RESUMO
The rising pandemic caused by a coronavirus, resulted in a scientific quest to discover some effective treatments against its etiologic agent, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This research represented a significant scientific landmark and resulted in many medical advances. However, efforts to understand the viral mechanism of action and how the human body machinery is subverted during the infection are still ongoing. Herein, we contributed to this field with this compilation of the roles of both viral and human enzymes in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this sense, this overview reports that proteases are vital for the infection to take place: from SARS-CoV-2 perspective, the main protease (Mpro ) and papain-like protease (PLpro ) are highlighted; from the human body, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, transmembrane serine protease-2, and cathepsins (CatB/L) are pointed out. In addition, the influence of the virus on other enzymes is reported as the JAK/STAT pathway and the levels of lipase, enzymes from the cholesterol metabolism pathway, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase are also be disturbed in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, this paper discusses the importance of detailed enzymatic studies for future treatments against SARS-CoV-2, and how some issues related to the syndrome treatment can create opportunities in the biotechnological market of enzymes and the development of new drugs.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Alanina Transaminase/farmacologia , Amilases/farmacologia , Angiotensinas/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Aspartato Aminotransferases/farmacologia , Catepsinas/farmacologia , Colesterol , Corpo Humano , Humanos , Janus Quinases/farmacologia , Lactato Desidrogenases , Lipase/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Fatores de Transcrição STAT/farmacologia , Serina Proteases/farmacologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency, effectiveness, and biocompatibility of two agents used for the chemomechanical removal of carious dentin. Sixty extracted carious human teeth were treated with a conventional bur (CBG) or chemomechanical agents - Papacarie Duo (PG) and Brix 3000 (BG). Treatment efficiency and effectiveness were assessed by the working time for carious dentin removal and Knoop microhardness values, respectively. Human pulp fibroblasts (FP6) were used to evaluate cytotoxicity by incorporating MTT dye, and genotoxicity was evaluated with the micronuclei test. The carious tissue was removed in a shorter time with CBG (median = 54.0 seconds) than the time required for chemomechanical agents (p = 0.0001). However, the time was shorter for Brix 3000 (BG) than that for Papacarie Duo (PG), showing mean values of 85.0 and 110.5 seconds, respectively. Regarding microhardness testing, all approaches tested were effective (p < 0.05). The final mean microhardness values were 48.54 ± 16.31 KHN, 43.23 ± 13.26 KHN, and 47.63 ± 22.40 KHN for PG, BG, and CBG, respectively. PG decreased cell viability compared to that of BG, but it presented no genotoxicity. Brix 3000 may be a good option for chemomechanical dentin caries removal due to its reduced removal time and lower cytotoxicity compared to the other treatment options.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária/terapia , Preparo da Cavidade Dentária/métodos , Dentina/química , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Dureza/efeitos dos fármacos , Papaína/farmacologia , Hipoclorito de Sódio/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Dentina/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/patologia , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Estresse MecânicoRESUMO
Suitable peptidases for biotechnological applications are those active at low temperature, in organic solvents, detergents or proteolytic additives. American lobster cathepsin D1 (CD1) is an enzyme highly efficient at 5-50°C and at pH 2.5-5.5. We assessed the effect of common industrial additives on CD1 activity. CD1 was isolated from lobster gastric fluid by chromatography. The proteolytic activity was measured using a fluorogenic specific substrate and the conformation by intrinsic fluorescence. Non-ionic detergents Tween-20 and Triton X-100 stabilize the peptidase activity. Ethanol, methanol and isopropanol [5-15% (v/v)] increased the enzyme activity up to 80%. The enzyme is active until 2.5M urea and is resistant to proteolysis by papain and renin. In this work, a crustacean peptidase that remains active when exposed to different chemical and proteolytic additives is reported, evincing that crustaceans are a good model for discovery of novel stable peptidases for future pharmaceutical, cosmetic and alimentary applications.
Assuntos
Catepsina D/metabolismo , Detergentes/farmacologia , Nephropidae/enzimologia , Proteólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Sais/farmacologia , Solventes/química , Animais , Catepsina D/química , Catepsina D/isolamento & purificação , Estabilidade Enzimática , Fluorescência , Glicerol/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Conformação Proteica , Renina/farmacologia , Cloreto de Sódio/farmacologia , Tensoativos/farmacologia , Ureia/farmacologiaRESUMO
Latex from Carica papaya is rich in bioactive compounds, especially papain, which may help to control parasitic diseases. This study evaluated the efficacy of latex from C. papaya and purified papain against Strongyloides venezuelensis. The Egg Hatching Test (EHT) and the Larval Motility Test (LMT) using fresh and frozen latex (250mg/mL), lyophilized latex (34mg/mL), and purified papain (2.8 mg/mL) were performed. Albendazole (0.025 mg/mL) and ivermectin (316 ppm) were used as positive controls. EHT and LMT were carried out through the incubation of each solution with S. venezuelensis eggs or larvae (± 100 specimens), and results were analyzed after 48h (EHT) or 24, 48, and 72h (LMT). EHT showed that latex preparations at higher concentrations (1:10 to 1:100) resulted in partial or complete destruction of eggs and larvae inside the eggs. The result from the 1:1,000 dilution was similar to the positive control. LMT showed effectiveness in all the tested dilutions compared to negative controls. Purified papain showed a dose-dependent response in the EHT. Purified papain (2.8 mg/ mL) showed similar results to lyophilized latex at 1:1,000 in the EHT. Latex and purified papain from C. papaya were effective against S. venezuelensis eggs and larvae in vitro, suggesting their potential use as an alternative treatment for strongyloidiasis.
Assuntos
Carica/química , Látex/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Strongyloides/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Látex/isolamento & purificação , Óvulo/efeitos dos fármacos , Papaína/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade ParasitáriaRESUMO
While the US Food and Drug Administration has not approved the use of 3% papain gel in the United States, the authors feel this study adds to the literature regarding its use. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3% papain gel on wounds in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy C57BL mice (25-30 g) aged 10 weeks were randomly divided into 2 groups: mice treated with 3% papain gel and mice treated with placebo gel. Skin incisions were performed with a 6-mm metallic punch with a cutting blade edge. On days 3 and 7 after creating the lesion, the mice were euthanized and lesion samples were collected. The lesion samples were processed and sectioned into 3 fragments of skin to be stained with 3 types of dye: hematoxylin and eosin, Picrosirius red, and Weigert. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis (α-SM actin and Ki67) followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was performed on the samples. RESULTS: On gross examination, the 3% papain-treated group took less time to heal the wounds compared with the control. On day 7, microscopic examination showed the 3% papain-treated group had lower numbers of inflammatory cells, increased neovascularization, and improved organization of collagen and elastic fibers. Using PCR analysis, the 3% papain-treated group showed a significant increase in transforming growth factor beta and interleukin-6 expression compared with the control (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Due to a reduced local inflammatory response, increased angiogenesis, and improved organization of collagen deposition, these findings demonstrate 3% papain gel can improve cutaneous wound healing in mice.
Assuntos
Colágeno/metabolismo , Tecido de Granulação/patologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Pele/patologia , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Imuno-Histoquímica , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Latex from Carica papaya is rich in bioactive compounds, especially papain, which may help to control parasitic diseases. This study evaluated the efficacy of latex from C. papaya and purified papain against Strongyloides venezuelensis. The Egg Hatching Test (EHT) and the Larval Motility Test (LMT) using fresh and frozen latex (250mg/mL), lyophilized latex (34mg/mL), and purified papain (2.8 mg/mL) were performed. Albendazole (0.025 mg/mL) and ivermectin (316 ppm) were used as positive controls. EHT and LMT were carried out through the incubation of each solution with S. venezuelensis eggs or larvae (± 100 specimens), and results were analyzed after 48h (EHT) or 24, 48, and 72h (LMT). EHT showed that latex preparations at higher concentrations (1:10 to 1:100) resulted in partial or complete destruction of eggs and larvae inside the eggs. The result from the 1:1,000 dilution was similar to the positive control. LMT showed effectiveness in all the tested dilutions compared to negative controls. Purified papain showed a dose-dependent response in the EHT. Purified papain (2.8 mg/ mL) showed similar results to lyophilized latex at 1:1,000 in the EHT. Latex and purified papain from C. papaya were effective against S. venezuelensis eggs and larvae in vitro, suggesting their potential use as an alternative treatment for strongyloidiasis.
Assuntos
Animais , Carica/química , Látex/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Strongyloides/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Látex/isolamento & purificação , Óvulo/efeitos dos fármacos , Papaína/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade ParasitáriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of papain-based gel (Papacárie/ P) followed by self-etching adhesive systems with MDPB monomer (Clearfil Protect Bond/ PB) and without (Clearfil SE Bond/ Cl) on Streptococcus mutans (Sm) and Lactobacillus casei (Lc). STUDY DESIGN: The dentin of twenty human teeth was exposed to prepare four cylindrical cavities in each tooth. The cavities were incubated with Sm or Lc. One cavity from each tooth served as contamination control (positive control group); the other three were treated with P, P+CL and P+PB. The cavities were sealed and after 72 h, dentin samples were collected and microbial cultivation was performed. Microbial count was undertaken (CFUs/mg) according to the morphological characteristics for Sm and Lc. Analysis of variance and Tukey's test were applied (α=5%). RESULTS: For Sm, groups P+Cl and P+PB had lower microbial count than group P (no statistical differences between P+Cl and P+PB). For Lc, group P+Cl had microbial count similar to group P. There was statistical difference between cavities treated with P and P+PB but none between groups P+Cl and P+PB. After using P, both self-etching adhesives showed antimicrobial potential, although Clearfil Protect Bond proved better against Lc. CONCLUSIONS: Both self-etching adhesives used after application of Papacárie showed antimicrobial potential, although Clearfil Protect Bond proved more effective against Lactobacillus casei.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Preparo da Cavidade Dentária/métodos , Adesivos Dentinários/química , Lacticaseibacillus casei/efeitos dos fármacos , Papaína/farmacologia , Streptococcus mutans/efeitos dos fármacos , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Carga Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Dentina/efeitos dos fármacos , Dentina/microbiologia , Humanos , Teste de Materiais , Compostos de Piridínio/química , Cimentos de Resina/químicaRESUMO
Alicyclobacillus spp. are spore forming bacteria that are often related to the deterioration of acidic products such as beverages and citrus juices. After the process of industrial pasteurization, the spore produced by the bacteria can germinate and the microorganism can grow, causing sensory abnormalities in the product. Alternative biopreservatives, such as the antimicrobial compounds, are of considerable importance to the food industry. Papain and bromelain are proteolytic enzymes derived frompapaya and pineapple, respectively. These enzymes are widely used in medicine and in the pharmaceutical and food industries, but while some studies have described their antibacterial action, no studies of the Alicyclobacillus spp. exist. The aimof this studywas to analyze the antibacterial effect of papain and bromelain on Alicyclobacillus spp. through 1) determining minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC); 2) determining the death time curve of the micro-organism in the presence and absence of enzymes; and 3) investigating the enzymatic mechanism on the microorganism. The antibacterial activity of enzymes in combination with nisin was also evaluated. The results showed that for the Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris strain, the MIC of papain was 0.98 µg/mL and the MBC was 3.91 µg/mL, while theMIC of bromelain was 62.5 µg/mL and the MBCwas 250 µg/mL. The concentration of 4 ×MIC for both the enzymes was sufficient to eliminate 4 logs of the micro-organism after 24 h of incubation. Through the use of enzyme inhibitors specific for cysteine proteases, it was found that the antibacterial activity of papain and bromelain is not related to its proteolytic activity, butmay be related to other activities, such as amidse and esterase. The synergistic activity of the enzymes revealed a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) level of 0.16. Combination with nisin revealed an FIC of 0.25 for papain and 0.19 for bromelain, indicating synergism between both compounds. The application of enzymes in reconstituted orange juice contaminated with A. acidoterrestris was found to be effective, as after 48 h of incubation, at three different temperatures, the initial microbial population was eliminated. This study showed that the enzymes papain and bromelain have an antibacterial effect on A. acidoterrestris.
Assuntos
Alicyclobacillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bromelaínas/farmacologia , Nisina/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Amidoidrolases/metabolismo , Ananas/enzimologia , Bebidas/microbiologia , Carica/enzimologia , Citrus sinensis/microbiologia , Cisteína Proteases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/química , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Esterases/metabolismo , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , PasteurizaçãoRESUMO
Considering the improvement of biomaterials that facilitate atraumatic restorative techniques in dentistry, a papain-based gel can be used in the chemomechanical removal of decayed dental tissue. However, there is no information regarding the influence of this gel on the structure of sound collagen. The aim of the present study was to investigate the adsorption of a papain-based gel (Papacarie(TM)) to collagen and determine collagen integrity after treatment. A pilot study was first performed with 10 samples of type I collagen membrane obtained from bovine Achilles deep tendon to compare the influence of hydration (Milli-Q water) on infrared bands of collagen. In a further experiment, 10 samples of type I collagen membrane were used to evaluate the effects of Papacarie(TM) on the collagen microstructure. All analyses were performed using the attenuated total reflectance technique of Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). The results demonstrated that the application of Papacarie(TM) does not lead to the degradation of collagen and this product can be safely used in minimally invasive dentistry. As the integrity of sound collagen is preserved after the application of the papain-based gel, this product is indicated for the selective removal of infected dentin, leaving the affected dentin intact and capable of re-mineralization.
Assuntos
Colágeno Tipo I/efeitos dos fármacos , Géis/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Animais , Bovinos , Membranas/efeitos dos fármacos , Projetos Piloto , Espectrofotometria Infravermelho , Tendões/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the Eucalyptus globulus essential oil, and of the xylitol and papain substances against the following microorganisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Samonella sp.; Staphylococus aureus; Proteus vulgaris; Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. METHOD: The in vitro antimicrobial evaluation was used by means of the agar diffusion test and evaluation of the inhibition zone diameter of the tested substances. Chlorhexidine 0.5% was used as control. RESULTS: The Eucalyptus globulus oil showed higher inhibition than chlorhexidine when applied to Staphylococcus aureus, and equal inhibition when applied to the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans. Papain 10% showed lower antimicrobial effect than chlorhexidine in relation to Candida albicans. Xylitol showed no inhibition of the tested microorganisms. CONCLUSION: The Eucalyptus globulus oil has antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms and appears to be a viable alternative as germicidal agent hence, further investigation is recommended.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorexidina/farmacologia , Eucalyptus , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Xilitol/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the Eucalyptus globulus essential oil, and of the xylitol and papain substances against the following microorganisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Samonella sp.; Staphylococus aureus; Proteus vulgaris; Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. METHOD The in vitro antimicrobial evaluation was used by means of the agar diffusion test and evaluation of the inhibition zone diameter of the tested substances. Chlorhexidine 0.5% was used as control. RESULTS The Eucalyptus globulus oil showed higher inhibition than chlorhexidine when applied to Staphylococcus aureus, and equal inhibition when applied to the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans. Papain 10% showed lower antimicrobial effect than chlorhexidine in relation to Candida albicans. Xylitol showed no inhibition of the tested microorganisms. CONCLUSION The Eucalyptus globulus oil has antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms and appears to be a viable alternative as germicidal agent hence, further investigation is recommended. .
OBJETIVO Evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro del aceite esencial de Eucalyptus globulus y las sustancias xilitol y papaína, ante los microorganismos: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Samonella sp.; Staphylococus aureus; Proteus vulgaris; Escherichia coli y Candida albicans. MÉTODO Se utilizó la evaluación antimicrobiana in vitro, por medio de la prueba de la difusión en agar y evaluación del diámetro del halo de inhibición de las sustancias probadas. La clorhexidina al 0,5% fue utilizada como control. RESULTADOS Se advirtió que el aceite de Eucalyptus globulus presentó inhibición superior a la de la clorhexidina cuando aplicado al Staphylococus aureus, e inhibición idéntica cuando aplicado a los microorganismos Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris y Candida albicans. La papaína al 10% presentó efecto antimicrobiano inferior al de la clorhexidina con relación a la Candida albicans. El xilitol no presentó inhibición de los microorganismos probados. CONCLUSIÓN El aceite de Eucalyptus globulus tiene actividad antimicrobiana contra diferentes microorganismos y parece ser una alternativa viable como agente germicida, por lo que se recomiendan nuevas investigaciones. .
OBJETIVO Avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus globulus e das substâncias xilitol e papaína, frente aos micro-organismos: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Samonella sp.; Staphylococus aureus; Proteus vulgaris; Escherichia coli e Candida albicans. MÉTODO Utilizou-se a avaliação antimicrobiana in vitro, por meio do teste da difusão em ágar e avaliação do diâmetro do halo de inibição das substâncias testadas. A clorexidina 0,5% foi utilizada como controle. RESULTADOS Observou-se que o óleo de Eucalyptus globulus apresentou inibição superior à da clorexidina quando aplicado ao Staphylococus aureus, e inibição idêntica quando aplicado aos micro-organismos Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris e Candida albicans. A papaína 10% apresentou efeito antimicrobiano inferior ao da clorexidina em relação à Candida albicans. O xilitol não apresentou inibição dos micro-organismos testados. CONCLUSÃO O óleo de Eucalyptus globulus possui atividade antimicrobiana contra diferentes micro-organismos e parece ser uma alternativa viável como agente germicida, portanto, recomendam-se novas investigações. .
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorexidina/farmacologia , Eucalyptus , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Xilitol/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
Introdução: Úlceras crônicas em membros inferiores podem apresentar diferentes etiologias, sendo as mais frequentes: venosa, arterial, traumática, infecciosa e diabética. O tratamento dessas feridas é dinâmico e depende da evolução da reparação tecidual. Esse tratamento inclui métodos clínicos e cirúrgicos, sendo o curativo o método não cirúrgico mais frequentemente utilizado. Curativos podem ser desde de coberturas inertes até veículos para atuação de princípios ativos no leito da ferida. A principal indicação de ativos está relacionada a efeitos de desbridamento e controle da população bacteriana, possibilitando o preparo desses leitos para resolução cirúrgica ou espontânea. Método: Esse estudo é observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo, de amostra randomizada no qual pretendemos analisar o atendimento prestado aos portadores de úlceras crônicas em membros inferiores no Ambulatório de Feridas Crônicas da Divisão de Cirurgia Plástica do HCFMUSP entre 2011 e 2013. Resultados: Foram analisados prontuários de indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, idade média 60 anos, portadores de úlceras crônicas em diferentes estágios evolutivos. Foram pesquisadas comorbidades, doença de base, tamanho da lesão, tratamentos utilizados e evolução das feridas. Notouse predomínio das causas vasculares (69,2%) como doenças de base. Todos os pacientes foram primeiramente tratados com curativos contendo princípios ativos, para preparo do leito das feridas. Desses, 84% foram encaminhados para resolução cirúrgica das feridas. Houve fechamento espontâneo em 1,5% dos casos. Os demais pacientes (14,5%) apresentaram piora das lesões com tratamento tópico, necessitando outras formas de preparo desse leito. Conclusão: Agentes tópicos podem ser uma forma ambulatorial/domiciliar efetiva de preparo do leito de úlceras crônicas para resolução cirúrgica.
Introduction: Chronic ulcers of the lower limbs may have different etiologies, with the most frequent being venous, arterial, traumatic, infectious, and diabetic. The treatment of these wounds is dynamic and depends on the evolution of tissue repair. This treatment includes clinical and surgical methods, and dressings are the most frequently used. Dressings can range from inert covers to vehicles for actuation of active substances in the wound bed. The main indication for these substances is related to the effects of debridement and control of the bacterial population, enabling the preparation of wound beds for surgical or spontaneous resolution. Method: This study is an observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study, with random sampling, aimed at assessing the care provided to patients with chronic ulcers of the lower limbs in the Outpatient Clinic for chronic wounds of the Plastic Surgery Division, HCFMUSP, between 2011 and 2013. Results: The clinical charts of 481 patients of both sexes, with a mean age 60 years, were analyzed; all had chronic ulcers in different stages of evolution. Comorbidities, underlying disease, size of the lesion, treatments, and evolution of wounds were evaluated. A predominance of vascular disease (69.2%) was the underlying cause. All patients were initially treated with dressings containing active agents, for preparation of the wound bed. Of these, 84% were referred for surgical management of wounds. There was no spontaneous closure in 1.5% of cases. The remaining patients (14.5%) showed worsening of lesions with topical treatment, and required other forms of preparation of the wound bed. Conclusion: Topical agents may be an effective outpatient/home method to prepare the wound bed of chronic ulcers for surgical management.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , História do Século XXI , Cirurgia Plástica , Úlcera Varicosa , Cicatrização , Ferimentos e Lesões , Papaína , Prontuários Médicos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Longitudinais , Pé Diabético , Estudo de Avaliação , Extremidade Inferior , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Perna (Organismo) , Úlcera da Perna , Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Úlcera Varicosa/cirurgia , Úlcera Varicosa/patologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/cirurgia , Ferimentos e Lesões/patologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/tratamento farmacológico , Ferimentos e Lesões/terapia , Papaína/uso terapêutico , Papaína/farmacologia , Prontuários Médicos/normas , Pé Diabético/cirurgia , Pé Diabético/patologia , Extremidade Inferior/patologia , Úlcera da Perna/cirurgia , Úlcera da Perna/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that enamel deproteinization with papain gel at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% increases shear bond strength as concentration increases. METHODS: A total of 180 bovine mandibular permanent incisors were used, divided into six groups (n=30), and denominated as follows: group 1 is the control group (CG) in which brackets are bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) according to the manufacturer's recommendations and groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 have brackets bonded with RMGIC after enamel deproteinization with papain gel at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, respectively. After bonding, teeth were immersed in artificial saliva and kept at a temperature of 37°C for 24 h. Mechanical tests were then performed in a universal mechanical test machine EMIC DL 5000 (Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Brazil). Values obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and then to Tukey's test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The results demonstrated that groups 5 and 6 showed the highest shear bond strength, differing statistically from the other groups (p<0.05). CG with no papain gel used showed the lowest value and in turn showed no differences for groups 2, 3, and 4. As regards adhesive remnant index, CG showed statistical differences from the others. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, in which papain gel was used, presented no statistical differences among them (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that enamel deproteinization with 8% and 10% papain gel increases shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with RMGIC.
Assuntos
Colagem Dentária , Esmalte Dentário/efeitos dos fármacos , Braquetes Ortodônticos , Papaína/farmacologia , Adesividade , Animais , Bovinos , Esmalte Dentário/ultraestrutura , Proteínas do Esmalte Dentário/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise do Estresse Dentário/instrumentação , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Cimentos de Ionômeros de Vidro/química , Cura Luminosa de Adesivos Dentários/métodos , Teste de Materiais , Papaína/administração & dosagem , Proteólise , Cimentos de Resina/química , Saliva Artificial/química , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Estresse Mecânico , Temperatura , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Classic immunohematology approaches, based on agglutination techniques, have been used in manual and automated immunohematology laboratory routines. Red blood cell (RBC) agglutination depends on intermolecular attractive forces (hydrophobic bonds, Van der Walls, electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds) and repulsive interactions (zeta potential). The aim of this study was to measure the force involved in RBC aggregation using double optical tweezers, in normal serum, in the presence of erythrocyte antibodies and associated to agglutination potentiator solutions (Dextran, low ionic strength solution [LISS] and enzymes). The optical tweezers consisted of a neodymium:yattrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser beam focused through a microscope equipped with a minicam, which registered the trapped cell image in a computer where they could be analyzed using a software. For measuring RBC aggregation, a silica bead attached to RBCs was trapped and the force needed to slide one RBC over the other, as a function of the velocities, was determined. The median of the RBC aggregation force measured in normal serum (control) was 1 × 10(-3) (0.1-2.5) poise.cm. The samples analyzed with anti-D showed 2 × 10(-3) (1.0-4.0) poise.cm (p < 0.001). RBC diluted in potentiator solutions (Dextran 0.15%, Bromelain and LISS) in the absence of erythrocyte antibodies, did not present agglutination. High adherence was observed when RBCs were treated with papain. Results are in agreement with the imunohematological routine, in which non-specific results are not observed when using LISS, Dextran and Bromelain. Nevertheless, false positive results are frequently observed in manual and automated microplate analyzer using papain enzyme. The methodology proposed is simple and could provide specific information with the possibility of meansuration regarding RBC interaction.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/citologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Pinças Ópticas/normas , Células Cultivadas , Meios de Cultura/química , Dextranos , Agregação Eritrocítica/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Isoanticorpos/química , Concentração Osmolar , Papaína/farmacologia , Imunoglobulina rho(D) , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypothesis that enamel deproteinization with 10% papain gel does not increase the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty bovine incisors were used and divided into eight groups: 1) Transbond XT according to the manufacturer's recommendations, 2) Transbond XT deproteinized with 10% papain gel, 3) RMGIC without enamel deproteinization and without etching, 4) RMGIC without enamel etching and with deproteinization with 10% papain gel, 5) RMGIC deproteinized with 10% papain gel and etched with polyacrylic acid, 6) RMGIC deproteinized with 10% papain gel and etched with phosphoric acid, 7) RMGIC deproteinized with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 8) RMGIC etched with polyacrylic acid. After bonding, the mechanical tests were performed in a Universal mechanical test machine. The values obtained were submitted to an analysis of variance and afterward to the Tukey test (P < .05). RESULTS: It was demonstrated that group 2 presented the highest shear bond strength value, and this differed statistically from the others; group 3 presented the lowest value and showed no differences from groups 4, 5, 7, and 8. Regarding the Adhesive Remnant Index, groups 2 and 6 presented the best results and groups 3 and 8 the worst. It could be concluded that enamel deproteinization with 10% papain gel increases the shear bond strength, irrespective of the etching agent. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis is rejected. Papain gel was shown to be a new ally in the orthodontic clinic.
Assuntos
Colagem Dentária/métodos , Esmalte Dentário/efeitos dos fármacos , Braquetes Ortodônticos , Papaína/farmacologia , Condicionamento Ácido do Dente/métodos , Animais , Bovinos , Análise do Estresse Dentário , Cimentos de Ionômeros de Vidro , Teste de Materiais , Proteólise , Resistência ao CisalhamentoRESUMO
Aim: This study evaluated the influence of different chemomechanical caries removal techniqueson the bond strength of an adhesive system to caries-affected and healthy dentin. Methods:Thirty healthy teeth were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 (control): no cariesremoval technique was applied; Group 2: chemomechanical technique using Carisolv®; andGroup 3: chemomechanical technique using Papacárie®Twenty caries-affected teeth were divided .into two groups: Group 4: chemomechanical technique using Carisolv; and Group 5:chemomechanical technique using Papacárie. The teeth received the application of an etch-andrinse adhesive system, were restored with composite resin, and then sectioned to obtain 4 hourglassshaped slabs from each specimen, which were subjected to a microtensile bond strength test. Datawere analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukeys test (a=0.05). Results: G1 (13.387 ± 6.1074),G2 (18.123 ± 3.2611) and G3 (12.781 ± 4.5652) presented statistically significant higher meanbond strength values than the other groups (p<0.05), but did not differ significantly from each other(p>0.05). G4 (6.228 ± 5.3435) and G5 (6.482 ± 3.2076) presented the lowest mean bondstrength values and were statistically similar to each other (p>0.05). Conclusions: Neither of thechemomechanical caries removal methods interfered in the resin-dentin bond strength. However,lower tensile bond strength was found to caries-affected dentin.
Assuntos
Humanos , Cárie Dentária/terapia , Adesivos Dentinários/química , Dentina/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Glutâmico/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Leucina/farmacologia , Lisina/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Condicionamento Ácido do Dente , Análise de Variância , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Propriedades de Superfície , Resistência à Tração , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The purpose of this research was to determine the potential of papain and pequi oil as penetration enhancers for diclofenac sodium (DS) across human skin in vitro. The permeation studies were conducted with vertical diffusion cells. The enhancers were associated or not in gels in different concentrations. In vitro studies reveled that papain 0.2 percent (w/v) presented an elevated enhancer property for diclofenac sodium (J = 0.3369 mg/cm²x h). Pequi oil 10 percent (w/v) generated a reduced flux value (J = 0.1848 mg/cm²x h) and a combination of both enhancers presented a medium value of J = 0.2187 mg/cm²x h. Papain was found to be better enhancer than pequi oil.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar in vitro o potencial da papaína e do óleo de pequi como promotores de penetração cutânea para o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) através de pele humana. Os estudos de penetração foram conduzidos em células de difusão vertical. Os promotores foram associados ou não em géis em concentrações distintas. A avaliação in vitro revelou que a papaína 0,2 por cento p/p apresentou propriedade promotora maior para o diclofenaco de sódio (J = 0,3369 mg/cm²x h). O óleo de pequi 10,0 por cento p/v promoveu redução do fluxo (J = 0,1848 mg/cm²x h) e a combinação de ambos os promotores apresentou valor mediano de fluxo de J = 0,2187 mg/cm²x h. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que a papaína exerceu ação promotora de penetração cutânea melhor que o óleo de pequi.
Assuntos
Absorção Cutânea , Diclofenaco/farmacologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Pele , Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese químicaRESUMO
In the present work, the antitumor effect of fastuosain, a cysteine proteinase from Bromelia fastuosa, was investigated. In the intravenous model of lung colonization in C57Bl/6 mice, fastuosain and bromelain injected intraperitoneally were protective, and very few nodules of B16F10-Nex2 melanoma cells were detected. Tumor cells treated with fastuosain showed reduced expression of CD44 and decreased invasion through Matrigel, lost their cytoplasmic extensions and substrate adherence, and became round and detached, forming strongly bound cell clusters in suspension. Peritoneal cells recruited and activated by fastuosain treatment (mainly monocytic cells and lymphocytes) migrated to the lung, where pulmonary melanoma metastases grew. Adoptive transference of peritoneal cells recruited by fastuosain had no protective effect against lung metastases in recipient mice. Treatment of green fluorescent protein-chimeric animals with fastuosain did not change the number of cells that migrated to the lung, compared to PBS-injected control mice, but the number of positive major histocompatibility complex class II cells increased with fastuosain treatment. Murine antibodies against fastuosain, bromelain, and cathepsins B and L cross-reacted in ELISA and recognized surface and cytoplasmic components expressed on B16F10-Nex2 cells. Anti-fastuosain antibodies were cytotoxic/lytic to B16F10-Nex2 cells. Antitumor effects of fastuosain involve mainly the direct effect of the enzyme and elicitation of protective antibodies.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/uso terapêutico , Cisteína Endopeptidases/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Melanoma Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma Experimental/secundário , Transferência Adotiva , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Antígenos de Neoplasias/biossíntese , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/imunologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Bromelaínas/imunologia , Bromelaínas/farmacologia , Bromelaínas/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/efeitos dos fármacos , Cisteína Endopeptidases/imunologia , Cisteína Endopeptidases/farmacologia , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneais/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneais/transplante , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Papaína/imunologia , Papaína/farmacologia , Papaína/uso terapêutico , Quimera por RadiaçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the shear bond strength of an adhesive restorative system on sound and demineralized dentin after the use of a papain-based agent. METHODS: Forty human dentin slabs were randomly distributed into 4 groups: (1) sound dentin slabs that received an application of papain-based gel (N=10); (2) sound dentin slabs that did not receive a papain-based gel application (N=10); (3) demineralized slabs that received an application of the agent (N=10); and (4) demineralized slabs that did not receive an application of the agent (N=10). After manual excavation and use of the chemomechanical agent, the slabs were restored with a total etch adhesive system and microhybrid resin composite. The test specimens were individually stored in a damp environment for 7 days, and the shear bond strength test was performed using a universal test machine at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. The fragments were observed under a stereoscopic microscope to assess the fracture mode. RESULTS: Fracture mode assessment showed adhesive and cohesive type fractures in resin for all the groups. The analysis of variance and the Tukey test showed that there were no differences in the shear bond strength means among the groups (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a papain-based gel to remove dental caries did not interfere in the bond strength of restorative materials to dentin.
Assuntos
Colagem Dentária , Preparo da Cavidade Dentária/métodos , Adesivos Dentinários , Papaína/farmacologia , Cimentos de Resina , Condicionamento Ácido do Dente , Análise de Variância , Bis-Fenol A-Glicidil Metacrilato , Resinas Compostas , Análise do Estresse Dentário , Dentina/efeitos dos fármacos , Permeabilidade da Dentina , Géis , Humanos , Teste de Materiais , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Dióxido de Silício , Desmineralização do Dente , ZircônioRESUMO
A soy peptone obtained with enzyme papain as a hydrolyzing agent was characterized. The physicochemical evaluation of the nutritive base attained at pilot and industrial scale showed the following characteristics: loss due to desiccation, 1.93%; aminic nitrogen, 1.71%; total nitrogen, 8.63%; chlorides (as NaCl), 5.45%; and pH, 6.94. For the functional evaluation of the pilot and industrial batches (3), developed soy peptone and another one taken as a reference from the Biotécnica Internacional firm (México), was incorporated to a mixture of bases. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in the absorbance values at 640 nm obtained in the promotion of the growth between the developed product and that of reference for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. For Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, it was observed a mild superiority (significant difference for p < 0.05) starting from the 5th hour of incubation in favor of the industrial batches compared with the reference soy peptone. It was proved that the promotion of the growth in the soy triptone agar and broth media and in malt extract agar for the evaluated microorganisms was similar or higher (significant differences for p < 0.05) in those prepared with the experimental soy peptone, in comparison with the formulated with the reference base.