated with exposure to green spaces when controlling socioeconomic status and air pollution. The protective effect of green spaces is greater among the tracts of lower socioeconomic level.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar a associação entre a exposição aos espaços verdes e a mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração e cerebrovasculares, e o papel do nível socioeconômico nessa relação, no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico, tendo os setores censitários como unidade de análise. Foram utilizados os dados de óbitos por doenças isquêmicas do coração e cerebrovasculares, entre residentes com idade acima de 30 anos, ocorridos de 2010 a 2012. A exposição ao verde foi estimada por meio do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada, baseado em imagens de satélite. As associações entre a exposição aos espaços verdes e a taxas de mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração e cerebrovasculares, padronizadas por sexo e idade, foram analisadas por meio de modelos condicionais autorregressivos, ajustados pelas densidades de vias de tráfego leve e pesado, proxy de poluição, e pela situação socioeconômica, mensurada pelo Índice de Desenvolvimento Social. Também foram realizadas análises estratificadas por níveis socioeconômicos, dados pelos tercis do Índice de Desenvolvimento Social. RESULTADOS Entre os setores mais verdes, com Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada acima do terceiro quartil, a redução da mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração foi de 6,7% (IC95% 3,5-9,8) e por cerebrovascular foi de 4,7% (IC95% 1,2-8,0). Na análise estratificada, o efeito protetor dos espaços verdes na mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração foi observado entre os setores mais verdes de todos os estratos, sendo maior para os de menor nível socioeconômico (8,6%; IC95% 1,8-15,0). No caso da mortalidade por doenças cerebrovasculares, o efeito protetor foi verificado apenas para os setores mais verdes do nível socioeconômico mais baixo (9,6%; IC95% 2,3-16,5). CONCLUSÕES As taxas de mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração e cerebrovasculares são inversamente associadas à exposição aos espaços verdes, controlando o nível socioeconômico e a poluição do ar. O efeito protetor dos espaços verdes é maior entre os setores de nível socioeconômico mais baixo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/mortalidade , Isquemia Miocárdica/mortalidade , Parques Recreativos/provisão & distribuição , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Demografia , Causas de Morte , Distribuição por Sexo , Poluição do Ar/análise , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição Ambiental/análiseRESUMO
International agreements mandate the expansion of Earth's protected-area network as a bulwark against the continued extinction of wild populations, species, and ecosystems. Yet many protected areas are underfunded, poorly managed, and ecologically damaged; the conundrum is how to increase their coverage and effectiveness simultaneously. Innovative restoration and rewilding programmes in Costa Rica's Área de Conservación Guanacaste and Mozambique's Parque Nacional da Gorongosa highlight how degraded ecosystems can be rehabilitated, expanded, and woven into the cultural fabric of human societies. Worldwide, enormous potential for biodiversity conservation can be realized by upgrading existing nature reserves while harmonizing them with the needs and aspirations of their constituencies.