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La parotiditis epidémica (fiebre urliana) es una infección vírica aguda, sistémica, endémica en todo el mundo y los seres humanos son los únicos huéspedes naturales del virus. La enfermedad es en general, benigna y autolimitada y un tercio de las personas afectadas tiene una infección subclínica. Puede producir una infección más grave en individuos que han pasado la pubertad que en los niños. En este informe se describe esta enfermedad y sus agentes etiologicos, incubación y transmisibilidad, cuadros clínicos y complicaciones, diagnóstico, medidas de prevención y control, vigilancia, notificación del caso y toma de muestra, situación histórica en Argentina, y situación actual en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires

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Recurrent childhood chronic parotiditis (RCCP) is a relevant pathology. Its diagnosis is mainly clinical, but it relies on imaging tests. The current treatment approach is diverse. The aim of this article is to update the clinical features, complementary tests, etiopathogenic models and therapeutic protocols of this disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A bibliographic search was performed in PUBMED using the free terms and MESH terms: RCCP, recurrent parotiditis, chronic parotiditis and parotiditis. The filters used were human patients, up to 18 years old, with abstract. In SCIELO the free terms included were Parotiditis and chronic. Articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese until 2017 were included. RESULTS: In PUBMED 119 articles were found and 44 were included. The exclusion of the remaining articles was due to language, access to the article or absence of relationship between the article and the proposed revision. In SCIELO 6 articles were found 6 of which 5 were selected. The multidisciplinary asses of patients with RCCP is considered the appropriate treatment. Its diagnosis is clinical but it relies on imaging tests, such as echography and sialography. CONCLUSIONS: The current treatment approach is conservative, and the best available evidence supports the use of sialendoscopy with irrigation and administration of antibiotics and/or corticosteroids via the parotid duct. However, there would be proper results with intraglandular lavage with physiological solutions without the need for a sialendoscope.

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La parotiditis crónica recurrente infantil (PCRI) es una patología relevante. Su diagnóstico es principalmente clínico, pero se apoya en exámenes imagenológicos. El enfoque actual del tratamiento es diverso. El objetivo es realizar una revisión actualizada sobre las características clínicas, exámenes complementarios, modelos etiopatogénicos y protocolos terapéuticos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PUBMED utilizando los términos libres y términos MESH: PCRI, parotiditis recurrente, parotiditis crónica y parotiditis. Los filtros utilizados fueron pacientes humanos, hasta 18 años, con resumen. En el buscador Scielo se incluyeron los términos libes Parotiditis y crónica. Se incluyeron artículos publicados en idiomas inglés, español o portugués hasta el año 2017. RESULTADOS: En el buscador PUBMED se encontraron 119 artículos de los cuales sólo se incluyeron 44. La exclusión de los artículos restantes se debió a idioma, acceso al artículo o ausencia de relación entre el artículo y la revisión propuesta. En el buscador Scielo se encontraron 6 artículos de los cuales 5 fueron seleccionados. La evaluación multidisciplinaria permite el tratamiento oportuno. Su diagnóstico es clínico pero se apoya en exámenes imagenológicos, como la ecografía y la sialografía. CONCLUSIONES: El enfoque actual de tratamiento es conservador, y la mejor evidencia disponible apoya el uso de sialendoscopia con irrigación y administración de antibióticos y/o corticoides vía conducto parotídeo, sin embargo, existirían buenos resultados con lavados intraglandulares con soluciones fisiológicas sin necesidad de sialendoscopio.

Recurrent childhood chronic parotiditis (RCCP) is a relevant pathology. Its diagnosis is mainly clinical, but it relies on imaging tests. The current treatment approach is diverse. The aim of this article is to update the clinical features, complementary tests, etiopathogenic models and therapeutic protocols of this disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A bibliographic search was performed in PUBMED using the free terms and MESH terms: RCCP, recurrent parotiditis, chronic parotiditis and parotiditis. The filters used were human patients, up to 18 years old, with abstract. In SCIELO the free terms included were Parotiditis and chronic. Articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese until 2017 were included. RESULTS: In PUBMED 119 articles were found and 44 were included. The exclusion of the remaining articles was due to language, access to the article or absence of relationship between the article and the proposed revision. In SCIELO 6 articles were found 6 of which 5 were selected. The multidisciplinary asses of patients with RCCP is considered the appropriate treatment. Its diagnosis is clinical but it relies on imaging tests, such as echography and sialography. CONCLUSIONS: The current treatment approach is conservative, and the best available evidence supports the use of sialendoscopy with irrigation and administration of antibiotics and/or corticosteroids via the parotid duct. However, there would be proper results with intraglandular lavage with physiological solutions without the need for a sialendoscope.

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Abstract Background and objectives: Many conditions such as bacterial and viral infectious diseases, mechanical obstruction due to air and calculi and drugs can cause parotitis. We present a case of unusual bilateral parotitis in a patient under non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation in intensive care unit. Case report: A 36-year-old patient was admitted to intensive care unit with the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Antibiotherapy, bronchodilator therapy and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were applied as treatment regimen. Painless swellings developed on the 3rd day of admission on the right and a day after this on the left parotid glands. Amylase levels were increased and ultrasonographic evaluation revealed bilateral parotitis. No intervention was made and the therapy was continued. The patient was discharged on the 6th day with clinical improvement and regression of parotid swellings without any complications. Conclusions: Parotitis may have occurred after retrograde air flow in the Stensen duct during CPAP application. After the exclusion of possible viral and bacteriological etiologies and possible drug reactions we can focus on this diagnosis.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Muitas condições podem causar parotidite, incluindo doenças infecciosas virais e bacterianas, obstrução mecânica por causa da presença de ar, cálculos e medicamentos. Apresentamos um caso de parotidite bilateral incomum em um paciente sob tratamento com pressão positiva contínua não invasiva das vias aéreas (PPCVA) para exacerbação da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica em unidade de terapia intensiva. Relato de caso: Paciente de 36 anos, internado em unidade de terapia intensiva com diagnóstico de exacerbação da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Antibioterapia, terapia broncodilatadora e ventilação com pressão positiva não invasiva foram aplicadas como regime de tratamento. No terceiro dia de internação, inchaços indolores desenvolveram‐se à direita da glândula parótida e, depois, à esquerda. Os níveis de amilase aumentaram e o exame ultrassonográfico revelou parotidite bilateral. Nenhuma intervenção foi feita e o tratamento foi continuado. O paciente recebeu alta no sexto dia, com melhoria clínica e regressão do inchaço da parótida, sem complicações. Conclusões: A parotidite pode ter ocorrido após o fluxo retrógrado de ar do duto de Stensen durante a aplicação de PPCVA. Após a exclusão de possíveis etiologias virais e bacteriológicas e possíveis reações medicamentosas, podemos focar no diagnóstico.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many conditions such as bacterial and viral infectious diseases, mechanical obstruction due to air and calculi and drugs can cause parotitis. We present a case of unusual bilateral parotitis in a patient under non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation in intensive care unit. CASE REPORT: A 36-year-old patient was admitted to intensive care unit with the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Antibiotherapy, bronchodilator therapy and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were applied as treatment regimen. Painless swellings developed on the 3rd day of admission on the right and a day after this on the left parotid glands. Amylase levels were increased and ultrasonographic evaluation revealed bilateral parotitis. No intervention was made and the therapy was continued. The patient was discharged on the 6th day with clinical improvement and regression of parotid swellings without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: Parotitis may have occurred after retrograde air flow in the Stensen duct during CPAP application. After the exclusion of possible viral and bacteriological etiologies and possible drug reactions we can focus on this diagnosis.

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BACKGROUND: Acute swelling of the parotid glands after general anesthesia has become known as anesthesia mumps. Its cause is unknown. Only one case of postsurgical parotitis without general anesthesia is reported. This report describes three cases in this setting after plastic surgery. CASE 1: A 37-year-old women underwent breast surgery and abdominoplasty with a dual thoracic/lumbar epidural block (bupivacaine 0.5 %). The operative time totaled almost 6 h. Subsequently, 4 h after surgery, the patient experienced painless bilateral parotid swelling without palpable crepitus. The edema resolved completely within 12 h under clinical observation and parenteral hydration. CASE 2: A 45-year-old patient received subglandular breast implants and body contouring with liposuction, all with the patient under a dual thoracic/lumbar epidural block with 0.5 % marcaine. The total surgical time was 5 h. Subsequently, 3 h after surgery, the patient experienced a similar clinical presentation. The problem resolved completely in 36 h with clinical observation and parenteral hydration. CASE 3: A 30-year-old patient received a subglandular breast implant and underwent liposuction of the outer thighs using a dual thoracic/lumbar epidural block with lidocaine 1 %. The duration of surgery was 1 h. Subsequently, 5 h postoperatively, the patient experienced a similar clinical presentation. Dexamethasone and parenteral hydration were administered. The problem resolved completely in 48 h without sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of parotitis in patients undergoing surgery under epidural anesthesia is a novel situation, which increases the range of possible etiologies for this little known condition. Dehydration leading to transient parotid secretion obstruction may play a significant role. Further reports of parotitis occurring in the regional anesthesia setting are expected to help elucidate its pathophysiology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multiorgan autoimmune disease which can present from classical to atypical forms. We discuss the case of a young lady of 29 years-old recently diagnosed with SLE that manifested parotitis and pancreatitis.

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Objetivos: realizar una revisión de la literatura actual en cuanto a etiología, enfoque médico,diagnóstico y tratamiento de la parotiditis recurrente. Metodología: búsqueda en Pubmed desde 2000 hasta enero 2010, con revisión de artículos relevantes por su casuística, opciones terapéuticas o diagnósticas innovadoras y diseño metodológico adecuado. Resultados: se hallaron 69 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 35. Se aclaran mecanismos etiopatogénicos de la enfermedad como inflamación, infección, deshidratacióny eventos que promueven la recurrencia. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad se basa en la recurrencia del cuadro. Se describe el diagnóstico diferencial y priorización en los paraclínicos de apoyo. Las imágenes recomendadas son en primer lugar la ecografía de alta resolución, seguida de la siolografía, que provee diagnóstico y según algunos autores tratamiento. Las últimas tendencias involucran la sialografía por RMN y por TAC. El tratamiento de la etapa aguda continúa siendo el uso de antibióticos contra gram positivos, antiinflamatorios esteroideos y no esteroideos, hidratación y alimentos con capacidad sialogoga. Para el manejo de las recurrencias se plantea manejo conservador discutiendo el uso de antibióticos, sialografía, y diversas estrategias de ablación no quirúrgica y la sialo endoscopia. El tratamiento quirúrgico queda reservado para casos de alta recurrencia, planteándosela parotidectomía y la denervación parasimpática mediante neuronectomía del nervio de Jacobson. Conclusiones: la parotiditis recurrente presenta nuevas estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas, que deben ser seguidas para construir en poco tiempo un manejo ideal de esta patología. Palabras clave: parotiditis crónica, parotiditis recurrente, diagnóstico, tratamiento.

Objectives: To conduct a review of the current literature as far as the etiology, medical approach, diagnoses and treatment for the recurrent parotitis is concerned. Methodology: a search in Pubmed from 2000 to 2009 was performed. All articles that were relevant due to the causes, therapeutic or innovative diagnose options and the appropriate methodologicaldesign, were revised. Results: 69 articles were found, 33 of which were selected. Some etiopathogenic mechanisms of the disease such as inflammation, infection, dehydration and those events promoting recurrence wereclarified. Diagnosing the disease is done based on the recurrence rate of the chart. The differential diagnose as well as the prioritization are described in the supporting paraclinical procedures. Therecommended images are a high resolution ultrasound scan, followed by a sialography, which diagnosesand treats according to some authors. The latest trends involve a sialography by RMN and TAC. The treatment continues to be using antibiotics against great positive, non- steroidal and steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, hydration and foods that have great sialogogue ability during the acute phase. In order to handle recurrences a conservative management is suggested by discussing using antibiotics,a sialography, as well as several other non- surgical ablations and the endoscopic sialography. Surgical treatment is then reserved for those cases that have a great recurrence rate. A parotidectomy surgery as well as the parasympathetic denervation by means of the neuronectomy of the Jacobsonnerve has been suggested treatments.Conclusions: recurrent parotitis has exhibited new diagnosing and therapeutic strategies that need tobe followed in order to construct, in a short period of time, an ideal management for this pathology.

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A síndrome de Sjõgren caracteriza-se por apresentar boca seca (xerostomia) e olhos secos (ceratoconjuntivite secal), associados a outras doenças difusas do tecido conjuntivo (forma secundária) ou manifestações isoladas (forma primária). Essa síndrome tem preferência pelo sexo feminino e apresenta distribuição mundial. Apesar de descrita em 1933, ainda hoje é subdiagnosticada, trazendo aos pacientes sofrimentos e repercussões socioeconômicas. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever as principais manifestações clínicas, os critérios utilizados para facilitar o seu diagnóstico e as modalidades terapêuticas disponíveis.

Sjõrgren's syndrome is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease with worldwide distribution. It affects primaly females during the forth and fifth decades of life. The disease's clinical features are: mucosal dryness manifested in keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia, xerotrachea and vaginal dryness. There are two forms of manifestation. The primary has isolated symptoms and the secondary associated with some connective tissue disease like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythamatosus, systemic sclerosis and polymyositis. The aim of this article is to describe its clinical disclosures, the currently used diagnostic criteria and the available treatment for the syndrome.

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Postsurgical acute suppurative parotitis is a bacterial gland infection that occurs from a few days up to some weeks after abdominal surgical procedures. In this study, the authors analyze the prevalence of this complication in Hospital das Clínicas/São Paulo University Medical School by prospectively reviewing the charts of patients who underwent surgeries performed by the gastroenterological and general surgery staff from 1980 to 2005. Diagnosis of parotitis or sialoadenitis was analyzed. Sialolithiasis and chronic parotitis previous to hospitalization were exclusion criteria. In a total of 100,679 surgeries, 256 patients were diagnosed with parotitis or sialoadenitis. Nevertheless, only three cases of acute postsurgical suppurative parotitis associated with the surgery were identified giving an incidence of 0.0028%. All patients presented with risk factors such as malnutrition, immunosuppression, prolonged immobilization and dehydration. In the past, acute postsurgical suppurative parotitis was a relatively common complication after major abdominal surgeries. Its incidence decreased as a consequence of the improvement of perioperative antibiotic therapy and postoperative support. In spite of the current low incidence, we believe it is important to identify risks and diagnose as quick as possible, in order to introduce prompt and appropriate therapeutic measures and avoid potentially fatal complications with the evolution of the disease.

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Postsurgical acute suppurative parotitis is a bacterial gland infection that occurs from a few days up to some weeks after abdominal surgical procedures. In this study, the authors analyze the prevalence of this complication in Hospital das Clínicas/São Paulo University Medical School by prospectively reviewing the charts of patients who underwent surgeries performed by the gastroenterological and general surgery staff from 1980 to 2005. Diagnosis of parotitis or sialoadenitis was analyzed. Sialolithiasis and chronic parotitis previous to hospitalization were exclusion criteria. In a total of 100,679 surgeries, 256 patients were diagnosed with parotitis or sialoadenitis. Nevertheless, only three cases of acute postsurgical suppurative parotitis associated with the surgery were identified giving an incidence of 0.0028 percent. All patients presented with risk factors such as malnutrition, immunosuppression, prolonged immobilization and dehydration. In the past, acute postsurgical suppurative parotitis was a relatively common complication after major abdominal surgeries. Its incidence decreased as a consequence of the improvement of perioperative antibiotic therapy and postoperative support. In spite of the current low incidence, we believe it is important to identify risks and diagnose as quick as possible, in order to introduce prompt and appropriate therapeutic measures and avoid potentially fatal complications with the evolution of the disease.

A parotidite supurativa pós-cirúrgica é infecção bacteriana da glândula que ocorre poucos dias até algumas semanas após procedimento cirúrgico. Os autores analisam a prevalência desta complicação cirúrgica nos últimos 25 anos do Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo. Foram analisados os prontuários das cirurgias realizadas pelos serviços de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo e Cirurgia Geral da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de 1980 a 2005, num total de 106790 cirurgias. Todos os prontuários que apresentaram entre os diagnósticos das altas complicações cirúrgicas, parotidite ou sialoadenite foram avaliados. Foram identificados 256 prontuários. Pacientes com outras complicações, ou que já apresentavam sialolitíase ou parotidite crônica anterior à internação foram excluídos do estudo. Foram identificados apenas três casos de parotidite aguda supurativa pós-cirúrgica, revelando incidência de 0,0028 por cento. A parotidite supurativa pós-cirúrgica foi complicação relativamente comum de grandes cirurgias abdominais no passado, com acentuada redução atual da sua incidência decorrente da antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro, além de preparação pré-operatória adequada e suporte pós-operatório dos pacientes. Apesar da baixa incidência atual, consideramos importante identificar seus fatores de risco, assim como realizar diagnóstico precoce, conduta terapêutica apropriada para evitar complicações letais associadas a esta infecção.

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INTRODUCTION: The advent of new antiretroviral drugs such as protease inhibitors (PI) has generated sensible changes in oral manifestation patterns in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected adult patients. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to assess whether the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has brought changes to pattern and prevalence of oral lesions related to HIV in the HIV-infected pediatric population. CASUISTIC AND METHOD: We analyzed medical charts of 471 children aged zero to 12 years and 11 months with HIV infection and followed up by the Ambulatory of AIDS, Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital das Clinicas, Medical School, Sao Paulo University, from January 1990 to December 2004. Four hundred and fifty-nine children were divided into two groups, according to age range: X (0-5 years and 11 months) and Y (6-12 years and 11 months). These groups were subdivided into four subgroups, according to use of ART (antiretroviral therapy without PI) or HAART. We recorded data related to type of oral lesion presented, as well as serum CD4+ lymphocyte count. The groups were compared concerning prevalence and presentation pattern of oral manifestations. RESULTS: Out of 459 children, 144 (31.4%) had oral lesions. We observed that in children aged 6-12 years and 11 months who were taking HAART, there was lower prevalence of oral lesions (p=0.005), specially hairy leukoplakia (p<0.02), without any affection to the common presentation pattern of these lesions. The same subgroup also had higher serum CD4+ lymphocyte counts (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: We concluded that use of HAART could lead to reduction in prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-infected children.

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La parotiditis aguda supurativa es una enfermedad muy infrecuente en el período neonatal. En la literatura especializada se han publicado aproximadamente 100 casos. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico, y son útiles el recuento leucocitario y la ecografía paratídea. El agente etiológico aislado con más frecuencia es el Staphylococcus aureus. El tratamiento inicial consiste en antibioticoterapia intravenosa empírica antiestafilocócica durante 7-10 días. El pronóstico es bueno. La enfermedad cursa en general sin recurrencias. Se describen los casos de 2 recién nacidos de término de 8 y 11 días de vida respectivamente, que presentaron fiebre, tumefacción parotídea unilateral, con eritema, calor, dolor, y secreción purulenta por el conducto de Stenon. Se hace una revisión de la literatura.

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La parotiditis crónica recurrente infantil es una enfermedad de etiología poco clara . Se presenta durante la infancia, con episodios de inflamación recurrente de la glándula parótida, y puede confundirse con la parotiditis epidémica, tumores y diversos cuadros inflamatorios. Como factor etiológico se postula una infección bacteriana ascendente de la parótida, a través de un sistema ductal alterado, situación que favorecería episodios agudos, separados por periodos de remisión. Su tratamiento suele ser sintomático en las recurrencias, teniendo presente que la enfermedad es autolimitada y suele desaparecer al llegar la pubertad. Sin embargo, hay casos en que la frecuencia de los episodios agudos hace necesario disponer de una terapia más enérgica, para evitar complicaciones de la enfermedad. En este artículo se revisa la etiología, presentación clínica, diagnóstico imagenológico y tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

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Acute bilateral parotitis is a common clinical feature of various infectious and autoimmune, metabolic, and drug-related conditions. We describe a unique case of bilateral inflammatory enlargement of the parotid glands in an immunocompetent patient with dengue fever. Evidence of dengue virus in the saliva is also provided for the first time.

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