RESUMO

This study aimed at performing cytometric phenotyping of the blood samples from free-living, young white-eyed parakeets (Psittacara leucophthalmus), stained with 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine [DiOC6(3)]. DiOC6(3)-stained whole blood samples from 19 free-living, young white-eyed parakeets were analyzed by flow cytometry and cell types were distinguished by their typical fluorescence in blue laser channel (FL-1) and SSC (side scatter). It was possible to differentiate erythrocytes (58.3±13.6) from leukocytes (32.4±13.1) and some of the leucocyte subpopulations: lymphocytes/thrombocytes (29.7±7.7), monocytes (30.6±8.5), and granulocytes (5.9-26). However, lymphocytes and thrombocytes could not be sorted in the plots. Our study determined that the predominant population in white-eyed parakeet (P. leucophthalmus) was lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes in the leucocytes gates in comparison to the granulocyte population. The cytometry method and use of DiOC6(3) stain was available for parakeets blood samples and can be studied and applied to other species of parrots.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a fenotipagem citométrica com 3,3-di-hexiloxacarbocianina [DiOC6 (3)] de amostras de sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus). As amostras de sangue total, coradas com DiOC6(3) de 19 maritacas de vida livre, foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo e os tipos de células foram distinguidos por sua fluorescência típica no canal laser azul (FL-1) e SSC (dispersão lateral). Foi possível diferenciar eritrócitos (58,3±13,6) de leucócitos (32,4±13,1) e algumas subpopulações de leucócitos: linfócitos/trombócitos (29,7±7,7), monócitos (30,6±8,5) e granulócitos (5,9-26), entretanto, linfócitos e trombócitos não puderam ser diferenciados em duas populações distintas. Nosso estudo determinou que a população predominante P. leucophthalmus foi mononuclear agranulocítica em comparação com a taxa de aquisição da população granulocítica. A metodologia de citometria de fluxo com uso da coloração de DiOC6(3) foi aplicável a amostras sanguíneas das maritacas e pode ser estudado e aplicado para outras espécies de psitacídeos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed at performing cytometric phenotyping of the blood samples from free-living, young white-eyed parakeets (Psittacara leucophthalmus), stained with 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine [DiOC6(3)]. DiOC6(3)-stained whole blood samples from 19 free-living, young white-eyed parakeets were analyzed by flow cytometry and cell types were distinguished by their typical fluorescence in blue laser channel (FL-1) and SSC (side scatter). It was possible to differentiate erythrocytes (58.3±13.6) from leukocytes (32.4±13.1) and some of the leucocyte subpopulations: lymphocytes/thrombocytes (29.7±7.7), monocytes (30.6±8.5), and granulocytes (5.9-26). However, lymphocytes and thrombocytes could not be sorted in the plots. Our study determined that the predominant population in white-eyed parakeet (P. leucophthalmus) was lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes in the leucocytes gates in comparison to the granulocyte population. The cytometry method and use of DiOC6(3) stain was available for parakeets blood samples and can be studied and applied to other species of parrots.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a fenotipagem citométrica com 3,3-di-hexiloxacarbocianina [DiOC6 (3)] de amostras de sangue de maritacas jovens de vida-livre (Psittacara leucophthalmus). As amostras de sangue total, coradas com DiOC6(3) de 19 maritacas de vida livre, foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo e os tipos de células foram distinguidos por sua fluorescência típica no canal laser azul (FL-1) e SSC (dispersão lateral). Foi possível diferenciar eritrócitos (58,3±13,6) de leucócitos (32,4±13,1) e algumas subpopulações de leucócitos: linfócitos/trombócitos (29,7±7,7), monócitos (30,6±8,5) e granulócitos (5,9-26), entretanto, linfócitos e trombócitos não puderam ser diferenciados em duas populações distintas. Nosso estudo determinou que a população predominante P. leucophthalmus foi mononuclear agranulocítica em comparação com a taxa de aquisição da população granulocítica. A metodologia de citometria de fluxo com uso da coloração de DiOC6(3) foi aplicável a amostras sanguíneas das maritacas e pode ser estudado e aplicado para outras espécies de psitacídeos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Para espécies da fauna selvagem, quando alguma demanda natural não é mantida em cativeiro, altos níveis de estresse podem ser gerados. Condições como estresse ambiental, desequilíbrios nutricionais e doenças clínicas muitas vezes são de difícil detecção em animais silvestres em cativeiro. Com isso, a utilização de ferramentas de enriquecimento e exames laboratoriais são cruciais para avaliar estas alterações. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar os níveis de colesterol e a influência do enriquecimento ambiental no comportamento de psitacídeos submetidos a diferentes técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental. O estudo foi realizado na sede do 2º Pelotão da 2ª Companhia do 2º Batalhão de Polícia Militar Ambiental, no município de São Miguel do Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Avaliaram-se 11 psitacídeos de oito diferentes espécies, todas oriundas de resgates ou apreensões. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre os meses de maio e outubro de 2018. A metodologia fundamentou-se na observação em dois dias mensais para cada fase, por um período total de 4 h/dia, das 13 h às 17 h. Os dados foram coletados em três fases: pré-enriquecimento, enriquecimento e pós-enriquecimento. Nas 60 horas de observações foram encontradas oito categorias comportamentais, sendo sete visuais e uma sonora. Não foi detectada diferença significativa entre as fases de amostragem (ANOVA: P > 0,05). Entretanto, comportamentos classificados estereotipias diminuíram consideravelmente na fase de pós-enriquecimento com a aplicação de ferramentas de enriquecimentos ambiental. A média obtida do colesterol sérico foi de 653,68 ± 87,60 mg.dl-1, níveis considerados alterados para este grupo de aves. Conclui-se que os indivíduos de psitacídeos avaliados apresentavam condições fisiológicas e comportamentais impactadas pela vida em cativeiro e que a utilização de enriquecimento ambiental mostrou resultado positivo, aumentando assim seu bem-estar e reduzindo comportamentos estereotipados.

For wildlife species, when some natural demand is not kept in captivity, high levels of stress can be generated, conditions such as environmental stress, nutritional imbalances and clinical diseases are often difficult to detect in wild animals in captivity. With this, the use of enrichment tools and laboratory tests is crucial to evaluate these changes. The objective of this work was to analyze cholesterol levels and the behavioral response of psittacids submitted to different environmental enrichment techniques. The study was carried out at the headquarters of the 2nd Platoon of the 2nd Company of the 2nd Battalion of Military Environmental Police, in the municipality of São Miguel do Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Eleven psittacids from rescues or seizures were evaluated. Data collection was carried out between May 2018 and October 2018, for a total of 4h / day, from 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m., the birds' express behavior was analyzed and recorded individually. The data were collected in three phases: pre-enrichment, enrichment and post-enrichment. In the 60 hours of observations were found seven behavioral categories, being six visual and two sonorous. Stereotyped classified behaviors decreased considerably with the application of environmental enrichment tools. The mean serum cholesterol level was 653.68 ± 87.60 mg dl-1, levels considered altered for this group of birds. It is concluded that individuals of psittacids evaluated had physical and behavioral conditions impacted by captive life and that the use of environmental enrichment showed a positive result, thus increasing their well-being and reducing stereotyped behaviors.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Para espécies da fauna selvagem, quando alguma demanda natural não é mantida em cativeiro, altos níveis de estresse podem ser gerados. Condições como estresse ambiental, desequilíbrios nutricionais e doenças clínicas muitas vezes são de difícil detecção em animais silvestres em cativeiro. Com isso, a utilização de ferramentas de enriquecimento e exames laboratoriais são cruciais para avaliar estas alterações. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar os níveis de colesterol e a influência do enriquecimento ambiental no comportamento de psitacídeos submetidos a diferentes técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental. O estudo foi realizado na sede do 2º Pelotão da 2ª Companhia do 2º Batalhão de Polícia Militar Ambiental, no município de São Miguel do Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Avaliaram-se 11 psitacídeos de oito diferentes espécies, todas oriundas de resgates ou apreensões. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre os meses de maio e outubro de 2018. A metodologia fundamentou-se na observação em dois dias mensais para cada fase, por um período total de 4 h/dia, das 13 h às 17 h. Os dados foram coletados em três fases: pré-enriquecimento, enriquecimento e pós-enriquecimento. Nas 60 horas de observações foram encontradas oito categorias comportamentais, sendo sete visuais e uma sonora. Não foi detectada diferença significativa entre as fases de amostragem (ANOVA: P > 0,05). Entretanto, comportamentos classificados estereotipias diminuíram consideravelmente na fase de pós-enriquecimento com a aplicação de ferramentas de enriquecimentos ambiental. A média obtida do colesterol sérico foi de 653,68 ± 87,60 mg.dl-1, níveis considerados alterados para este grupo de aves. Conclui-se que os indivíduos de psitacídeos avaliados apresentavam condições fisiológicas e comportamentais impactadas pela vida em cativeiro e que a utilização de enriquecimento ambiental mostrou resultado positivo, aumentando assim seu bem-estar e reduzindo comportamentos estereotipados.(AU)

For wildlife species, when some natural demand is not kept in captivity, high levels of stress can be generated, conditions such as environmental stress, nutritional imbalances and clinical diseases are often difficult to detect in wild animals in captivity. With this, the use of enrichment tools and laboratory tests is crucial to evaluate these changes. The objective of this work was to analyze cholesterol levels and the behavioral response of psittacids submitted to different environmental enrichment techniques. The study was carried out at the headquarters of the 2nd Platoon of the 2nd Company of the 2nd Battalion of Military Environmental Police, in the municipality of São Miguel do Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Eleven psittacids from rescues or seizures were evaluated. Data collection was carried out between May 2018 and October 2018, for a total of 4h / day, from 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m., the birds' express behavior was analyzed and recorded individually. The data were collected in three phases: pre-enrichment, enrichment and post-enrichment. In the 60 hours of observations were found seven behavioral categories, being six visual and two sonorous. Stereotyped classified behaviors decreased considerably with the application of environmental enrichment tools. The mean serum cholesterol level was 653.68 ± 87.60 mg dl-1, levels considered altered for this group of birds. It is concluded that individuals of psittacids evaluated had physical and behavioral conditions impacted by captive life and that the use of environmental enrichment showed a positive result, thus increasing their well-being and reducing stereotyped behaviors.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Captive parrots show a high incidence of obesity and other metabolic disorders due to the consumption of unbalanced diets. Therefore, this study evaluated the digestibility and metabolic effects of transitioning blue-fronted amazons from a high fat diet (sunflower seeds) to processed diets with three degrees of starch gelatinization (SG). The same feed formulation was processed to obtain pelletized feed (PEL) at 27.1% SG; low-cooked extruded feed (EXTL ) at 81.6% SG; and high-cooked extruded feed (EXTH ) at 98.5% SG. Thirty adult parrots were fed sunflower seeds for 90 days, then were distributed in a completely randomized design with 10 repetitions per treatment, and fed one of the three prepared diets for 160 days. Feed palatability, apparent digestibility, excreta concentrations of volatile fatty acids, lactate and ammonia, initial and final radiographic examinations, blood cell counts and glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and uric acid levels were evaluated. The data were analysed by an analysis of variance and compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Sunflower seed was more digestible than processed feeds (p < 0.05). Diet processing interfered with fat and starch digestibility (p < 0.001), being higher in the PEL than in the EXTH and EXTL respectively. Transitioning from sunflower seeds to balanced diets reduced serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and AST (p < 0.05) and increased red blood cell, haemoglobin, lymphocyte, monocyte and leucocyte counts (p < 0.01). Radiographs indicated a decreased hourglass (p = 0.015) and a reduced heart-liver ratio after ingesting the processed feeds (p < 0.05). Feed processing did not affect blood cell counts, serum biochemistry or radiographic examinations. In conclusion, parrots preferred the extruded diet and did not require an extensive SG to properly digest the feed. Consuming the processed diets improved the birds' metabolism and health.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This is a case report of an early stage hepatic encephalopathy in a Eupsittula cactorum caused by inadequate nutritional management. The clinical suspicion was originated from the anamnesis and the clinical signs of the bird. Blood samples were collected for hemoparasites analysis, complete blood count and uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) dosages. The treatment prescribed was the administration of hepatoprotective drugs and antibiotics combined with the dietary adequacy in order to reverse the clinical picture.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A Turquoise-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Dr. Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia - HOVET UFERSA presenting changes suggestive of hepatic, apathetic disease, below-average body score and with diarrhea. After correction of the diet and initial treatment with anti-inflammatory and essential amino acids, the animal returned with episodes of seizures, suggesting clinical diagnosis for hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment with silymarin (at a dose of 75 mg / kg orally -VO) twice daily (BID) was instituted for 30 days, then extended for continuous use, thus achieving a stability in the general picture of the animal.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A Turquoise-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) was attended at the Veterinary Hospital Dr. Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia - HOVET UFERSA presenting changes suggestive of hepatic, apathetic disease, below-average body score and with diarrhea. After correction of the diet and initial treatment with anti-inflammatory and essential amino acids, the animal returned with episodes of seizures, suggesting clinical diagnosis for hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment with silymarin (at a dose of 75 mg / kg orally -VO) twice daily (BID) was instituted for 30 days, then extended for continuous use, thus achieving a stability in the general picture of the animal.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This is a case report of an early stage hepatic encephalopathy in a Eupsittula cactorum caused by inadequate nutritional management. The clinical suspicion was originated from the anamnesis and the clinical signs of the bird. Blood samples were collected for hemoparasites analysis, complete blood count and uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) dosages. The treatment prescribed was the administration of hepatoprotective drugs and antibiotics combined with the dietary adequacy in order to reverse the clinical picture.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) é a espécie de psitacídeo que mais sofre com o comércio ilegal de animais silvestres no Brasil, sendo submetido a intenso estresse durante esse processo. Neste estudo, foram determinados valores hematológicos para avaliar a condição geral de saúde de 27 filhotes de A. aestiva oriundos do tráfico e encaminhados ao Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres de Campo Grande, MS. Foram utilizadas técnicas convencionais para as analises hematológicas, sendo observadas as seguintes médias: contagem de eritrócitos, 2,3 x 106/µL; contagem de leucócitos, 11,1 x 103/µL; heterófilos, 6,6 x 103/µL; linfócitos, 4,3 x 103/µL; eosinófilos, 0; basófilos, 0,1 x 103/µL; monócitos, 0,1 x 103/µL, e relação heterófilo/linfócito, 1,6. Os valores encontrados dão suporte a futuras avaliações clínicas em filhotes de A. aestiva mantidos como animais de estimação ou mesmo em condições de vida livre.(AU)

The blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) is a psittacine species that suffers greatly from the illegal wildlife trade in Brazil, being subjected to severe stress during this process. In this study, hematologic values were determined to evaluate the general health condition of 27 A. aestiva nestlings seized from illegal trade and sent to the wildlife rehabilitation center of Campo Grande. Conventional techniques were performed for hematological analysis, and the following means were observed: red blood cell count, 2.3 x 106/µL; white blood cell count, 11.1 x 103/µL; heterophils, 6.6 x 103/µL; lymphocytes, 4.3 x 103/µL; eosinophils, 0; basophils, 0.1 x 103/µL; and monocytes, 0.1 x 103/µL. Heterophil:lymphocyte ratio was 1.6. These values support future clinical assessments on A. aestiva nestlings kept as pets or even in free-living conditions.(AU)

El loro (Amazona aestiva) es el psitácido más comercializado en el tráfico ilegal de animales silvestres en Brasil, proceso en el que sufre un severo stress. En este trabajo se determinaron los valores hematológicos a finde establecer la condición general de 27 pichones de A. aestiva que habían sido capturados del tráfico, y que fueron derivados al Centro de Rehabilitación de Animales Silvestres de Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. Se utilizaron técnicas convencionales de hematología, siendo observados los siguientes valores medios: eritrocitos 2,3 x 106/µL; leucocitos 11,1 x 103/µL; heterófilos 6,6 x 103/µL; linfocitos 4,3 x 103/µL; eosinófilos 0; basófilos 0,1 x 103/µL; monocitos 0,1 x 103/µL, y relación heterófilo/linfocito 1,6. Los valores permiten establecer una base para futuras evaluaciones clínicas en pichones de A. aestiva, tanto aquellos considerados como animales de compañía, como las aves de vida libre.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) é a espécie de psitacídeo que mais sofre com o comércio ilegal de animais silvestres no Brasil, sendo submetido a intenso estresse durante esse processo. Neste estudo, foram determinados valores hematológicos para avaliar a condição geral de saúde de 27 filhotes de A. aestiva oriundos do tráfico e encaminhados ao Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres de Campo Grande, MS. Foram utilizadas técnicas convencionais para as analises hematológicas, sendo observadas as seguintes médias: contagem de eritrócitos, 2,3 x 106/µL; contagem de leucócitos, 11,1 x 103/µL; heterófilos, 6,6 x 103/µL; linfócitos, 4,3 x 103/µL; eosinófilos, 0; basófilos, 0,1 x 103/µL; monócitos, 0,1 x 103/µL, e relação heterófilo/linfócito, 1,6. Os valores encontrados dão suporte a futuras avaliações clínicas em filhotes de A. aestiva mantidos como animais de estimação ou mesmo em condições de vida livre.

The blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) is a psittacine species that suffers greatly from the illegal wildlife trade in Brazil, being subjected to severe stress during this process. In this study, hematologic values were determined to evaluate the general health condition of 27 A. aestiva nestlings seized from illegal trade and sent to the wildlife rehabilitation center of Campo Grande. Conventional techniques were performed for hematological analysis, and the following means were observed: red blood cell count, 2.3 x 106/µL; white blood cell count, 11.1 x 103/µL; heterophils, 6.6 x 103/µL; lymphocytes, 4.3 x 103/µL; eosinophils, 0; basophils, 0.1 x 103/µL; and monocytes, 0.1 x 103/µL. Heterophil:lymphocyte ratio was 1.6. These values support future clinical assessments on A. aestiva nestlings kept as pets or even in free-living conditions.

El loro (Amazona aestiva) es el psitácido más comercializado en el tráfico ilegal de animales silvestres en Brasil, proceso en el que sufre un severo stress. En este trabajo se determinaron los valores hematológicos a finde establecer la condición general de 27 pichones de A. aestiva que habían sido capturados del tráfico, y que fueron derivados al Centro de Rehabilitación de Animales Silvestres de Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. Se utilizaron técnicas convencionales de hematología, siendo observados los siguientes valores medios: eritrocitos 2,3 x 106/µL; leucocitos 11,1 x 103/µL; heterófilos 6,6 x 103/µL; linfocitos 4,3 x 103/µL; eosinófilos 0; basófilos 0,1 x 103/µL; monocitos 0,1 x 103/µL, y relación heterófilo/linfocito 1,6. Los valores permiten establecer una base para futuras evaluaciones clínicas en pichones de A. aestiva, tanto aquellos considerados como animales de compañía, como las aves de vida libre.

Assuntos

RESUMO

To conduct the survey were used 35 (thirty-five) red-browned parrots (A. rhodocorytha), adults, captive, of both genders and clinically healthy, belonging to the live collection of the Museum of Biology Teacher Mello Leitao, located in Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Harvests were performed in the morning, by puncture of the brachial vein getting 0.5mL of blood stored in EDTA for a period no longer than 6 hours. Blood smears of fresh material were made at collection, stained using the method of May-Grunwald-Giemsa. Analysis of blood elements was done by cell counting in a mirrored Neubauer chamber using Natt and Herrick solution at a ratio of 2:200 as diluent. For the analysis of the methodology, homoglobinometry cyanide hemoglobin using commercial kits by colorimetry on a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer was used. After completion of the statistical data the following parameters were obtained (mean±standard deviation): Erythrocytes (x106/µl): 2.68±0.56; Hemoglobin (g/dl): 14.27±0.69; Hematocrit (%): 53±3.38; Mean corpuscular volume (fl): 206.7±45.82; Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg): 56.4±14.46; Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (%): 27.5±1.19; Thrombocytes (x3/µl): 25.8 ± 10.5; Total plasma protein (g/dl) 5.4±0.5; Leukocytes (x103/dl): 3.1±2; Heterophile (/uL): 1937±1676; Lymphocytes (/uL): 1144±599; Monocytes (/uL): 24.4 ± 28.2; Basophils (/uL): 42.2±46.2; Eosinophils (/uL): 11.7±19.9. In the relation between males and females, no significant differences were found in any hematological parameter evaluated.(AU)

Para a realização da presente pesquisa, foram utilizados 35 (trinta e cinco) papagaios-chauás (A. rhodocorytha), adultos, cativos, de ambos os sexos e clinicamente saudáveis, pertencentes ao acervo vivo do Museu de Biologia Professor Mello Leitão, localizado em Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas pela manhã, por meio da punção da veia braquial, obtendo-se 0,5mL de sangue, armazenado em EDTA por um período máximo de seis horas. Foram confeccionados esfregaços sanguíneos de material fresco no momento da coleta, posteriormente corados pelo método May-Grunwald-Giensa. A análise dos elementos sanguíneos foi feita por meio de contagem celular em câmara de Neubauer espelhada, utilizando-se como diluente a solução de Natt e Herrick na proporção de 2:200. Para a análise de hemoglobinometria, foi utilizada a metodologia do cianeto de hemoglobina, utilizando-se kits comerciais por colorimetria em um analisador bioquímico semiautomático. Depois de realizada a estatística dos dados, obtiveram-se os seguintes parâmetros (média±desvio-padrão): hemácias (x106/µL): 2,68±0,56; hemoglobina (g/dL): 14,27±0,69; hematócrito (%): 53±3,38; volume corpuscular médio (fL): 206,7±45,82; hemoglobina corpuscular média (pg): 56,4±14,46; concentração hemoglobina corpuscular média (%): 27,5±1,19; trombócitos (x3/µL): 25,8±10,5; proteína plasmática total (g/dL) 5,4±0,5; leucócitos (x103/dL): 3,1±2; heterófilos (/µL): 1937±1676; linfócitos (/µL): 1144±599; monócitos (/µL): 24,4±28,2; basófilos (/µL): 42,2±46,2; eosinófilos (/µL): 11,7±19,9. Na relação entre machos e fêmeas, não foi encontrada diferença estatística relevante em nenhum parâmetro hematológico avaliado.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

To conduct the survey were used 35 (thirty-five) red-browned parrots (A. rhodocorytha), adults, captive, of both genders and clinically healthy, belonging to the live collection of the Museum of Biology Teacher Mello Leitao, located in Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Harvests were performed in the morning, by puncture of the brachial vein getting 0.5mL of blood stored in EDTA for a period no longer than 6 hours. Blood smears of fresh material were made at collection, stained using the method of May-Grunwald-Giemsa. Analysis of blood elements was done by cell counting in a mirrored Neubauer chamber using Natt and Herrick solution at a ratio of 2:200 as diluent. For the analysis of the methodology, homoglobinometry cyanide hemoglobin using commercial kits by colorimetry on a semi-automatic biochemical analyzer was used. After completion of the statistical data the following parameters were obtained (mean±standard deviation): Erythrocytes (x106/µl): 2.68±0.56; Hemoglobin (g/dl): 14.27±0.69; Hematocrit (%): 53±3.38; Mean corpuscular volume (fl): 206.7±45.82; Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg): 56.4±14.46; Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (%): 27.5±1.19; Thrombocytes (x3/µl): 25.8 ± 10.5; Total plasma protein (g/dl) 5.4±0.5; Leukocytes (x103/dl): 3.1±2; Heterophile (/uL): 1937±1676; Lymphocytes (/uL): 1144±599; Monocytes (/uL): 24.4 ± 28.2; Basophils (/uL): 42.2±46.2; Eosinophils (/uL): 11.7±19.9. In the relation between males and females, no significant differences were found in any hematological parameter evaluated.(AU)

Para a realização da presente pesquisa, foram utilizados 35 (trinta e cinco) papagaios-chauás (A. rhodocorytha), adultos, cativos, de ambos os sexos e clinicamente saudáveis, pertencentes ao acervo vivo do Museu de Biologia Professor Mello Leitão, localizado em Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas pela manhã, por meio da punção da veia braquial, obtendo-se 0,5mL de sangue, armazenado em EDTA por um período máximo de seis horas. Foram confeccionados esfregaços sanguíneos de material fresco no momento da coleta, posteriormente corados pelo método May-Grunwald-Giensa. A análise dos elementos sanguíneos foi feita por meio de contagem celular em câmara de Neubauer espelhada, utilizando-se como diluente a solução de Natt e Herrick na proporção de 2:200. Para a análise de hemoglobinometria, foi utilizada a metodologia do cianeto de hemoglobina, utilizando-se kits comerciais por colorimetria em um analisador bioquímico semiautomático. Depois de realizada a estatística dos dados, obtiveram-se os seguintes parâmetros (média±desvio-padrão): hemácias (x106/µL): 2,68±0,56; hemoglobina (g/dL): 14,27±0,69; hematócrito (%): 53±3,38; volume corpuscular médio (fL): 206,7±45,82; hemoglobina corpuscular média (pg): 56,4±14,46; concentração hemoglobina corpuscular média (%): 27,5±1,19; trombócitos (x3/µL): 25,8±10,5; proteína plasmática total (g/dL) 5,4±0,5; leucócitos (x103/dL): 3,1±2; heterófilos (/µL): 1937±1676; linfócitos (/µL): 1144±599; monócitos (/µL): 24,4±28,2; basófilos (/µL): 42,2±46,2; eosinófilos (/µL): 11,7±19,9. Na relação entre machos e fêmeas, não foi encontrada diferença estatística relevante em nenhum parâmetro hematológico avaliado.(AU)

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Avian hematologic reference intervals are useful tools to evaluate body homeostasis and diagnose diseases. However, there are few species-specific reference intervals published. The present study reports Vinaceous-breasted Amazon ( Amazona vinacea ) hematologic reference values obtained during the health status evaluation of release candidates as part of this species reintroduction efforts at the Araucárias National Park. Parameters reported are erythrogram (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin), Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), white cells total and differential (heterophiles, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes), thrombocytes and total plasma protein. For the first time results on RDW and thrombocytes were described and a larger sample size were provided for all parameters analyzed. Intervals demonstrated in the present study showed significant differences from those considered normal in other parrot species and consequently have contributed to bring valuable information to base actions for the conservation of this endangered species of great biological value.(AU)

Os valores de intervalos de referência para parâmetros hematológicos aviários são ferramentas úteis para avaliação da homeostase corporal e diagnóstico de doenças. No entanto, são escassos os relatos de intervalos de referência espécie-específico, o que aumenta a probabilidade de um erro na interpretação de dados laboratoriais. Dessa forma, o presente estudo relata valores hematológicos de referência específicos para papagaio-de-peito-roxo ( Amazona vinacea ). Esses valores foram obtidos e calculados durante um projeto de reintrodução como importante e adequada forma para avaliar o estado de saúde de candidatos à soltura. Os analíticos observados foram: eritrograma (eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume celular, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular e hemoglobina corpuscular média), distribuição das células vermelhas (RDW), leucograma (basófilos, eosinofilis mielócitos, metamielócitos, heterófilos, linfócitos e monócitos), trombócitos e proteína plasmática total. Este estudo traz, pela primeira vez, resultados referentes a RDW e a contagem de trombócitos para a espécie, além de fornecer um tamanho amostral maior que estudos anteriores. Os intervalos, demonstrados neste estudo, relatam valores diferentes dos considerados normais para outras espécies de papagaios e, consequentemente, vêm contribuindo para embasar a conservação dessa espécie ameaçada de extinção, de grande valor biológico.(AU)

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The hyacinth macaw (Anodorhyncus hyacinthinus), considered the largest psittacine bird species in the world, is an endangered species, with a remaining population of approximately 6500 birds in the wild. To establish hematologic and plasma biochemical reference ranges and to verify differences related to sex, samples from 29 hyacinth macaws (14 males, 15 females) were obtained from birds apprehended from illegal wildlife trade and subsequently housed at the Sorocaba Zoo, Brazil. No significant differences in hematologic or plasma biochemical values were found between females and males. Compared with published reference values, differences were found in mean concentrations of total red blood cell count, corpuscular volume, corpuscular hemoglobin level, total white blood cell count, aspartate aminotransferase level, creatine kinase concentration, alkaline phosphatase concentration, and phosphorus level. Baseline hematologic and plasma biochemical ranges were established, which may be useful as reference values for clinicians working with this endangered species in captivity or rehabilitation centers.

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Golden conures or ararajubas (Guaruba guarouba) are endangered parrots endemic to the Brazilian Amazon forest. Body mass, blood cell counts, and total plasma protein were determined for 70 clinically healthy golden conures captive at zoologic parks and private breeder facilities in Brazil. Hematologic results (mean +/- SD) were: Erythrocytes 3.6 +/- 0.5 x 10(6) cells/mm3, hemoglobin 12.8 +/- 1.4 g/dl, packed cell volume 46 +/- 3.8%, mean corpuscular volume 132 +/- 20 fl, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 36 +/- 5.7 pg, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 28 +/- 3.5%, thrombocytes 26.3 +/- 9.3 x 10(3) cells/mm3, leukocytes 11.9 +/- 4.5 x 10(3) cells/mm3, heterophils 6284 +/- 2715 cells/mm3, lymphocytes 5473 +/- 2408 cells/ mm3, monocytes 113 +/- 162 cells/mm3, eosinophils 10 +/- 42 cells/mm3, basophils 27 +/- 64 cells/mm3. Body mass was 254 +/- 24.9 g and total plasma protein (TPP) was 3.54 +/- 0.58 g/dl. No statistical differences were observed between genders within age groups. Differences between juveniles (J) and adults (A) were identified for TPP (J < A), MCH (J > A), and MCHC (J > A). These results provide reliable reference values for the clinical interpretation of hematologic results for the species. Hematology may be an important tool for population health investigations on free-ranging golden conure populations and will also be essential to survey the health of release candidates in future reintroduction programs.

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This study evaluated the health status and established hematologic and serum biochemistry parameters for free-living nestlings of the Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) from the Brazilian Pantanal (19 degrees 51'-19 degrees 58'S; 56 degrees 17'-56 degrees 24'W), for four consecutive years (from December 2003 through December 2006). Physical examinations indicated that all the birds were in good health. Endoparasites and blood parasites were not detected in any of the nestlings, and ectoparasites seemed to be limited to Philornis sp. (Diptera: Muscidae). Significantly higher levels of total white blood cells and heterophils, glucose, total protein, triglycerides, and phosphorus were observed in females. In females, higher cholesterol levels and packed cell volumes were observed in older birds, and total white blood cell and heterophil counts were higher in young animals. In males, uric acid levels were higher in older individuals. Wild Pantanal Hyacinth Macaws feed on only two species of palm nuts (Acrocomia totai and Scheelea phalerta). This limited food habit has a strong impact on population size and may alter the clinical pathology parameters of these birds. Therefore, knowledge of blood levels in normal individuals is essential to assess the physiologic and pathologic condition of wild macaws, to assess the effects of environmental changes on their health, and to contribute to conservation strategies of this endangered species.

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Preliminary reference intervals for hematologic and total plasma protein profiles were determined for nine adult Red-capped parrots (Pionopsitta pileata) (six males and three females) and six Vinaceous Amazon parrots (Amazona vinacea) (two adult males, two adult females, one juvenile, and one nonsexed) from the Curitiba Zoo, Paraná, Brazil. For both Red-capped parrots and Vinaceous Amazon parrots, adult males had higher red blood cell counts than adult females. Regarding white blood cell distribution, differences due to gender were also found for both species of parrots.

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The different leucocyte types are an important part of the immune system. Thus, they have been used in ecological studies to assess immune function and physiological stress in wild birds. It is generally assumed that increased stress and decreased condition are associated with an increase in the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes, the H/L ratio. We studied leucocyte profiles in relation to body condition in nestling Burrowing Parrots (Cyanoliseus patagonus) in North-eastern Patagonia, Argentina. As in other wild parrots, heterophils were the most numerous leucocyte type, suggesting strong investment into innate immunity. Leucocyte profiles did not change with the age, while nestlings in better body condition increased the number of heterophils. Because the number of lymphocytes was independent of body condition, as a result we observed a positive correlation between body condition and the H/L ratio. The total number of leucocytes relative to erythrocytes increased in nestlings in better body condition, indicating a larger overall investment into immune function in well-nourished nestlings. The observed heterophilic profiles of nestling Burrowing Parrots together with the positive relationship between H/L ratio and body condition may indicate a favoured investment in a robust innate immunity that reduces the risk of infection taking hold in these long-lived birds.

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Parrots of the genus Amazona are among the most threatened species of the Order Pscittaciformes. This work describes allozyme polymorphisms in three Amazon parrot species - the Blue-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva), the Orange-winged Amazon (Amazona amazonica), and the Festive Amazon (Amazona festiva) -, and provides useful data for the evaluation of their genetic variability. We electrophoretically analyzed blood samples from 68 wild-caught individuals, maintained in captivity in three Brazilian zoos. Eight of the ten studied enzyme loci exhibited polymorphism. Glucosephosphate isomerase (Gpi) proved to be a diagnostic locus for the identification of these Amazon species. The expected average heterozygosity of the Blue-fronted Amazon (0.060) differed significantly from the expected heterozygosities of the Orange-winged Amazon and the Festive Amazon (0.040 and 0.039, respectively). This result was discussed as a consequence of hybridization between two geographic A. aestiva subspecies, and alternatively as a particular trait of this species. Genetic variability of the Blue-fronted Amazon compared to birds in general is not low on a species-wide level, despite the fact that this parrot is one of the most illegally traded species. Allozyme analysis proved to be an useful tool in monitoring the genetic variation within the genus Amazona and can be applied in the management program of other threatened species of this genus.

Papagaios do gênero Amazona estão entre as espécies mais ameaçadas da Ordem Psittaciformes. O presente trabalho descreve polimorfismos enzimáticos em três espécies de papagaios do gênero Amazona: o papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva), o papagaio do mangue (Amazona amazonica) e o papa-cacau (Amazona festiva). Estes dados foram utilizados para avaliação da variabilidade genética dessas espécies. Foram analisadas, através de eletroforese, amostras de sangue de 68 indivíduos capturados na natureza e mantidos em cativeiro em três zoológicos brasileiros. Oito dentre dez locos enzimáticos analisados exibiram polimorfismo. O loco da Glicose Fosfato Isomerase (Gpi) demonstrou ser um loco diagnóstico para a identificação dessas espécies de papagaios. A heterozigosidade média esperada para A. aestiva (0,060) diferiu significativamente das heterozigosidades esperadas para A. amazonica e A. festiva (0,042 e 0,039, respectivamente). Este resultado foi discutido como uma conseqüência de hibridização entre duas subespécies geográficas de A. aestiva e, alternativamente, como uma característica particular da espécie. Comparada a aves em geral, a variabilidade genética de A. aestiva não é baixa, apesar deste papagaio ser uma das espécies mais comercializadas ilegalmente. A análise alozímica demonstrou ser uma ferramenta útil para o monitoramento da variabilidade genética do gênero Amazona, podendo ser aplicada em programas de manejo destas e de outras espécies ameaçadas pertencentes ao mesmo gênero.

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